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parlimentary governace parctices

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Parliamentary governance practices are based on a set of generally accepted rules, precedents, and practices
that are commonly employed in the governance of deliberative assemblies. These rules are designed to
maintain decorum, ascertain the will of the majority, preserve the rights of the minority, and facilitate the
orderly transaction of business.

Here are some basic rules of parliamentary procedure:

1. Only one subject may be before a group at one time.

2. “Negative” motions are generally not permitted.
3. Only one person may speak at any given time.
4. All members have equal rights.
5. Each item presented for consideration is entitled to a full and free debate.
6. The rights of the minority must be protected, but the will of the majority must prevail.

In a parliamentary system, the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament
forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor. Executive functions are exercised by
members of the parliament appointed by the prime minister to the cabinet. The parties in the minority serve in
opposition to the majority and have the duty to challenge it regularly.

Parliamentary administrations play a key role in effective functioning of parliaments by offering administrative
expertise and building institutional memory. They can significantly influence parliament’s overall oversight
capacity.

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maharashtra gujurat border disputes

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There have been some recent territorial disputes between Maharashtra and Gujarat. People from more than 50
villages in border areas in Surgana taluka have threatened to merge with Gujarat if their issues are not resolved.
There are allegations that a village in Gujarat has encroached upon a village in Maharashtra.

Inter-state border disputes in India often have their roots in the reorganisation of states in the 1950s, which was
primarily based on language. When state boundaries were redrawn on linguistic lines as per the States
Reorganisation Act of 1956, some areas where the majority language was Marathi were included in Karnataka,
leading to a long-standing border dispute over Belagavi, Karwar and Nipani in North Karnataka.

Attempts are often made to resolve inter-state disputes with the cooperation of both sides, with the Centre
working as a facilitator or a neutral mediator. If issues are resolved amicably, Parliament can bring a law to
alter state boundaries. There are also other formal methods in the Constitution to resolve inter-state disputes,
such as judicial redressal.

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universal adult franchise

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Universal Adult Franchise, also known as universal suffrage, common suffrage, or general suffrage of the
common man, grants the right to vote to all adult citizens. This right is irrespective of their gender, race, social
status, wealth, political stance, or any such criteria.

In India, the Constitution has adopted the principle of Universal Adult Franchise as the basis for elections to
the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies. All citizens who are 18 years and above, irrespective of their
caste or education, religion, color, race, and economic conditions are free to vote.

The universal adult franchise is important as it is based on the idea of equality. It states that every adult in a
country, irrespective of wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote. It not only changed the
face of our government and parliamentary system but also gave the backward people a chance to represent
themselves in the parliament.

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44 constitution amendment

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The 44th Amendment to the Indian Constitution was introduced by the 45th Amendment Bill in 1978. It was
enacted by the Janata Party, which had won the 1977 general elections campaigning on a promise to “restore
the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency”.

The amendment aimed to undo several changes that had been made to the Constitution by the 42nd
Amendment, which had been enacted by the Indira Gandhi-led Indian National Congress during the
Emergency. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 reversed the provision made by the 42nd amendment act that
allowed the government to amend the constitution on its wish by Article 368.

Key changes introduced by the 44th Amendment include:

Any changes in the basic structure of the constitution can be made only if they are approved by the
people of India by a majority of votes at a referendum in which at least fifty-one per cent of the
electorate participated. Article 368 is being amended to ensure this.
The Right to Property was removed from the list of fundamental rights (Article 31) and was made a legal
right under Article 300A.
Proclamation of Emergency can be issued only when the security of India or any part of its territory is
threatened by war or external aggression or by armed rebellion.

This amendment is noteworthy because it largely undid the distortions brought about by the 42nd Amendment.
It altered the emergency provisions of the Constitution to avoid future abuse, and restored the Supreme Court
and High Courts to their pre-42nd Amendment jurisdiction and competence.

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right of equality

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The Right to Equality is a fundamental right enshrined in the Constitution of India. It is covered under Articles
14 to 18 of the constitution. Here’s a brief description of these articles:

Article 14: The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the
laws within the territory of India, on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
Article 15: The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste,
sex, place of birth or any of them.
Article 16: There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or
appointment to any office under the State.
Article 17: Abolition of untouchability.
Article 18: Abolition of all titles except military and academic.

These articles ensure that every citizen is treated equally before the law and avoids any kind of discrimination.
The law of the country protects everybody equally and under the same circumstances, the law will treat people
in the same manner. This right is very important as it ensures equal treatment of everyone before the law,
prevents discrimination on various grounds, treats everybody as equals in matters of public employment, and
abolishes untouchability and titles.

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right to freedom in indian constitution

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The Right to Freedom is one of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India. It is covered
under Articles 19 to 22. Here’s a brief description of these articles:

Article 19: Protection of six rights concerning the freedom of:

Speech and expression

Assembly
Association
Movement
Residence
Profession

Article 20: Protection with respect to conviction for offences.

Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty.

Article 21A: Right to elementary education.

Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

These articles ensure that every citizen is treated equally before the law and avoids any kind of discrimination.
The law of the country protects everybody equally and under the same circumstances, the law will treat people
in the same manner. This right is very important as it ensures equal treatment of everyone before the law,
prevents discrimination on various grounds, treats everybody as equals in matters of public employment, and
abolishes untouchability and titles.