6HQWLPHQW$QDO\VLVXVLQJ0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJDQG
'HHS/HDUQLQJ
<RJHVK&KDQGUD
,66$'5'2'HOKL,1',$
\RJHVK#LVVDGUGRLQ
$EVWUDFW±:LWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJUDWHDWZKLFKGDWDLVFUHDWHGE\
LQWHUQHW XVHUV RQ YDULRXV SODWIRUPV LW EHFRPHV QHFHVVDU\ WR
DQDO\]H DQG PDNH XVH RI WKH GDWD E\ WKH 'HIHQVH DQG RWKHU
*RYHUQPHQW 2UJDQL]DWLRQV DQG NQRZ WKH VHQWLPHQW RI WKH
SHRSOH 7KLV VKDOO KHOS WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQV WDNH FRQWURO RI WKHLU
DFWLRQV DQG GHFLGH WKH VWHSV WR EH WDNHQ VKRUWO\ $GGHG WR LW
ZKHQ VRPHWKLQJ FUXFLDO LV KDSSHQLQJ LQ WKH QDWLRQ LW LV RI
SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH WR GHFLGH HYHU\ VWHS ZLWKRXW
KXUWLQJYLRODWLQJ WKH VHQWLPHQWV RI WKH SHRSOH ,Q WKH HUD RI
0LFUREORJJLQJ ZKLFK KDV EHFRPH TXLWH D SRSXODU WRRO RI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQPLOOLRQVRIXVHUVVKDUHWKHLUYLHZVDQGRSLQLRQV
RQ YDULRXV GD\WRGD\ OLIH LVVXHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKHP GLUHFWO\ RU
LQGLUHFWO\ WKURXJK VRFLDO PHGLD SODWIRUPV OLNH 7ZLWWHU 5HGGLW
7XPEOU )DFHERRN 'DWD IURPWKHVH VLWHV FDQ EH HIILFLHQWO\ XVHG
IRUPDUNHWLQJRUVRFLDOVWXGLHV,QWKLVSDSHUZHKDYHWDNHQLQWR
DFFRXQW YDULRXV PHWKRGV WR SHUIRUP VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV
6HQWLPHQW $QDO\VLV KDV EHHQ SHUIRUPHG E\ XVLQJ 0DFKLQH
/HDUQLQJ&ODVVLILHUV3RODULW\EDVHGVHQWLPHQWDQDO\VLVDQG'HHS
/HDUQLQJ 0RGHOV DUH XVHG WR FODVVLI\ XVHU¶V WZHHWV DV KDYLQJ
µSRVLWLYH¶ RU µQHJDWLYH¶ VHQWLPHQW 7KH LGHD EHKLQG WDNLQJ LQ
YDULRXV PRGHO DUFKLWHFWXUHV ZDV WR DFFRXQW IRU WKH YDULDQFH LQ
WKH RSLQLRQV DQG WKRXJKWV H[LVWLQJ RQ VXFK VRFLDO PHGLD
SODWIRUPV 7KHVH FODVVLILFDWLRQ PRGHOV FDQ IXUWKHU EH
LPSOHPHQWHGWRFODVVLI\OLYHWZHHWVRQWZLWWHURQDQ\WRSLF
.H\ZRUGV WZLWWHU VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV SRODULW\ PDFKLQH
OHDUQLQJGHHSOHDUQLQJ/670&11
, ,1752'8&7,21
6HQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV LV WKH ILHOG GHDOLQJ DQG DQDO\]LQJ
SHRSOH¶V RSLQLRQV VHQWLPHQWV DQG DWWLWXGHV EHKDYLRUDO
UHVSRQVHV WR FHUWDLQ HYHQWV RU LQFLGHQWV EDVHG RQ WKH ZULWWHQ
ODQJXDJHDYDLODEOH,WKDVEHFRPHRQHRIWKHPRVWDFWLYHDUHDV
LQUHVHDUFKGXHWRVXUJHLQWKHILHOGVOLNHPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJDQG
GHHS OHDUQLQJ DQG WKH EOHQGLQJ RI VXFK DUHDV ZLWK WKH HDUOLHU
XVHGVWDWLVWLFDOPHWKRGVRI1DWXUDO/DQJXDJH3URFHVVLQJ
6XGGHQ EORRP LQ VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV FRPHV ZLWK WKH
JURZLQJ LQWHUHVW DQG DFWLYH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ VRFLDO PHGLD VXFK
DVUHYLHZVRIYDULRXVWRSLFVDQGDUWVIRUXPVGLVFXVVLRQVDERXW
SUHYDOHQW LVVXHV EORJV DQG PLFUREORJV DERXW RSLQLRQV DQG
LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ 7ZLWWHU DQG VRFLDO QHWZRUNV WDON DERXW
VRPHWKLQJZKLFKLVWUHQGLQJLQWKHORFDODUHDRUJOREDOO\:LWK
WKH JURZWK LQ XVHUV XVLQJ GLJLWDO PHGLD WR FRPPXQLFDWH DQG
