Module 8

Lesson 2.
Structural-Functionalism
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences
Learning
Competencies
● Define structuralism (HUMSS_DIS 11 -IIIe-f-1).
● Determine manifest and latent functions and

dysfunctions of sociocultural phenomena
(HUMSS_DIS 11 -IIIe-f-1).
2
Learning
Objectives
● Explain structural-functionalism.
● Identify Emile Durkheim’s contribution to

structural-functionalism.
● Distinguish between manifest and latent

functions.
3
What’s in This Picture?
Explore
Describe the roles that the people in
this photo portray.
4
Explore
this photo portray.
5
Explore
this photo portray.
6
Explore
What is shown in each
of the pictures? What
roles are the people in
these pictures known
to commonly play in
our society?
7
Explore
Do you think they
also play roles in
society that are not
usually mentioned?
If so, what are these?
8
Explore
In your opinion, how
do these institutions
complement each
other in order for a
society to function?
9
Essential
Question
How is structural-functionalism relevant in

understanding the current situation of our
society?
10
What Is Structural-
Functionalism?
11
What Is Structural-Functionalism?
● views society as a complex unit composed of many parts

that come and work together to ensure its stability and
survival
● macro-level approach emphasizing on the following:
○ social structures
○ social institutions
○ social functions
12
● social structures – patterns in society that are considered

relatively stable
● social institutions – groups that can influence norms in
society
● social functions – consequences (of each social structure)
for the operation of society
13
● Social institutions present in a society:

○ family
○ school
○ economy
○ religion
○ culture
○ government
14
● social institution with specific

function(s)
● interrelatedness and
interdependence of social
institutions
● promoting stability and survival
15
Early proponents of
structural-functionalism,
such as Herbert Spencer,
compared society to the
human body.
16
17
18
19
Check Your
Progress
What function does social media play in your

life? Would you consider social media as a
social institution? Why or why not?
20
Manifest and Latent Functions
● According to American sociologist

Robert K. Merton, there are two
types of social functions:
○ manifest functions
Scan or click this! ○ latent functions
21
Manifest functions
● recognized and intended
consequences
● readily attributed to a specific
social structure or institution
The manifest function of school

is to produce graduates.
22
Latent functions
● unrecognized and unintended

consequences
● hidden purposes of a social

structure or institution
Part of the norm in specific age groups

is to develop relationships—intimate
23
or not.
Social dysfunctions
elements or processes of or
within society that may disrupt
solidarity and stability
○ detrimental to society
○ may vary from one person to School dropout is an example of
social dysfunction.
another
24
Emile Durkheim
● prominent figure under

structural-functionalism
● The Rules of Sociological Method
● The Elementary Forms of Religious
Life
● The Division of Labor in Society
● Suicide
25
Structuralism
Late 20th
● looks into underlying patterns
century saw a in human behavior that leads
“linguistic turn” to observable social
phenomena
among social
● main proponent: Claude Lévi-
scientists. Strauss
26
Despite contrasting approaches, both
structuralists and structural-
functionalists remained focused on
discovering and understanding general
patterns or principles and their function(s) in
society.
27
● Structural-functionalism is an approach that views
Wrap- society as a complex unit or system composed of
Up
many parts that come and work together to ensure
its stability and survival.
● Social functions, according to sociologist John
Macionis, refer to “consequences [of each social
structure] for the operation of society.”
● Manifest function refers to the recognized and
intended consequences of an aspect of society.
Latent function refers to the unrecognized and
unintended consequences of an aspect of society.
28
● Social dysfunction refers to an element or process
Wrap- of or within a society that may actually disrupt
Up
solidarity and stability. It can be analyzed as
generally detrimental to society. However, some
people can also have varying notions of what is
considered a social dysfunction.
● Structuralism is the study of the underlying

patterns in human behavior, in turn leading to
observable social phenomena.
29
Wrap-
Up
30
Challenge
Yourself
Social media has become an important part of
people’s lives. What do you think are the manifest
function and the latent function of social media?
How can it create social dysfunction? Explain your
answer.
31
Lesson 2.2
Marxism

