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Science
Q4 Hybrid Module 3: Conservation of
Momentum
Week 4

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

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 Let’s Learn

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand the subject of Enhanced Science specifically Physics. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
In this module, you will learn how mechanical energy is conserved during
transformations. As applied in many natural events, the working principles of man-
made structures such as rides in the theme parks.

After going through this hybrid module, you are expected to:

Perform activities to demonstrate conservation of mechanical energy.

1. Analyze the conversion of potential to kinetic energy and vice versa to given
situation.
2. Perform experiment to demonstrate conservation of mechanical energy (S9FE-
IVd-40)

Specifically, you are expected to:

1. differentiate kinetic energy from potential energy;

2. explain the conservation of mechanical energy and perform activities to
demonstrate the conservation of mechanical energy; and
3. ascertain that the total mechanical energy remains the same during any
process.

Let’s Try

Multiple Choices
Directions: Read and analyze each question carefully. Write the chosen letter in
your science notebook.
1. An object that has potential energy has this energy because of its _____.
a. position c. momentum
b. velocity d. acceleration
2. A stretched rubber band possesses _______.
a. kinetic energy c. potential energy
b. radiant energy d. all of the choices
3. If an object has kinetic energy, then it also must have _______.
a. force c. momentum

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 b. pressure d. density
4. Which one of the following statements concerning kinetic energy is true?
a. Kinetic energy can be measured in watts.
b. Kinetic energy is always positive.
c. Kinetic energy is directly proportional to velocity.
d. Kinetic energy is inversely proportional to velocity.
5. You drop a 5 kg object from a height of 2 meters. Just before it reaches the
ground, what type of energy does it have?
a. nuclear energy c. chemical energy
b. heat energy d. kinetic energy
6. Which of the following happens to a coconut that falls freely?
a. Loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy.
b. Loses both potential energy and kinetic energy.
c. Gains potential energy and loses kinetic energy.
d. Gains both potential energy and kinetic energy.
7. As an object falls freely, it loses _________ energy and gains an equal amount
of _______ energy.
a. kinetic ; elastic potential c. gravitational potential ; kinetic
b. elastic potential ; kinetic d. kinetic ; gravitational potential
8. Compare the kinetic energy and potential energy at the top and bottom of a
pendulum swing.
a. half as great c. twice as great
b. the same d. four times as great
9. At what position does a roller coaster have the highest potential energy?
a. At the top of the hill c. Towards the bottom of the hill
b. Halfway down the hill d. All of the above
10. As the pendulum swings from its highest to lowest position, what happens to
its kinetic and potential energy?
a. Both the potential and kinetic energy decreases.
b. The kinetic energy decreases while the potential energy increases.
c. The potential energy decreases while the kinetic energy increases.
d. Both the potential and kinetic energy increases.
11. The total mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its ________.
a. kinetic energies c. forces
b. potential energies d. kinetic and potential energies
12. A ball is projected vertically upward and then returns to the ground after
sometime. Which of the following is true about the potential energy and
kinetic energy of the ball?
a. The kinetic energy is always less than the potential energy.
b. The kinetic energy is always more than the potential energy
c. The kinetic energy is always equal to the potential energy.
d. The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy at any instant is always
the same.
13. Mechanical energy is the sum of both the potential energy and the kinetic
energy of an object. According to the conservation of mechanical energy, what
happens to the total mechanical energy if the potential energy of an object
decreases?
a. decreases c. remains the same
b. increases d. increases then decreases
14. A 1 kg stone is dropped from rest from a height of 4 meters above the ground.

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 When it has free-fallen 1 meter, its total mechanical energy concerning to the
ground is ____.
a. 1 J c. 19.6 J
b. 4 J d. 39.2 J
15. As the kinetic energy of a falling objects decreases, its total mechanical energy
_____.
a. increases c. remains the same
b. decreases d. none of the choices

Alternatively, please answer these questions above online!

Use the link on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop:
https://forms.gle/krCX8VnXyyjeioz96
You will see the score after completing the test.
Write your score on the given circle.