H[SUHVV WKHPVHOYHV RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV FDQ H[WUDFW
RXWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGHGIURPWKHRSLQLRQVDQGVHQWLPHQWVRI
WKHXVHUV>@
978-93-80544-38-0 /20/$31.00 2020
c IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Melbourne. Downloaded on May 31,2020 at 17:45:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
$QWRUHHS-DQD 
'HOKL7HFKQRORJLFDO8QLYHUVLW\'HOKL,1',$
DQWRUHHSMDQD#JPDLOFRP

$V SHU GVD\FH ZHEVLWH HYHU\ VHFRQG RQ DYHUDJH DURXQG
WZHHWVDVUHSRUWHGLQ1RYHPEHU>@7ZLWWHUXVHULQ
-DSDQ VHW D QHZ ZRUOG UHFRUG RI  WZHHWV SHU VHFRQG
736  E\ WZHHWLQJ ³EDOXV´ GXULQJ D WHOHYLVLRQ EURDGFDVW RI
+D\DR0L\D]DNL¶VDQLPHFODVVLF&DVWOHLQWKH6N\RQ$XJ
$OVR LQ WKH \HDU  (YHU\ VHFRQG RQ DYHUDJH DURXQG
WZHHWVDUHWZHHWHGRQ7ZLWWHUZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRRYHU
WZHHWVVHQWSHUPLQXWHPLOOLRQWZHHWVSHUGD\DQG
DURXQGELOOLRQWZHHWVSHU\HDU
7KLV SDSHU FRYHUV WHFKQLTXHV DQG PHWKRGV WKDW FDQ EH
LPSOHPHQWHG WR GLUHFWO\ HQDEOH RSLQLRQRULHQWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ
VHHNLQJ V\VWHPV )RU WKLV SDSHU S\WKRQ OLEUDU\ QDPHG
³WZHHS\´³VFLNLWOHDUQ´DQGIUDPHZRUN³NHUDV´ZDVDOVRXVHG
WR WHVW DV SHU XVHU¶V ZLOO RQ OLYH VHQWLPHQWV DQG DQDO\]H WKH
SUHVHQWVWDWHDERXWDQ\LVVXHRUWRSLF
,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH SURSRVH HIIHFWLYH ZD\V WR SHUIRUP
VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV RU RSLQLRQPLQLQJ XVLQJ XVHU WZHHWV 7KH
UHVWRIWKHSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV6HFWLRQ,,RIWKHSDSHU
SUHVHQWV WKH UHODWHG ZRUNV WKDW KDYH WDNHQ SODFH 6HFWLRQ ,,,
EULHIVDERXWWKHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGRORJ\6HFWLRQ,9WDONVDERXW
WKH GDWDVHW XVHG IRU WKLV SDSHU 6HFWLRQ 9 WDONV DERXW WKH
H[SHULPHQWVFRQGXFWHGDQGWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGIURPWKHP7KH
SDSHULVFRQFOXGHGLQ6HFWLRQ9,E\ZKDWDQGKRZZRUNFDQEH
IXUWKHUH[WHQGHG
,, 5(/$7(':25.
,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHGLVFXVVWKHUHODWHGZRUNVWKDWKDYHWDNHQ
LQ WKH ILHOG RI VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV DQRSLQLRQ PLQLQJ DQG WKH
YDULRXV ZD\V DQG WHFKQLTXHV XVHG WR H[SORLW DQG PDNH XVH RI
WKHPLFUREORJJLQJGDWD:LWKWKHODUJHDYDLODELOLW\RIEORJVDQG
VRFLDO QHWZRUN ZHEVLWHV PDQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH GHOYHG LQWR
RSLQLRQ PLQLQJ DQG VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV 6LPLODU EULHI LQVLJKWV
ZHUH SUHVHQWHG E\ >@ 7KH DXWKRUV GHVFULEHG H[LVWLQJ
WHFKQLTXHV DQG DSSURDFKHV IRU RSLQLRQRULHQWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ
UHWULHYDO
,QDSDSHURQ/DUJH6FDOH6HQWLPHQW$QDO\VLVIRU1HZVDQG
%ORJV E\ >@ 7KH\ WDON DERXW WKH RSLQLRQV H[SUHVVHG LQ
QHZVSDSHUV DQG EORJV ZKLOH UHSRUWLQJ RQ UHFHQW HYHQWV 7KH\
DVVLJQHG D VFRUH WR HDFK GLVWLQFW HQWLW\ LQ WKH WH[W FRUSXV
LQGLFDWLQJSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHRSLQLRQ
7KH LGHD EHKLQGLW LV WKDWQHZVFDQEHHLWKHUJRRGRUEDG
