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Deep Learning
Introducción
SPECIAL SECTION
RISE OF THE
MACHINES
Downloaded from http://science.sciencemag.org/ on February 19, 2018
By Jelena Stajic, Richard Stone, Gilbert Chin, and Brad Wible
A
lthough most would agree that the average person is smarter INSIDE
than the average cat, comparing humans and machines is NEWS
not as straightforward. A computer may not excel at abstract The synthetic therapist p. 250
reasoning, but it can process vast amounts of data in the blink Fears of an AI pioneer p. 252
of an eye. In recent years, researchers in artificial intelligence
POLICY FORUM
(AI) have used this computational firepower on the scads of data Data, privacy, and the greater good
accumulating online, in academic research, in financial records,
CREDITS: PHOTO NICK DOLDING/GETTY IMAGES; DATA: BALTRUSAITIS, TADAS, PETER ROBINSON, AND LOUIS PHILIPPE
p. 253
and in virtually all walks of life. The algorithms they develop REVIEWS
help machines learn from data and apply that knowledge in Machine learning: Trends,
perspectives, and prospects p. 255
new situations, much like humans do. The ability of computers to extract
personal information from seemingly innocuous data raises privacy Advances in natural language
MORENCY/USC INSTITUTE FOR CREATIVE TECHNOLOGIES; ADAPTED BY G. GRULLÓN/SCIENCE
processing p. 261
concerns. Yet many AI systems indisputably improve our lives; for
Economic reasoning and artificial
example, by making communication easier through machine translation, intelligence p. 267
by helping diagnose illness, and by providing modern comforts, such as
Computational rationality: A
your smartphone acting as your personal assistant. This special issue converging paradigm for intelligence
presents a survey of the remarkable progress made in AI and outlines in brains, minds, and machines p. 273
The editors gratefully acknowledge the advice of Eric Horvitz (Microsoft) on the
Reviews in this special issue.
Published by AAAS
sunglasses 0.52
CREDIT: ISTOCK/AKINBOSTANCI
Fig.person
1. Applications
0.92 of machine learning. Machine learning is ha
antelope 0.68
areas of technology and science; examples of recent applied suc
autonomous vehicle control (top left), speech processing and n
right), neuroscience research (middle), and applications in comp
panel is adapted from (29). The images in the bottom panel are fro
recognition annotation is by R. Girshick.]
sunglasses 0.52
5
orange 0.73 bird 0.69
2015: primera vez que un jugador profesional de Go es derrotado por un programa (AlphaGo)
2016: AlphaGo gana al campeón mundial de Go.
ction on A Agroup
close of
up young
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men brushing
playing ahis A Aman
woman laying
riding on aon
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a bed-
a A black and white
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game of soccer room.
surfboard. chair.
n=9 reinas
few seconds ?
•• Basede
Base deconocimiento
conocimiento necesaria:
previo necesaria:
Si L tiene n elementos:
Print stack. //solution, backtrack to next
Pop L y c=c+1;
(simple backtracking)
few seconds ?
¿A qué
¿Qué conceptoesta
representa delimagen?
mundo real
corresponde esta imagen?
A. Un león en la selva
B. Un gato con corbata
• Gato
C. Un gato sobre una cama
• Perro
D. Un gato jugando
• Humano
• Para la mayoría de los humanos, una tarea
• N.A.
muy simple, automática, intuitiva ….
Arthur
Arthur Samuel
Samuel (1959)
(1959)
positivo? negativo?
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estado T+1
B 3 C B 05 C
B C B C
@ 0 A @ 0 A
3 4
B C B 1 C
B C
@ 1 A @ 0 A f1 (x )
2 3
f3 (x)
f2 (x )
0 1 0 1
3 1 3500
B 3 C
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B 1 C 7200 B C
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@ 0 A
@ 1 A
4 2 f⇤ f4 (x )
0 1 0 1
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sha1_base64="B7qa2npD48O1mTZde4RiwSF0fcg=">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</latexit>
B 3 C B 05 C
B C B C
@ 0 A @ 0 A f5 (x )
3 4
x programa y
Arthur
Arthur Samuel
Samuel (1959)
(1959)
y = f (x) = 0 + 1 · x1 + 2 · x2 + . . . + d · xd
T
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= 0 + x
representación vectorial
0 1
1
B 0 C
B C
@ 1 A
3
espacio original X
The Representation of Similarities in Linear Spaces
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<latexit
nuevo espacio <latexit sha1_base64="/MQ1OvDG6f0Lg78DjMC9y5NgbcQ=">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</latexit>
(X) ⇢29 Z
x2 z2
x1
z1
z3
Figure 2.1 Toy example of a binary classification problem mapped into feature space. We
assume that the true decision boundary is an ellipse in input space (left panel). The task
of the learning process is to estimate this boundary based on empirical data consisting of
training points in both classes (crosses and circles, respectively). When mapped into feature
Diploma en Data
space Science
via the - Departamento
nonlinear map Φ2 (x) de(zInformática
1 z2 z3 ) ([x]21 [x]2020
UTFSM
2
2 [x]1 [x]2 ) (right panel), the
2
!37
ellipse becomes a hyperplane (in the present simple case, it is parallel to the z3 axis, hence
all points are plotted in the (z1 z2 ) plane). This is due to the fact that ellipses can be written
Aprendizaje de Atributos
• En los métodos clásicos de aprendizaje, el proceso de extracción de
características descansa completamente sobre un humano, que decide
cuál es una buena representación para el problema.
representación
¿Qué representa vectorial
esta imagen?
?
A. Un león en la0
selva 1
B.
