Number System

WRITING SYSTEM FOR EXPRESSING NUMBERS USING DIGITS OR OTHER SYMBOLS

 Positional Number System
 A number system in which the value represented by a digit or
symbol is determined by its position
 Eg: Decimal Number System
String of digits
 A number is represented by a set of digits
 No. of digits used in the number system Base or Radix
 Point(.) separates the string into the integer part and
a fractional part Radix Point
 423.15 423
 Radix point is omitted if there is no fractional part – in that
case radix point is assumed to at the end of the string
 Position of the digit is indexed from the radix point
 Position to the left is indexed as 0, 1, 2, 3…
 Position to the right -1, -2, -3, ….
 Positional Number System
 Place Value – each digit has a place value depending
on the position of the digit w.r.t the radix point
 Place value = 𝑟 𝑖 where r- base
i – position index
 Number is then sum of digits multiplied by its place value
 𝟒𝟐𝟑 = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏 + 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟑
 Number is represented as (𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈)𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
 (101.11)2
 In a decimal system, we write only the string
 Right most digit – Least Significant digit
 Left most digit – Most Significant digit
 Different Types of Positional
Number System
Number  Decimal Number  Binary Number  Hexadecimal  Octal Number
System System System Number system System
Base/ radix  10  2  16  8
Digits  0,1,2,…9  0 and 1  0,1,2….9 A(10),  0,1, 2, …7
B(11), C(12), D(13),
Place value
E(14), F(15)
of a digit
 10𝑖  2𝑖  8𝑖
 16𝑖
String
 ..C2 C1 C0 . C-1 C-2 ..  ..C2 C1 C0 . C-1 C-2  ..C2 C1 C0 . C-1 C-2
 ..C2 C1 C0 . C-1 C-2 ..
 102 101 100 10−1 10−2  22 21 20 2−1 2−2 82 81 80 8−1 8−2
 162 161 160 16−1 16−2
Place value
 100 10 1 0.1 0.01  4 2 1 0.5 0.25 64 8 1 0.125 0.0156
 256 16 1 0.0625

Number … . 𝐶2 × 82 + 𝐶1 × 81
… . 𝐶2 × 102
+ 𝐶1 × 101+ 22
… . 𝐶2 × + 𝐶1 × + 21
0 −1 … . 𝐶2 × 162 + 𝐶1 × 161 + + 𝐶0 × 80 + 𝐶−1 × 8−1
𝐶0 × 10 + 𝐶−1 × 10 + 𝐶0 × 20 + 𝐶−1 × 2−1 +
𝐶0 × 160 + 𝐶−1 × 16−1 + + 𝐶−2 × 8−2 … .
𝐶−2 × 10−2 … . 𝐶−2 × 2−2 … .
𝐶−2 × 16−2 … .
 CONVERSIONS

Decimal to Process Binary Octal Hexadecimal

Divide by
Integral
Part (Till quotient
becomes 0)

2 8 16

Multiply with
Fractional
Part (Till the fractional
part becomes 0)
 Express the numbers into binary,
octal and hexadecimal
 13.6875  693.65625  60.71875
 (1101.1011)2  (1010110101  (111100.1011)2
.10101)2  (74.56)8
 (15.54)8
 (1265.52)8  (3C.B8)16
 (D.B)16
 (2B3.A8)16
 CONVERSIONS

Binary Octal Hexadecimal Process

Multiply each
2 8 16 digit with place To Decimal
value and sum up
 Express the numbers into decimal

 (1101.1011)2  (111100.1011)2
 =13.6875  (74.56)8
 (3C.B8)16
 (15.54)8
 =13.6875
 60.71875
 (D.B)16
 =13.6875
 Hexadecimal to Binary

 Replace each digit of the hexadecimal number

with its four bit binary number
 (A35)16
 (1010 0011 0101)2
 Binary to Hexadecimal
 Group the binary string into group of 4 bits starting
from radix point
 First group in the integer part need not be of four bits
 Patch the last group with zeros at the end to make a
group of four bits
 Find the decimal equivalent of all groups
 Replace with hexadecimal equivalent
 (1100101101.100101)2
 (32D.94)16
 (100100001.101)2
 (121.A)16
 Binary to Octal
 Group the binary string into group of 4 bits starting
from radix point
 First group in the integer part need not be of four bits
 Patch the last group with zeros at the end to make a
group of four bits
 Find the decimal equivalent of all groups
 Replace with octal equivalent