)RUWKLVVHQWLPHQWLGHQWLILFDWLRQSKDVHZDVXVHGDQGDVVRFLDWHG
H[SUHVVHGRSLQLRQZLWKHDFKUHOHYDQWHQWLW\ZDVJLYHQDQGIRU
1
UHODWLYH HYDOXDWLRQ ZLWK RWKHUV LQ WKH VDPH FODVV D VHQWLPHQW $QLQWHUHVWLQJSDSHUE\>@WULHGWRSUHVHQWDQHZPHWKRG
DJJUHJDWLRQDQGVFRUHSKDVHDUHXVHG IRU VHQWLPHQW FODVVLILFDWLRQ EDVHG RQ H[WUDFWLQJ DQG DQDO\]LQJ
DSSUDLVDOJURXSVVXFKDV³YHU\JRRG´$VHWRIDWWULEXWHYDOXHV
7KH SURFHVV ZDV LQ WKUHH VWDJHV ±   $OJRULWKPLF LQ VHYHUDO WDVNLQGHSHQGHQW VHPDQWLF WD[RQRPLHV EDVHG RQ
&RQVWUXFWLRQ RI 6HQWLPHQW 'LFWLRQDULHV   6HQWLPHQW ,QGH[ $SSUDLVDO WKHRU\ LV DQ DSSUDLVDO JURXS /H[LFRQ RI DSSUDLVLQJ
)RUPDWLRQ (YDOXDWLRQRI6LJQLILFDQFH7KH\ILJXUHGRXWKRZ DGMHFWLYHVDQGWKHLUPRGLILHUVZDVEXLOWXVLQJ6HPLDXWRPDWHG
VHQWLPHQW FDQ YDU\ E\ GHPRJUDSKLF JURXS QHZV VRXUFH RU PHWKRGV WR FODVVLI\ WKH PRYLH UHYLHZV XVLQJ IHDWXUHV EDVHG
JHRJUDSKLF ORFDWLRQ $OVR WKH GHJUHH WR ZKLFK WKH VHQWLPHQW XSRQWKHVHWD[RQRPLHVFRPELQHGZLWKVWDQGDUG³EDJRIZRUGV´
LQGLFHVSUHGLFWIXWXUHFKDQJHVLQSRSXODULW\RUPDUNHWEHKDYLRU IHDWXUHV
,Q DQRWKHU SDSHU E\ >@ WR GHWHFW VHQWLPHQW DQG WRSLF
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ IURP WKH WH[W D SUREDELOLVWLF PRGHOLQJ
IUDPHZRUN KDV EHHQ EDVHG RQ /'$ /DWHQW 'LULFKOHW
$OORFDWLRQ  FDOOHG MRLQW VHQWLPHQWWRSLF PRGHO -67  7KLV
PRGHO LV IXOO\ XQVXSHUYLVHG XQOLNH RWKHU PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ
PRGHOVWKDWUHTXLUHVXSHUYLVLRQ7KHPRGHOKDVEHHQHYDOXDWHG
RQ WKH PRYLH UHYLHZ GDWDVHW DQG WKH SUHOLPLQDU\ UHVXOWV KDYH
VKRZQSURPLVLQJUHVXOWVDFKLHYHGE\-67
$SDSHUE\>@XVHV WKHFRQFHSWRIUHFRJQL]LQJFRQWH[WXDO
SRODULW\LQ3KUDVHOHYHO6HQWLPHQW$QDO\VLV,WILUVWGHWHUPLQHV
ZKHWKHUDQH[SUHVVLRQLVQHXWUDORUSRODUDQGWKHQUHPRYHVWKH
DPELJXLW\RI WKHSRODU H[SUHVVLRQV 'RLQJ WKLV WKH FRQWH[WXDO
SRODULW\ LV LGHQWLILHG E\ WKH V\VWHP IURP D ODUJH VXEVHW RI
VHQWLPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVJLYLQJZD\EHWWHUUHVXOWV6HQWHQFHOHYHO
RUHYHQSKUDVHOHYHODUHUHTXLUHGIRUPXOWLSHUVSHFWLYHTXHVWLRQ
DQVZHULQJ DQG VXPPDUL]DWLRQ RSLQLRQRULHQWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ
H[WUDFWLRQDQGPLQLQJSURGXFWUHYLHZV7KHPDLQPRWLYHLVWR
EH DEOH WR VXFFHVVIXOO\ SLQSRLQW SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH
VHQWLPHQWV
6LQFH WKH DLPRIWKH SDSHU ZDV WR LPSURYH WKH SHUFHQWDJH
DFFXUDF\ RI WKH FODVVLILHU PRGHOV VRPH VLPLODU ZRUN ZDV
SHUIRUPHG E\ >@  PHWKRG ZKHUH SXEOLFL]HG VWUHDP RI WZHHWV
IURP 7ZLWWHU PLFUREORJJLQJ VLWH DUH SUHSURFHVVHG DQG )LJ :RUNIORZIRU7ZLWWHU5HYLHZV'DWDVHW
FODVVLILHGEDVHGRQWKHLUHPRWLRQDOFRQWHQWDQGWKHQSUHFLVLRQ
DQG UHFDOO DUH XVHG WR SHUIRUP WKH DQDO\VLV RI SHUIRUPDQFH LQ 'HHS OHDUQLQJ PHWKRGV FDQ DOVR EH XWLOL]HG WR SHUIRUP D
VXFKFDVHV VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV RI D WH[W ,Q >@ DXWKRUV SURSRVHG D GHHS
%HVLGHVWKHW\SLFDOPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJWHFKQLTXHVWKHUHH[LVW FRQYROXWLRQDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN WKDW H[SORLWV IURP FKDUDFWHUWR