Lesson
Conservation of Mechanical
4 Energy
Have a great day! Before you start your module journey, don’t forget to offer a
simple prayer to our Almighty God. To be guided and equipped with all the knowledge
and wisdom that you need in your module journey.

As a start, we can define energy by saying: Energy is the ability to do work. A

compressed spring has energy because it may do work in returning to its
uncompressed state. A falling body has energy because it may drive a stake into the
ground upon striking it. An electrical battery has energy because it can turn an
electric motor that does work.

Energy is stored in different forms and may be transformed from one form to
another. The evidence and varied uses of the different energy forms are everywhere.
Chemical energy changes to mechanical energy when an automobile engine burns
gasoline; mechanical energy changes to electrical energy when water from a dam
turns the turbine of an electric generator; and mechanical energy turns into thermal
energy when you rub your hands together to warm them.

In general, the energy acquired by objects upon which work is done is called
mechanical energy. Mechanical energy falls under two categories: kinetic energy and
potential energy. Energy, in all forms, is measured in the same unit as work, the SI
unit of energy is the joule (J).

To refresh your mind about the lessons in your previous years, LET US
RECALL some of that lesson.

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 Let’s Recall

To freshen your mind, let us recall the concepts of kinetic and potential energy you
have learned in Grade 8 Science.

KINETIC ENERGY

A body in motion possesses energy associated when its motion can do work
upon impact with another object. The energy is called kinetic energy or simply KE.
To derive the equation of kinetic energy, let us start with the equation of
Newton’s Second Law of motion:

F = ma
Vf 2 − Vi 2
Since: a=
2d
 Vf 2 − Vi 2 
Then: F = m 

 2d 
1 1
To simplify: Fd = mvf2 - mvi2
2 2
The equation of kinetic energy is: KE = ½ mv2

Sample Problem 1
Calculate the kinetic energy of a 45 grams golf ball travelling at 20 m/s.
Solution
Given: m = 45 g = 0.045 kg
v = 20 m/s
Unknown: KE = ______
Equation: KE = ½ mv2
Substitution: KE = ½ (0.045 kg)(20 m/s)2
Final Answer: KE = 9 J

Try This
1. What is the kinetic energy of a 60 kg runner who has a record of
25 seconds in a 100-meter dash?

2. Calculate the velocity of a 5 grams insect whose kinetic energy is 0.01 J?

POTENTIAL ENERGY

We have discussed that an object in motion has kinetic energy. When spring
is being stretched, it acquires energy called potential energy. An object lifted from
the ground also gains potential energy. When it is dropped, it loses potential energy
and gains kinetic energy. The term potential energy means that the energy is stored
and is available to be converted into other forms of energy. Potential energy is the

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energy possessed by a body due to its position or condition. The forms of potential
energy are gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy.
Elastic potential energy is the potential energy of the spring. We can store energy in
spring by stretching or compressing it.
Gravitational potential energy or potential energy is one of the most familiar forms
of potential energy. An elevated object is, said to have gravitational potential energy.
Gravitational Potential Energy (PEg) is the stored energy of an object due to its position. It is
the energy associated with the body’s weight and its height above the ground.
In equation:
PEg = mgh

Sample Problem 1
How much gravitational potential energy does a 7.5 kg object have concerning the
floor when it is 3.5 meters above it?
Solution
Given: m = 7.5 kg
h = 3.5 m
g = 9.8 m/s2
Unknown: PEg = _____
Equation: PEg = mgh
Substitution: PEg = (7.5 kg) (9.8 m/s2) (3.5 m)
Final Answer: PEg = 257.25 J

Try This
1. Relative to the ground, what is the gravitational potential energy of a 55 kg person
on the top of the Sears Tower, a height of 443 m above the ground?