1
Un gato con corbata
C. Un gato sobreB C
una0cama
B C
D. @
Un gato jugando
1A
• 3
Para la mayoría de los humanos, una tarea
muy simple, automática, intuitiva ….
representación vectorial
?
0 1
1
B 0 C
B C
@ 1 A
3
AlexNet (2011-2012)
Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. "Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural
networks." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2012.
Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. "Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural
networks." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2012.
He, Kaiming, et al. "Deep residual learning for image recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE conference on
computer vision and pattern recognition. 2016.
He, Kaiming, et al. "Deep residual learning for image recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE conference on
computer vision and pattern recognition. 2016.
Szegedy, Christian, et al. "Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision." Proceedings of the IEEE conference on
computer vision and pattern recognition. 2016.
a) Our result
Suwajanakorn, Supasorn, Steven M. Seitz, and Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman. "Synthesizing obama: learning lip sync from
audio." ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 36.4 (2017): 1-13.
Goodfellow, Ian, et al. "Generative adversarial nets." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2014.
Fig. 12. Results for the same input speech using four di�erent target videos. b) Our result
Results along each column are generated from the same u�erance.
Fig. 13. Comparison of our mouth shapes to the ground-truth footage of
the input audio (note good agreement–more results in supplemental video).
shapes, timing, and overall mouth animation, but the mouth region a) is a weekly address on climate change (cNVzN62l0Yg), and b) is on health
care (deF-f0OqvQ4).
appears less detailed and smoother compared to the groundtruth.
Diploma en Data Science - Departamento
To evaluatede Informática
generalization UTFSM
to other types 2020
of input speech not from
!50
the weekly addresses on which we trained, we ran our system on the
audio of Obama’s interview with Steve Harvey (qMlLjFPCO4M), 60
4.6 Failure Cases & Limitations
Minutes (F8MxP9adPO8), and the View (Hdn1iX1a528). Our method Below are some limitations of our method.
Arquitecturas Profundas
• Un modelo es profundo si incluye múltiples niveles de computación
entrenables.
Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. "Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural
networks." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2012.
Output
• Arquitectura
Capas como niveles de abstracción para re
• Un modelo es profundo si
número elmayor de capasdede procesamiento
CAR PERSON ANIMAL
permite aprendizaje
(object identity)
Visible layer
(input pixels)
Layer 2
deep learning model. It is difficult for a computer to understand
ry input data, such as this image represented as a collection
Layer 2
ion mapping from a set of pixels to an object identity is very
valuating this mapping seems insurmountable if tackled directly.
difficulty byDiploma en Data
breaking Science complicated
the desired - Departamento de Informática
mapping into a UTFSM 2020 !52
ppings, each described by a different layer of the model. The
Arquitecturas
ctura de Redes FF Profundas
• Un atributo complejoArquitectura
como "hay cara" de seRedes FF
puede construir desde otros
eles de abstracción para resolver un problema: Un
más simples como "hay un
• Capas ojo"
como yde"hay
niveles unapara
abstracción boca" y problema:
resolver un estos aUnsu vez de
eDUCTION
capas de procesamiento permite construir atributos
conceptos aún más primitivos como
número mayor de capas delíneas y formas.
procesamiento permite construir atributos
ejidad a partir de atributos más 824
simples.
de mayor complejidad a partir de atributos más simples.
M.D. Zeiler and R. Fergus
Output Layer 1
CAR PERSON ANIMAL
(object identity)
824 M.D. Zeiler and R. Fergus
Layer 1
3rd hidden layer
(object parts)
Arquitectura de Redes FF
• Capas como niveles de abstracción para resolver un problema: Un
2nd hidden layer
Layer 2 mayor de capas de procesamiento permite construir atributos
número
(corners and
contours) de mayor complejidad a partir de atributos más simples.
Layer 2
Visible layer
(input pixels) Layer 3 Layer 3
Compresión de Imágenes
A. Un león en la selva
B. Un gato con corbata
C. Un gato sobre una cama
D. Un gato jugando
Compresión de Imágenes
w2
w1
¿Qué representa esta imagen?
w3
A. Un león en la selva
B. Un gato con corbata
C. Un gato sobre una cama w5 w9
D. Un gato jugando
w11 w10
• Para la mayoría de los humanos, una tarea
muy simple, automática, intuitiva …. w7
w4
w6
w9
w5
w11 w10
w7
w4
w6
w9
w5
w11 w10
w7
w4
w6
w9
w5
w11 w10
w7
w4
w6
0 1 w2
w1
5 w3
B 1 C w5
w9
20
B C w10
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@ 0 A w11
w7
w4
3
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w6
output f(x)
input x
0 1 w2
5 w1
w3
B 1 C w9
B C w5 20
@ 0 A w11 w10
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Re-Uso
• Múltiples experimentos demuestran que las representaciones aprendidas
sobre una tarea (dominio) pueden "exportarse" a tareas similares.
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Siegelmann, Hava T., and Eduardo D. Sontag. "On the computational power of neural nets."
Journal of computer and system sciences 50.1 (1995): 132-150.
Montufar, Guido F., et al. "On the number of linear regions of deep neural networks." Advances in neural
information processing systems. 2014.
Figure
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Universalidad
• La gran flexibilidad del modelo permite aprovechar la mayor
disponibilidad de datos que caracteriza muchas áreas de la ciencia y la
ingeniería en los últimos años.
• Redes Feed-Forward
• Redes Convolucionales
• Redes Recurrentes, LSTMs
• Redes con Mecanismos Atencionales
• Redes sobre Grafos
• Redes con Memoria Externa
• Auto-encoders Clásicos y Variacionales
• Máquinas de Boltzmann
• GAN (Generative Adversarial Nets)