D SOHWKRUD RI RWKHU WHFKQLTXHV LQ VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV ,Q >@ VHQWHQFH OHYHO LQIRUPDWLRQ WR SHUIRUP VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV RI
OH[LFRQPRGHOVDUHXVHGIRUWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIYHUEVQRXQVDQG VKRUW WH[WV 7ZR GLIIHUHQW GRPDLQV ZHUH XVHG IRU DSSOLFDWLRQ
DGMHFWLYHV7KHPRGHODFKLHYHVWRILQGWKHGLIIHUHQWVXEMHFWLYLW\ 7KH 6WDQIRUG 6HQWLPHQW 7UHH EDQN 667E  ZKLFK FRQWDLQV
UHODWLRQV H[SUHVVLQJ VHSDUDWH DWWLWXGHV DPRQJ WKH DFWRUV LQ D VHQWHQFHV IURP PRYLH UHYLHZV DQG WKH 6WDQIRUG WZLWWHU
VHQWHQFH VHQWLPHQWFRUSXV 676 ZKLFKFRQWDLQVWZLWWHUPHVVDJHV

,Q DQRWKHU ZRUN E\ >@ WKH\ KDYH DSSOLHG VWDWLVWLFDO
DSSURDFKHVLQ ZKLFKWKH\ WU\WR GLIIHUHQWLDWHEHWZHHQIHDWXUHV
KDYLQJ VHQWLPHQW DQG IHDWXUHV QRW KDYLQJ VHQWLPHQW $ VHW RI
QHZIHDWXUHVHOHFWLRQVFKHPHVZDVSURSRVHGWKDWZRXOGXVHWKH
&RQWHQW DQG 6\QWD[ 0RGHO WR DXWRPDWLFDOO\ OHDUQ D VHW RI
IHDWXUHV LQ UHYLHZ GRFXPHQW E\ VHSDUDWLQJ HQWLWLHV WKDW DUH
EHLQJ UHYLHZHG IURP WKH VXEMHFWLYH H[SUHVVLRQV WKDW GHVFULEH
WKRVHHQWLWLHVLQWHUPVRISRODULWLHV
6LPLODU WR >@ ZRUN >@ DQ HQKDQFHG OH[LFDO UHVRXUFH ZDV
GHYHORSHG,WLVWKHUHVXOWRIDXWRPDWLFDQQRWDWLRQRIDOOV\QVHWV
RI :25'1(7 DFFRUGLQJ WR QRWLRQV RI ³SRVLWLYLW\´
³QHJDWLYLW\´ ³QHXWUDO´ 6\VQHW WDONV DERXW WKH µSRVLWLYLW\¶
µQHJDWLYLW\¶DQGREMHFWLYLW\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKLW
,Q >@ H[SORLWHG 7ZLWWHU IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI VHQWLPHQW
DQDO\VLVDQGLWZDVGRQHIRUDQRWKHUWLPHE\WKH\DSSURDFKHG
WKHVHQWLPHQWDQDO\VLVLQIRUPRIWZRWDVNV7KHILUVWW\SHWDNHV
LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQDILYHSRLQWVFDOHZKLFKFRQIHUVDQRUGLQDO
FKDUDFWHUWRWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQWDVN7KHVHFRQGW\SHLVDERXWWKH
FRUUHFW HVWLPDWLRQ RI WKH SUHYDOHQFH RI HDFK FODVV RI LQWHUHVW
ZKLFKLVFDOOHGTXDQWLILFDWLRQLQVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJ
&RPELQLQJ YDULRXV PHWKRGV WR SHUIRUP D WDVN FDQ \LHOG
EHWWHUUHVXOWV$SDSHUE\>@VKRZVDQHZFRPELQHGPHWKRG
E\ WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI UXOHEDVHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ VXSHUYLVHG
OHDUQLQJDQGPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJ7KHUHVXOWVWKHQVKRZHGWKDWD
K\EULG FODVVLILFDWLRQ FDQ LPSURYH WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ
HIIHFWLYHQHVVLQWHUPVRIPDFURDQGPLFURDYHUDJHG)
$ 3DSHU XWLOL]LQJ FRQYROXWLRQ QHXUDO QHWZRUN E\>@
XWLOL]HV GHHS FRQYROXWLRQDO QHWZRUNV WR SHUIRUP VHQWLPHQW

2 7th International Conference on Computing For Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom)

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Melbourne. Downloaded on May 31,2020 at 17:45:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
DQDO\VLV LQ PXOWLSOH ODQJXDJHV ZLWKRXW XVLQJ PDFKLQH
WUDQVODWLRQDQGLVDFKLHYLQJJRRGDFFXUDF\VFRUHV7KLVLVGRQH
