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In the field of diplomatic history, scholars have discussed how the United States played an imperial role in the world.
Although diplomatic historians have come up with many different interpretations, they have never agreed on the
defining aspects of US imperialism. American imperialism shaped the world by expanding the territories of the United
States, increasing relations with foreign countries, and creating events that led to World War I.
The end of the 19th century became known as the "age of imperialism," a time when the United States and other major
world powers rapidly expanded their territorial holdings. American imperialism is based in part on American
exceptionalism, the idea that the United States is different from other countries because of its specific world mission to
spread freedom and democracy. One of the most notable cases of US imperialism was the annexation of Hawaii in
1898, which allowed the United States to take possession and control of all ports, buildings, ports, military equipment
and public property that had belonged to the government of the Hawaii Islands. Some groups, such as the American
Anti­Imperialist League, opposed imperialism on the grounds that it was in conflict with the American ideal of the
Republicans and the "consensus of the governed."
Throughout the history of the United States, many scholars have also identified the United States as an empire. Scholar
Brooks Adams argued in his study The New Empire (1902) that the United States had already emerged as an empire.
“The Union forms a gigantic and growing empire which stretches half round the globe, an empire possessing the
greatest mass of accumulated wealth, the most perfect means of transportation, and the most delicate yet powerful
industrial system which has ever been developed,” Adams stated.
One of the most useful starting points for identifying the current nature of the American empire comes from the work of
American strategist George Kennan. After World War II, Kennan produced a series of works in which he formulated the
key features of the post­war American empire. In February 1948, Kennan presented his ideas in one of his first major
studies on the global situation. Currently, "we have about 50% of the world's wealth, but only 6.3% of its population,"
(country has fifty percent of the wealth of the world and only six percent of its population) explained Kennan. Concerned
that the vast disparity in the global distribution of wealth would make the United States "an object of envy and
resentment"
Marxist view
Throughout the 20th century and into the new millennium, critical analysis of imperialism has been a feature of Marxist
thought. One of the main concerns of the Marxist theorization of imperialism has been the discovery of the connections
between the process of capitalist accumulation and the political and economic domination of the world by the advanced
capitalist countries. The Marxists' conceptualization and theorization of imperialism evolved in response to
developments in the global capitalist economy and international politics.
In Marx's Capital, the concentrated violence of the state is presented as an economic force that operates according to
the laws of accumulation. This allows us to understand imperialism as the concrete form of capital accumulation on a
world scale. At the beginning of the 20th century, Lenin explained why he called imperialism the final stage of capitalism
by stating that the new imperialism was fundamentally an economic phenomenon. There is a close relationship
between imperialism and capitalism in the sense that imperialism expands the profits of the capitalists to help capture
the market and natural resources.
The theory of imperialism is the theoretical toolbox through which Marxism analyzes the international system of
capitalism. Its cornerstone is that the international system of capitalism reflects its national system (it is also a system of
capitalism. Its cornerstone is that the international system of capitalism reflects its national system (it is also a system of
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exploitation) exploitation of less developed economies by the most developed. It is in direct contrast to mainstream
bourgeois views (that capitalism is the international system and it is a mutually beneficial mechanism for all its
Participants). The Marxist theory of imperialism went through several phases: from its birth (early twentieth century) to
changes in focus (1960) to rejection (Era from 'globalization') to rehabilitation (late 20th and early 21st century)
A key attribute of Marxist writings on imperialism is their ability to unravel complexities at both the global geopolitical
and economic levels. Bob Sutcliffe suggests that the Marxist approach to imperialism is best viewed as an analytical
process that "seeks to coherently integrate two separate aspects of the world" (Sutcliffe 2006: 60). The two separate
aspects are the ‘hierarchies, conflicts and alliances – political, military and economic – between countries [as the first
aspect, with the other being the] working of the productive system and the hierarchy of classes which it generates’.
(Sutcliffe 2006: 60)
The theory of imperialism on Marx's theory of value was the debate on dependency in the 1960s and 1970s. The rise of
the "dependency theory", which sought to explain the persistence of imperialist exploitation after the dismantling of the
Territorial empires, was inspired by the anti­colonial and anti­imperialist struggles that swept through Africa, Asia, and
Latin America after World War II.
The theory of dependency covered a wide spectrum, from bourgeois and nationalist social democrats like Arghiri
Emmanuel and Fernando Henrique Cardoso (later Brazilian neoliberal president), who wanted to remove obstacles to
independent capitalist development in the south, to Marxists like Samir Amin and Ruy Mauro Marini, who argued in
different ways that capitalism, being inherently imperialist, is itself the obstacle, and some, notably Fidel Castro and
Che Guevara, have gone beyond theoretical criticism to wage revolutionary struggles against imperialism and its
internal lackeys.

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