Why do some
people have more
of something
while others have
less?
● income
● transportation
● education
● food
33
Learning
Competencies
Analyze social inequalities in terms of class

conflict (HUMSS_DIS 11-IIIg-2).
34
Learning ● Define Marxism.
Objectives
● Identify the key contributions of the
following: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and
Antonio Gramsci.
● Understand the Marxist concepts of class

conflict, economic base-superstructure
model, class consciousness, and revolution.
35
Short Clip Watching
Explore
Search online for videos that
tackle a social reality during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
Understand the content and
the message of the video, then
answer the guide questions
that follow. You may check one Scan or click this!
example provided by scanning
the QR code.
36
Marxism
What is Marxism?
● sees society as a “struggle between segments of society over

valued resources”
○ social classes
○ social conflict
○ class conflict brought upon by capitalism
37
Marxism
What is Marxism?
● Social segments are referred to as social class.
● social conflict – struggles of social classes
● class conflict – conflict between entire classes over the

distribution of a society’s wealth and power—the means of
production
38
Marxism
Capitalism as the Historical Context behind Marxism
● Capitalism – economic system where natural resources and

means of producing goods are privately owned
● capitalism → private ownership → profit-making
● In theory, this system could promote growth and

development of the population.
39
Marxism
Capitalism as the Historical

Context behind Marxism
● Karl Marx saw the opposite: a

society of contradiction
● Despite a growing society:
○ widespread inequalities
○ many poor people
40
Marxism
Key Figures in Marxism
Karl Marx (1818–1883)

● most prominent figure under
Marxism
● member of the Young Hegelians
● The Communist Manifesto
● communism and socialism
41
Marxism
Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)

● Marx’s benefactor and lifelong
friend
● Collaborated with Marx to write
The Communist Manifesto
● settled in London and continued
to write Das Kapital
42
Marxism
● In theory, the goal is to return to a communist society.
● socialism as important step toward communism
● communism – hypothetical economic and political system

in which all members of a society are equal
○ class divisions are abolished → no conflict or inequalities
43
Marxism
Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937)

● hegemony – cultural leadership
exercised by the ruling class
● Communist intellectuals play a
vital role in enlightening the
masses from false consciousness.
44
Check Your
Progress
Capitalism is the main concern of Marxism. In

your own words, explain how capitalism exists
in the Philippines. Cite at least two examples.
45
Marxism
Society through the Lens of Marxism
● The prevailing economic system dominates other aspects of

the social system and defines the character of the entire
society.
● materialism – way by which people provide for their
material needs; conditions the relations that people have
with each other
46
Marxism
● economic base – serves as a “foundation” to all other

institutions or superstructures
● superstructures – social institutions that support the
base and justify its actions
47
Marxism
Economic Base-Superstructure Model

48
“The history of all
hitherto existing society
is the history of class
struggles.”
49
Marxism
Class Conflict
● haves versus have-nots

● Under Marxism, class conflict serves as a catalyst leading to
changes and development of society.
● At the end of each class conflict, new classes will emerge
and will control the means of production.
50
Marxism
Class Conflict
Proletariat and
● capitalists versus proletariat
○ capitalists – those who own
capitalists are
the factories and businesses constantly
to gain profits engaged in a
○ proletariat – workers who class conflict.
sell their labor to earn wages
from the capitalists
51
According to Marx, revolution is our only way out.
52
Marxism
Class Conflict
● revolution through class consciousness

● class consciousness – proletariats’ recognition of
themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and
ultimately to capitalism itself
● “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.
They have a world to win.”
53
● Marxism sees society as a conflict between groups
Wrap- of people over valued resources. These struggles or
Up conflicts can take many different forms, yet the
main focus is the class conflict that arises from the
existing economic base that governs a given society.
● Marxism argues that the society is composed of

various social institutions. However, the economy
acts as the economic base that shapes the ideas
and values of other institutions. In turn,
superstructures justify the actions of the prevailing
economic system as their base or foundation.
54
● Class conflict is a type of social conflict between
Wrap- entire classes over the distribution of a society’s
Up wealth and power—the means of production.
● Class consciousness is the proletariat’s recognition

of themselves as a class unified in opposition to
capitalists and ultimately to capitalism itself.
● According to Marx, the history of society is a history

of class conflict and social change.
55
Wrap-
Up
56
Challenge
Yourself
Why does class conflict exist according to Marxism?

How is this related to social inequality? Cite your
own examples.
57
Lesson 2.3
Symbolic Interactionism

How does the pandemic
change the way we interact
with others?
How do our interactions

influence us?
59
Learning
Competencies
Appraise the meanings that people attach to

everyday forms of interaction in order to explain
social behavior (HUMSS_DIS 11-IIIh-3).
60
Learning
Objectives
● Explain symbolic interactionism.