E\ FRQYROXWLQJ RQ FKDUDFWHU OHYHO HPEHGGLQJV IRU ILQGLQJ RXW
WKHSRODULW\RIWZHHWV
,,, 7+($3352$&+
(DUOLHU H[SHULPHQWV WR SHUIRUP VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV RQ
7ZLWWHU 'DWDVHW ZHUH EDVHG RQ SRODULW\EDVHG VHQWLPHQW
DQDO\VLVDQGVRPHPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJFODVVLILHUV,QWKLVUHVHDUFK
SDSHU ZH KDYH DGRSWHG D YRWLQJEDVHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ V\VWHP
DQGWKHSRODULW\EDVHGVHQWLPHQWDQDO\VLVLVGRQHRQOLYHWZHHWV
IHWFKHGXVLQJ7ZLWWHU$3,
7KHQ 0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ &ODVVLILHU DOJRULWKPV ZHUH DOVR
XVHG WR FKHFN WKH SHUIRUPDQFH 8VXDOO\ RQH PDFKLQH RU
GLIIHUHQW PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKPV DUH XVHG DQG WKHLU
SHUIRUPDQFHV DUH FRPSDUHG :H KDYH XVHG D FRQILGHQFH
PHDVXUHE\FRPELQLQJVHYHUDOPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJDOJRULWKPV
7KH PRGHOV 0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ 0RGHOV 'HHS /HDUQLQJ
0RGHOVRU3RODULW\EDVHGPHWKRGV DUHWUDLQHGXVLQJIHDWXUHV
7KHFRUHLGHDRIPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJLVIHDWXUHHQJLQHHULQJ
0DFKLQH /HDUQLQJ QHHGV IHDWXUH H[WUDFWLRQ DQG IHDWXUH
HQJLQHHULQJ :KDW ZRXOG KDSSHQ LI WKDW FRXOG EH DXWRPDWHG
DQG WKDW¶V KRZ ZH GHFLGHG WR WU\ GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV :H
XVHG VHYHUDO FRPELQDWLRQV RI GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV DQG
FRPSDUHGWKHUHODWLYHSHUIRUPDQFH
,9 352%/(0$66(660(17$1'722/6'(6&5,37,21
7R SHUIRUP WKH UHVHDUFK ZH KDYH FKRVHQ GDWDVHW V 
DYDLODEOH RQ .DJJOH7ZLWWHU $3, )RU H[SHULPHQWDO SXUSRVHV
.DJJOHNHUQHOVZHUHXVHG
7KH GDWDVHWV XVHG WR H[SHULPHQW ZHUH µ)LUVW *23 'HEDWH¶
>@µ%LWFRLQ7ZHHWV¶>@DQGµ,0'EPRYLHUHYLHZV¶DQGOLYH
WZHHWVXVLQJ7ZLWWHU$3,
,Q WKH WUDLQLQJ RI PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV WKH IHDWXUHV
ZHUHPDGHE\WRNHQL]LQJWKHVHQWHQFHVWZHHWVDIWHUSHUIRUPLQJ
GDWD FOHDQLQJ RI WKH WZHHWV $ VHSDUDWH VFULSW ZDV PDGH WR
SHUIRUP GDWD FOHDQLQJ RI WKH WZHHWV EHLQJ UHFHLYHG IURP WKH
WZLWWHU$3,DQGVWRUHWKHPLQDGDWDIUDPH7KLVFDQEHXVHGE\
VLPSO\ LPSRUWLQJ WKH S\WKRQ VFULSW ILOH DQG JHWWLQJ WKH
GDWDIUDPHRIWKHWZLWWHUWZHHWVZLWKDNH\ZRUGDVUHTXLUHGE\
WKHXVHUDQGWKHQXPEHURIWZHHWVGDWDVHWVL]HDVPHQWLRQHGE\
WKH XVHUDQDO\VW 1RZ DIWHU KDYLQJ WKH GDWDVHW WRNHQL]DWLRQ
DQGOHPPDWL]DWLRQRIWKHWZHHWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGWRKDYHWRNHQV
RI WZHHWV DQG VWRSZRUGV UHPRYDO ZDV GRQH WR HOLPLQDWH WKH
FRPPRQ ZRUGV 7KH PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ FODVVLILHU PRGHOV KDYH
WKHQ WUDLQHG RQ WKHVH ZRUG IHDWXUHV RI WKH WZHHWV DQG WKH
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ VHQWLPHQW DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D WZHHW DV REWDLQHG
IURP D ODEHOHG GDWDVHW 7KHSUHGLFWLRQV ZHUHPDGH RQ WKH WHVW
GDWDVHW 7KH SUHGLFWLRQV FDQ DOVR EH SHUIRUPHG IURP WKH
GDWDIUDPH REWDLQHG IURP WKH S\WKRQ VFULSW XVLQJ WZHHS\ WR