Let’s Explore

Now that you have already recalled some of the lessons, I know that you are now ready
to explore and learn new concepts. So let us get started.
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy depends on the object’s changing position and motion or the
conversion between the object’s potential energy and kinetic energy.
Let us now examine what happens to the mechanical energy of a roller coaster in the
figure below. If the cart moves from position A to B to C, the potential energy decreases since
its height decreases. On the other hand, its speed increases as it moves down, thus kinetic
energy increases. From point C to D, it gains back its potential energy when it is moving up
at a higher elevation. In contrast, its kinetic energy decreases as it moves up because it slows
down. This exchange of potential and kinetic energy is known as mechanical energy.

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 A
B

D
C

Figure 1: Roller coaster ride showing the conservation of mechanical energy

At the top of the track, the cart is stationary as it begins to move down, where
the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.

Ignoring frictional force and other external forces, the total mechanical energy,
which is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies, remains constant at all points
in the track.

In equation form:

MET1 = MET2= MET3= constant

PE1 + KE1 = PE2 + KE2 = PE3 + KE3 = constant

The Conservation of Mechanical Energy can be stated as: “The total

mechanical energy of a body, which is the sum of its KE and PE at any instant,
remains the same throughout the motion.”
The conservation of mechanical energy can be summarized as follows:
At any point during the motion of the object,
1. The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of a body is the same or constant.
ME = PE + KE = constant
2. The loss in potential energy equals the gain in kinetic energy, or the gain in potential
energy equals the loss in kinetic energy.
Loss in PE = Gain in KE

To further explain the transformation between potential energy and kinetic

energy, study the next part of this module.

Please watch and learn this topic online!

Click the given link below on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgAp605kbMk

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 Let’s Elaborate

You are nearly half of your journey in this module. I hope you are fine and still
eager to accomplish all the activities intended for you in this module.

You have learned in the previous lesson that a body falling freely constantly
increases its velocity. Its height, therefore, decreases quadratically from the point of
release since it is falling faster and faster.

Consider a 1-kg stone dropped on the top of the hill and reached the ground
after 2 seconds. Calculate the height, velocity, kinetic energy, gravitational potential
energy, and total mechanical energy of the stone every 1-second interval.

From the concept of free fall, the height of the hill and the velocity of the stone
can be computed using the formula:

h = ½ gt2 and vf = gt since vi = 0

At t = 0 sec, the stone is 19.6 m from the ground.

Using the equation for Gravitational Potential
Energy, we have

PEg = mgh

PEg = (1 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(19.6 m)

PEg = 192.08 J

At t = 0 sec, the stone has a velocity of 0 m/s.

The Kinetic Energy is

KE = ½ mv2

KE = ½ (1 kg)(0)2

KE = 0

The Total Mechanical Energy of the stone at t = 0 sec is

MET = PE + KE

MET = 192.08 J + 0

MET = 192.08 J

At t = 1 sec, the stone is 14.7 m from the ground because the stone covered
a distance of 4.9 m after 1 second of fall so, 19.6 m – 4.9 m = 14.7 m. Using the
equation for Gravitational Potential Energy, we have

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 PEg = mgh

PEg = (1 kg)(9.8 m/s2)( 14.7 m)

PEg = 144.06 J

At t = 1 sec, the stone has a velocity of 9.8 m/s. The Kinetic Energy is

KE = ½ mv2

KE = ½ (1 kg)(9.8 m/s)2

KE = 48.02 J

The Total Mechanical Energy of the stone at t = 1 sec is

MET = PE + KE

MET = 144.06 J + 48.02 J

MET = 192.08 J

At t = 2 sec, the stone is 0 m from the ground. Using the equation for
Gravitational Potential Energy, we have

PEg = mgh

PEg = (1 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(0 m)

PEg = 0

At t = 2 sec, the stone has a velocity of 19.6 m/s before it hits the ground.
The Kinetic Energy is

KE = ½ mv2

KE = ½ (1 kg)(19.6 m/s)2

KE = 192.08 J

The Total Mechanical Energy of the stone at t = 2 sec is

MET = PE + KE

MET = 0 + 192.08 J

MET = 192.08 J

As we can see in the problem, the Total Mechanical Energy of the stone is the
sum of its kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy remains the same every
second.