● Identify Max Weber’s contribution to
symbolic interactionism.
61
Essential
Question
How is symbolic interactionism relevant in

understanding differences in our society
today?
62
63
What Is Symbolic Interactionism?
● social interactions in specific

social situations
● micro-level orientation
● focuses on symbols and the

meanings we attach to them
64
Symbols
● social objects used to represent
whatever people agree they shall
represent (Charon 1995, 39)
● words, gestures, actions, logos
65
Check Your
Progress
What meaning does social media have in your

life? Why did you attach such a meaning to it?
66
Herbert Blumer
● one of the important figures in symbolic interactionism,

according to Wallace and Wolf
● importance of subjective experience and interpretation in

explaining human interactions
● proposed the three basic premises of symbolic

interactionism
67
Blumer’s Three Basic Premises
1. Human beings act toward things on the basis of the

meanings that the things have for them.
68
According to Wallace and Wolf,

the meanings we attach to
something may change
depending on how we perceive
it.
69
2. The meaning of things arises out of the social

interaction one has with one's fellows.
70
Meanings of a symbol or an action

may vary depending on whom the
individual interacts with and how the
symbol or action is depicted in a
particular interaction.
71
3. The meanings of things are handled in and modified

through an interpretative process used by the person in
dealing with things he or she encounters.
72
interpretative process – the act of

“talking to oneself” as a way to
process and handle meanings, as
defined by Wallace and Wolf
73
Individuals decide the meanings they

attach to symbols.
74
Max Weber
● one of the important figures of

symbolic interactionism
● Verstehen (“interpretive
understanding”)
● action theory – the importance

of subjective meaning
75
Max Weber
wrote other works that are considered important in sociology

today
● The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

● Politics as a Vocation
76
● Symbolic interactionism is an approach that “sees
Wrap- society as the product of the everyday interactions
Up
of individuals.”
● Symbols refer to social objects used to represent

whatever people agree they shall represent.
● According to authors Wallace and Wolf, meaning is

a social product; it is created, not inherent in things;
it is not a given.
77
● According to Herbert Blumer, symbolic
Wrap- interactionism has three basic premises. These
Up
premises center on the importance of meanings,
how meanings are formed through social
interaction, and how individuals can interpret
meanings on their own.
● Max Weber also believed in the importance of

individual experiences in understanding an action.
78
Wrap-
Up
79
Wrap-
Up
80

Module 8

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 8

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 2.

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

● Define structuralism (HUMSS_DIS 11 -IIIe-f-1).

● Determine manifest and latent functions and

● Identify Emile Durkheim’s contribution to

● Distinguish between manifest and latent

How is structural-functionalism relevant in

● views society as a complex unit composed of many parts

● social structures – patterns in society that are considered

● Social institutions present in a society:

● social institution with specific

What function does social media play in your

● According to American sociologist

Scan or click this! ○ latent functions

The manifest function of school

● unrecognized and unintended

● hidden purposes of a social

Part of the norm in specific age groups

● prominent figure under

● Structuralism is the study of the underlying

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

Analyze social inequalities in terms of class

● Understand the Marxist concepts of class

● sees society as a “struggle between segments of society over

○ class conflict brought upon by capitalism

● Social segments are referred to as social class.

● social conflict – struggles of social classes

● class conflict – conflict between entire classes over the

● Capitalism – economic system where natural resources and

● capitalism → private ownership → profit-making

● In theory, this system could promote growth and

Capitalism as the Historical

● Karl Marx saw the opposite: a

● Despite a growing society:

Karl Marx (1818–1883)

Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)

● In theory, the goal is to return to a communist society.

● socialism as important step toward communism

● communism – hypothetical economic and political system

○ class divisions are abolished → no conflict or inequalities

Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937)

Capitalism is the main concern of Marxism. In

● The prevailing economic system dominates other aspects of

● economic base – serves as a “foundation” to all other

Economic Base-Superstructure Model

● haves versus have-nots

● revolution through class consciousness

● Marxism argues that the society is composed of

● Class consciousness is the proletariat’s recognition

● According to Marx, the history of society is a history

Why does class conflict exist according to Marxism?

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

How do our interactions

Appraise the meanings that people attach to

● Explain symbolic interactionism.

How is symbolic interactionism relevant in

What Is Symbolic Interactionism?

● social interactions in specific

● focuses on symbols and the

● words, gestures, actions, logos

What meaning does social media have in your

● one of the important figures in symbolic interactionism,

● importance of subjective experience and interpretation in