DQDO\]HWKHVHQWLPHQWRQWKHµNH\ZRUG¶RIXVHUFRQFHUQ
:KHQ ZRUNLQJ ZLWK GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV IRU VHQWLPHQW
DQDO\VLV WKH IHDWXUH VHOHFWLRQ DQG PDSSLQJ IHDWXUH
HQJLQHHULQJ  DUH SHUIRUPHG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ 3DGGLQJ LV GRQH WR
PDLQWDLQ XQLIRUP LQSXW OHQJWK RI DOO WKH WZHHWV EHLQJ SDVVHG
7th International Conference on Computing For Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom)
Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Melbourne. Downloaded on May 31,2020 at 17:45:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
WKH WZHHWV DUH SDVVHG WKURXJK WKH GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV DQG
WUDLQLQJ LV SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH WZHHWV /DWHU RQ WHVWLQJ RI WKH
PRGHOVLVSHUIRUPHGRQWKHWHVWGDWDVHWDQGWKHSHUIRUPDQFHVRI
YDULRXV GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG DQG HYDOXDWHG
7KH WUDLQHG PRGHO FDQ EH VDYHG DQG ORDGHG EDFN WR VDYH WKH
WUDLQLQJ WLPH 7KH PRGHO FDQ WKHQ EH XVHG IRU SUHGLFWLQJ WKH
VHQWLPHQWVRIQHZWZHHWVDVREWDLQHGIURPWKHGDWDIUDPHXVLQJ
WKH WZHHS\ VFULSW ILOH 7KH LQSXW OHQJWK RI WKH WZHHWV PXVW EH
DGMXVWHGDSSURSULDWHO\E\XVLQJWKHSDGGLQJRIWKHWZHHWV
&ODVVLILHUV WDNHQ IRU FRPSDULVRQ ZHUH 1DLYH %D\HV 01%
&ODVVLILHU%HUQRXOOL&ODVVLILHU/RJLVWLF5HJUHVVLRQ6WRFKDVWLF
*UDGLHQW 'HVFHQW /LQHDU 69& 1X69& &ODVVLILHU $OVR
SRODULW\EDVHG PHWKRGV ZHUH XVHG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH SRVLWLYH DQG
QHJDWLYH VHQWLPHQWRIWZHHW7KH FODVVLILFDWLRQ UHVXOWV VKRZHG
WKDW 'HHS /HDUQLQJ PRGHOV XVLQJ /670&11 JDYH WKH EHVW
FODVVLILFDWLRQUHVXOWV
9 (;3(5,0(176$1'5(68/76$1$/<6,6
8VLQJ WKH 7ZLWWHU $3, DYDLODEOH RQ DSSVWZLWWHUFRP DQG
YDULRXV GDWDVHWV RI 7ZLWWHU RQ YDULRXV WRSLFV UHVXOWV ZHUH
JHQHUDWHG
)RU FRPSDUDWLYH VWXG\ WKHVH UHVXOWV ZHUH SORWWHG LQ D EDU
JUDSKDQGUHVXOWVZHUHDQDO\]HG
$FXVWRPS\WKRQVFULSWZDVPDGHZKLFKZRXOGXWLOL]HWKH
WZHHS\OLEUDU\DQGIHWFKWZHHWVIURPWZLWWHUE\VSHFLI\LQJWKH
NH\ZRUGV OLNH µUDIDOH¶ RU DQ\ RWKHU WHUP DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH
PLOLWDU\7KHQXPEHURIWZHHWVVL]HVRIWKHGDWDVHWUHTXLUHGE\
WKHDQDO\VWFDQEHSDVVHGDVDIXQFWLRQDUJXPHQW7KLVSUHSDUHV
XVZLWKWKHOLYH WHVWGDWDVHWRQZKLFKZHWKHDQDO\VW ZDQWV WR
KDYHSUHGLFWLRQVWREHPDGHRQ

)LJ &XPXODWLYH$QDO\VLVRIYDULRXVFODVVLILHUVIRU7ZLWWHU'DWD$QDO\VLV
9DULRXVPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJFODVVLILHUVFDQEHXVHGWRSHUIRUP
WUDLQLQJ ,Q RXU SDSHU ZH KDYH XVHG VHYHQ GLIIHUHQW PDFKLQH
OHDUQLQJ FODVVLILHUV DQG WKHQ XVHG D YRWLQJ V\VWHP WR SHUIRUP
WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG WKH DVVRFLDWHG FRQILGHQFH RI WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV FDOFXODWHG E\ FDOFXODWLQJ WKH UDWLR RI WKH
QXPEHURIYRWHV FODVVLILFDWLRQVLQIDYRXU RIDFODVVWRWKHWRWDO
QXPEHURIYRWHV FODVVLILFDWLRQVRUFODVVLILHUV 7KHPRGHOVDUH
3
VDYHG DQG FDQ EH XWLOL]HG WR SHUIRUP SUHGLFWLRQ RQ D GDWDVHW $V D IXWXUH RXWOLQH ZRUN FDQ EH GRQH WR ILQG RXW ZKLFK