Let’s Dig In
ACTIVITY: Complete Me
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 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Directions: A 1-kg object was dropped on the top of the building and reached
the ground after 4 seconds. Following the equations in getting the potential energy,
kinetic energy, and total mechanical energy, complete the table below.

TABLE
Time, t (s) Height, h Velocity, v Gravitational Kinetic Total
(m) (m/s) Potential Energy, Mechanical
Energy, PEg KE (J) Energy (J)
(J)
0 78.4 m 0
1 sec 73.5 m 9.8 m/s
2 sec 58.8 m 19.6 m/s
3 sec 34.3 m 29.4 m/s
4 sec 0 39.2 m/s

Let’s Remember

ACTIVITY: Fill Me
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Directions: Consider the falling and rolling motion of the ball in the following
two resistance-free situations. In the first situation, the ball falls off the top of the
platform to the floor. For the second situation, the ball rolls from the top of the ramp
along the staircase. Complete the table below.

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 A

B C

E D

TABLE
Position A Position B Position C Position D Position E
PEg = 100 J PEg = 50 J 1. PEg = ______ 2. PEg = _____ PEg = 0 J
KE = 0 3. KE = ______ 4. KE = ______ 5. KE = _____ 6. KE = _____
v=0 7. v = ______ v = 7.071 m/s v = 10 m/s 8. v = ______

Let’s Apply

This part of the module is where you can apply what you have learned in the
module. I know that you have the confidence to do it. Enjoy!

ACTIVITY: Fill Me

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Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Directions: As the 2.0-kg pendulum, bob in the diagram below swings back
and forth, its height and speed change. Use energy equations, and the data are given
to fill in the blanks in the table below.

TABLE
Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Position 4

PEg = 6 J PEg = 3 J PEg = 0 J PEg = 6 J

KE = 0 J KE = 3 J KE = 6 J KE = 0 J

1. h = ______ 2. h = _______ 3. h = _______ 4. h = ________

v = 0 m/s 5. v = ______ 6. v = _______ v = 0 m/s

Let’s Evaluate

Congratulations! You are almost at the end of your journey in this module. I
hope that you’re still doing well.
Now let’s assess your learning. Please answer the evaluation part honestly.
God Bless.