WKDW LV EHLQJ ORDGHG IURP WZHHS\ XVLQJ WKH FXVWRP S\WKRQ DUFKLWHFWXUHFDQEHGHVLJQHGDQGLPSOHPHQWHGVRWKDWWKH'HHS
VFULSW /HDUQLQJ 0RGHO DFKLHYHV DQ DFFXUDF\ SHUFHQWDJH DV JRRG DV
KXPDQDFFXUDF\7KLVZLOOOHDGWRIXUWKHUHQKDQFHPHQWIRUWKLV
7KH DFFXUDF\ SHUFHQWDJH IRU PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ FODVVLILHUV GRPDLQRIZRUN
OLQJHUVDURXQGSHUFHQWWRSHUFHQWIRUWUDLQLQJDQGWHVWLQJ
GDWD $&.12:/('*(0(17
7KH GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV DUH IHG ZLWK SDGGLQJ RI WKH $XWKRUV FRQYH\ WKHLU JUDWLWXGH WR 'LUHFWRU ,66$ IRU
WZHHWVDQGWUDLQHGRQWKHWUDLQLQJGDWDVHW7KHWUDLQHGPRGHOLV JXLGLQJ VXSSRUWLQJ DQG DOORZLQJ WR SXEOLVK DQG SUHVHQW WKH
WHVWHGRQDWHVWVHWDQGWKHUHVXOWVIRUWUDLQLQJDQGWHVWLQJZHUH SDSHUDWWKHFRQIHUHQFH
PXFK EHWWHU LQ WKH UDQJH RI  SHUFHQW WR  SHUFHQW IRU
WUDLQLQJ DQG WHVWLQJ GDWD 7KH UHDVRQ EHLQJ GHHS OHDUQLQJ 5()(5(1&(6
PRGHOVOLNH511RU/670UHPHPEHUWRXWLOL]HWKHFRQWH[WRI >@ $ 3DN DQG 3 3DURXEHN 7ZLWWHU DV D &RUSXV IRU 6HQWLPHQW $QDO\VLV
WKHWRNHQRUWKHIHDWXUHZKLFKZDVQ¶WKDSSHQLQJLQWKHFDVHRI DQG2SLQLRQ0LQLQJ/5(F9RO1R
PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV LQ ZKLFK IHDWXUHV ZHUH VLPSO\ >@ ' 6D\FH 'DYLG 6D\FH >2QOLQH@ $YDLODEOH
DGMDFHQW ZRUGV 'XH WR WDNLQJ LQWR FRQWH[W WKH ZRUGV LQ WKH KWWSVZZZGVD\FHFRPVRFLDOPHGLDWZHHWVGD\
ZKROHVHQWHQFHLQWKHVFHQDULRWKHSHUFHQWDJHDFFXUDF\RIWKH >@ 1 *RGEROH 0 6ULQLYDVDLDK DQG 6 6NLHQD /DUJH6FDOH 6HQWLPHQW
$QDO\VLVIRU1HZVDQG%ORJV890
GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV ZDV EHWWHU WKDQ WKH PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ
PRGHOV 7KH GHHS OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV WDNH PXFK ORQJHU WR EH >@ &/LQDQG<+H-RLQWVHQWLPHQWWRSLFPRGHOIRUVHQWLPHQWDQDO\VLV
$&0
WUDLQHG HYHQ RQ *38  DQG LW LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR VDYH WKH
>@ 7:LOVRQ-:LHEHDQG3+RIIPDQQ5HFRJQL]LQJ&RQWH[WXDO3RODULW\
PRGHO DIWHU WUDLQLQJ LV SHUIRUPHG DQG ORDG WKH PRGHO ZKHQ LQ3KUDVH/HYHO6HQWLPHQW$QDO\VLV$&/:(%
UHTXLUHGWRSHUIRUPWKHSUHGLFWLRQV >@ %*RNXODNULVKQDQ33UL\DQWKDQ75DJDYDQ13UDVDWKDQG$3HUHUD
7KHUHIRUH ZH ZHUH DEOH WR FRQFOXGH WKDW XVLQJ GHHS 2SLQLRQ PLQLQJ DQG VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV RQ D 7ZLWWHU GDWD VWUHDP
,(((
OHDUQLQJ PRGHOV GHILQLWHO\ JLYHV EHWWHU FODVVLILFDWLRQ UHVXOWV
>@ , 0DNV DQG 3 9RVVHQ $ OH[LFRQ PRGHO IRU GHHS VHQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV
FRPSDUHG WR PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ FODVVLILHUV RU SRODULW\EDVHG DQGRSLQLRQPLQLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV6FLHQFH'LUHFW
PHWKRGVRQ7ZLWWHU'DWDVHW V DQGFDQEHUHOLDEO\XVHGWRVHUYH
>@ $'XULFDQG)6RQJ)HDWXUHVHOHFWLRQIRUVHQWLPHQWDQDO\VLVEDVHGRQ
WKHSXUSRVHRIVHQWLPHQWDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHFURZGZKLFKLVQRW FRQWHQWDQGV\QWD[PRGHOV6FLHQFH'LUHFW
SRVVLEOH WR GR PDQXDOO\ ZKHQ WKH QXPEHU RI WZHHWV \RX DUH >@ 6%DFFLDQHOOD$(VXOLDQG)6HEDVWLDQL6(17,:25'1(7$Q
GHDOLQJZLWKLVLQPLOOLRQV (QKDQFHG/H[LFDO5HVRXUFH5HVHDUFKJDWH
>@ & :KLWHODZ 1 *DUJ DQG 6 $UJDPRQ 8VLQJ DSSUDLVDO JURXSV IRU
9, &21&/86,21$1')8785(6&23( VHQWLPHQWDQDO\VLV$&0
$QDO\]LQJ WKH DPRXQW RI GDWD WKDW LV EHLQJ JHQHUDWHG >@ & 1 G 6DQWRV DQG 0 *DWWL 'HHS &RQYROXWLRQDO 1HXUDO 1HWZRUNV
WKURXJKLQWHUQHWPHGLDDQGPLFUREORJJLQJE\XVHUVRIIDFLOLWLHV IRU$&/:(%
DYDLODEOH OLNH 7ZLWWHU 5HGGLW )DFHERRN HWF DQG >@ 3 1DNRY $ 5LWWHU 6 5RVHQWKDO
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH EHKDYLRU RI SHRSOH XVLQJ WKH LQWHUQHW LV ) KWWSEYLFDPDFLQLQGLDFRP'RZQORDGVDVS  6HEDVWLDQL DQG 9
6WR\DQRY 6HP(YDO 7DVN  6HQWLPHQW $QDO\VLV LQ 7ZLWWHU
XVHIXO LW FDQ JHQHUDWH ERWK LQIRUPDWLYH LQVLJKWV DQG UHYHQXH $&/:(%
IRUWKHEXVLQHVV >@ 0 7KHOZDOO DQG 5 3UDERZR 6HQWLPHQW DQDO\VLV $ FRPELQHG
DSSURDFK6FLHQFH'LUHFW
,Q WKLV SDSHU WKH WZHHWV GDWD LV FROOHFWHG DQG WKHQ SDVVHG
WKURXJKPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJFODVVLILHUV$IWHUEHLQJFODVVLILHGE\ >@ & ' I ( OLEUDU\ .DJJOH  >2QOLQH@
KWWSVZZZNDJJOHFRPFURZGIORZHUILUVWJRSGHEDWHWZLWWHU
WKHLQGLYLGXDOFODVVLILHUVDYRWHGFODVVLILFDWLRQPHFKDQLVPKDV VHQWLPHQW>$FFHVVHG@
EHHQ XVHG WR ILQDOO\ REWDLQ WKH FODVV RI WKH µWZHHW¶ DQG WKH >@ 6XUDQ .DJJOH  >2QOLQH@
SHUFHQWDJHFRQILGHQFHRQLW3RODULW\PHWKRGIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQ KWWSVZZZNDJJOHFRPVNXODUDWELWFRLQWZHHWV>$FFHVVHG@
KDV DOVR EHHQ XVHG WR ILQG WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI SRVLWLYH DQG >@ % /LX DQG / =KDQJ $ 6XUYH\ RI 2SLQLRQ 0LQLQJ DQG 6HQWLPHQW
QHJDWLYH WZHHWV /DVWO\ 'HHS /HDUQLQJ 0RGHOV KDYH EHHQ $QDO\VLV6SULQJHU/LQN
LPSOLHGWRFODVVLI\WKHWZHHWV0RGHOVOLNH511/670&11 >@ :HKUPDQQ-RRQDWDV:LOOLDQ%HFNHU+HQU\(/&DJQLQLDQG5RGULJR&
511KDYHEHHQXWLOL]HGWRFODVVLI\WKHWZHHWV %DUURV ³$ FKDUDFWHUEDVHG FRQYROXWLRQDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN IRU ODQJXDJH
DJQRVWLF7ZLWWHU6HQWLPHQW$QDO\VLV´,(((
'HHS /HDUQLQJ PRGHOV OLNH &11511 /670 HWF DQG >@ 3DQJ %R DQG /LOOLDQ /HH 2SLQLRQ PLQLQJ DQG VHQWLPHQW
WKHLU YDULRXV FRPELQDWLRQV KDYH VKRZQ EHWWHU SHUIRUPDQFH DQDO\VLV)RXQGDWLRQV DQG 7UHQGVŠ LQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 5HWULHYDO QR ±
FRPSDUHG WR WKH PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKPV $GGHG WR WKLV  
'HHS /HDUQLQJ 0RGHOV ZHUH WUDLQHG RQ YDULRXV GDWDVHWV RI
GLIIHUHQW GRPDLQV DQG WKH PRGHOV ZHUH DFKLHYLQJ YHU\ KLJK
SHUFHQWDJHDFFXUDF\IRUWHVWGDWDLQUHVSHFWLYHGRPDLQV'RLQJ
WKLV HQVXUHV WKDW WKH ILQDO PRGHO ZLOO DFFRXQW IRU DOO WKH
SRVVLEOHYDULDQFHLQWKHVRFLDOPHGLD7KHILQDOSUHGLFWLRQWREH
PDGHE\WKHPRGHOZLOOEHDYRWHGV\VWHPRIDOOWKHPRGHOV

4 7th International Conference on Computing For Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom)

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Melbourne. Downloaded on May 31,2020 at 17:45:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.