Multiple Choices
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Write the chosen letter in your
science notebook.
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 1. Which among the forms of energy is considered potential energy?
a. gravitational c. sound
b. radiant d. thermal
2. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?
a. entirely kinetic c. entirely gravitational
b. entirely potential d. both kinetic and potential
3. The wind–up toy that is fully wound and at rest possesses _______.
a. kinetic but no potential energy
b. potential but no kinetic energy
c. both potential and kinetic energy at equal amount
d. neither potential nor kinetic energy
4. In which case is there a decrease in gravitational potential energy?
a. Amanda stretches horizontally a rubber band.
b. A car ascends a steep parking ramp.
c. Pamela’s puppy jumps down the chair.
d. Water is forced upward through the pipe.
5. You drop a 3 kg object from a height of 3 meters. What is its potential energy
when it hits the ground?
a. 0 J c. 9.8 J
b. 9 J d. 88.2 J
6. Which event does not describe potential energy changed into kinetic
energy?
a. A box sliding down a ramp.
b. A mango falling from a tree.
c. A pen spring being compressed.
d. A stretched rubber band was loosened.
7. As the kinetic energy of a falling objects increases, its potential energy
_____.
a. increases c. remains the same
b. decreases d. none of the choices
8. What happens to the kinetic and potential energy when an object is moved
against gravity, such as rolling a toy car up a ramp?
a. Kinetic energy does not change.
b. Potential energy does not change.
c. Kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy.
d. Potential energy decreases as it is transformed into kinetic energy.
9. As the cars of a rollercoaster race down a track, energy transformation
takes place. Which of the following is true?
a. Some energy is destroyed as the cars slow down.
b. Potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and other forms of
energy.
c. The kinetic energy of the cars is always equal to the potential energy of
the car.
d. Kinetic energy is stored in the cars as they moved down the track.
10. As the pendulum swings from its lowest to highest position, what happens
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 to its kinetic and potential energy?
a. Both the potential and kinetic energy decreases.
b. The kinetic energy decreases while the potential energy increases.
c. The potential energy decreases while the kinetic energy increases.
d. Both the potential and kinetic energy increases.
11. Mechanical energy is the sum of both the potential energy and the kinetic
energy of an object. According to the conservation of mechanical energy,
what happens to the total mechanical energy if the kinetic energy of an
object increases?
a. decreases c. remains the same
b. increases d. increases then decreases
12. You drop a 5 kg object from a height of 2 meters. Just before it reaches the
ground, how much kinetic energy does it have?
a. 7 J c. 9.8 J
b. 20 J d. 98 J
13. A 1 kg ball is dropped from rest from a height of 2 meters above the
ground. When it has free-fallen 1 meter, its total mechanical energy
concerning to the ground is ____.
a. 1 J c. 19.6 J
b. 4 J d. 39.2 J
14. A stone is projected vertically upward and then returns to the ground after
sometime. Which of the following is true about the total mechanical energy of
the stone?
a. The total mechanical energy is always less than the potential energy.
b. The total mechanical energy is always less than the kinetic energy
c. The total mechanical energy is always equal to the potential energy.
d. The total mechanical energy at any instant is always equal to the sum of
its kinetic and potential energy.
15. During a certain time interval, a 2 kg object free-falls 10 meters. As the
potential energy of the falling objects decreases, its total mechanical energy
_____.
a. increases c. remains the same
b. decreases d. none of the choices

Alternatively, please answer these questions above online!

Use the link on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop:
https://forms.gle/iQ94rCu9DWpJ7ojj6
You will see the score after completing the test.
Write your score on the given circle.

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 Let’s Extend

Enrichment Activity
Direction: Complete the table using the given problem.

A 2-kg stone was dropped on the top of the cliff and reached the ground after
5 seconds. Following the equations in getting the height, velocity, gravitational
potential energy, kinetic energy, and total mechanical energy, complete the table
below.

Time, t (s) Height, h Velocity, v Gravitational Kinetic Total

(m) (m/s) Potential Energy, Mechanical
Energy, PEg KE (J) Energy (J)
(J)
0

1 sec

2 sec

3 sec

4 sec

5 sec

References

Printed Materials:

DepEd. Science Grade 9 Learner’s Module. (2014). Philippines: FEP Printing

Corporation pp. 279 - 298
Young, H. D. and Freedman R. A. (2012). Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics
with Modern Physics 13th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 207-211

Jones, E. And Childers, R. (2001). Contemporary College Physics Third Edition,

McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 181-191

Electronic Sources:
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Mechanical-Energy
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https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-2/Application-and-
Practice-Questions

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-2/Analysis-of-
Situations-in-Which-Mechanical-Energy
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5dcd51e6c01b91001b68bfee/kinetic-and-
potential-energy

https://www.saratogaschools.org/webpages/tsanders/notes.cfm?subpage=138231
1

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-2/Application-and-
Practice-Questions

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-5/Introduction

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Grezilda G. Benitez – SRCCMSTHS, Teacher I
Editor:
Content Evaluator: Merlin R. Favila – T-III (PNHS)
Language Evaluator: Jessica Anne V. Martizano – SRCCMSTHS, Teacher I
Reviewers: Avelyn R. Argente – MT1 (BNHS)
Mary Ann T. Ares – MT1 (SVNHS)
HYBRID MODULE TEAM:
DR. MELEDA POLITA – SDS (Ret.)
DR. REA MILANA-CRUZ – (School Principal IV-WBNHS)
JAYAR E. LONGASA – MT I (WBNHS)
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO-EPS - Science
DR DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: sdo.tapat@deped.gov.ph

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