ch12 14

ch12-14
Student: _______________________________________________________________________________________
1. A polymorphic locus is one that
A. codes for more than one protein.

B. codes for both protein and lipid.
C. occurs in a population as more than one allele.
D. occurs on more than one chromosome.
E. can cause more than one phenotype in an individual, depending on the environment.
2. Which of the following observations can be explained by the energetic limitation of an organism's total reproductive effort?
A. Darter diversity is very high in the Ozark Highlands.

B. Darters that lay many eggs lay smaller eggs, on average.
C. Seed size in plants varies over at least 10 orders of magnitude.
D. Seed size in plants depends in part on the plant's seed dispersal mechanism.
E. More than one of the choices.
3. The number of eggs laid by a female is called her
A. fertility.
B. gonadosomatic index.
C. growth form.
D. rotundity.
E. fecundity.
4. Seeds bearing eliasomes are likely to be dispersed by
A. ants.
B. wind.
C. water.
D. birds.
E. scatterhoarding mammals.
5. A "forb" is a(n)
A. fish species living in the open ocean.

B. bird species having offspring independent at a young age.
C. plant species with woody tissue.
D. grass or sedge.
E. herbaceous, but non-graminoid, plant species.
6. Which of the following environments for germinating seed is most likely to favor a plant species that makes many small seeds, compared
to one that makes fewer larger seeds?
A. nutrient limitation
B. competition from established plants
C. shade
D. deep burial in soil
E. disturbance
7. Because natural selection has shaped fish life histories,
A. fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age.
B. fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at an older age.
C. fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction.
D. Both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest
relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction are true.
E. Both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at an older age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively
large amounts of energy in reproduction are true.
8. The "K" in "K-selection" comes from the
A. ecologist who coined it, Astrid Kodric-Brown.

B. shape of the age-vs.-mortality-rate plot for K-selected species.
C. "K" in the logistic growth equation.
D. Greek letter "kappa," symbolizing fecundity.
E. None of the choices are correct.
9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic favored by K-selection?
A. low intrinsic rate of increase

B. late reproduction
C. many, small offspring
D. repeated bouts of reproduction
E. strong competitive ability
10. Which relationship correctly compares birds, mammals, and fish with respect to relative reproductive lifespan (reproductive period
compared to time to maturity)?
A. birds > mammals > fish
B. mammals > birds > fish
C. fish > mammals > birds
D. mammals > fish > birds
E. All four groups have similar values.
11. In Grime's classification, stress-tolerant plants
A. live under conditions of high stress and also high disturbance.

B. grow rapidly.
C. are very palatable to herbivores.
D. conserve nutrients and water.
E. All of the choices are correct.
12. Among fish species, an "opportunistic" life history is characterized by
A. high juvenile survival, large numbers of offspring, and early maturity.

B. high juvenile survival, large numbers of offspring, and late maturity.
C. low juvenile survival, low number of offspring, and early maturity.
D. traits that maximize colonizing ability for environments that do not vary much in time or space.
E. traits that maximize colonizing ability for environments that are very stressful.
13. Grime's classification of plant life histories focuses attention on
A. stress and disturbance.

B. stress and nutrient availability.
C. disturbance and gene flow.
D. disturbance and plant species diversity.
E. r- vs. K-selection.
14. A fish maturing late with large body size and producing many small offspring would be said to have a(n)
A. periodic life history.

B. opportunistic life history.
C. equilibrium life history.
D. precocial life history.
E. stress-tolerant life history.
15. As a fraction of adult mass, the mass of offspring at independence tends to be largest in
A. mammals.
B. altricial birds.
C. fish.
D. both mammals and fish.
E. All three groups have similar values.
16. "Riparian" refers to plant communities occurring
A. in the tropics.
B. at high altitudes.
C. along the edges of deserts.
D. in permanently flooded areas.
E. in transitions between riverbanks and upland areas.
17. Which of the following is NOT true of riparian plant communities?
A. plant species adapted to frequent disturbance by flooding

B. plant species dependent on flooding often dominant
C. low species diversity, compared to surrounding terrestrial communities
D. high population densities, compared to surrounding terrestrial communities
E. seriously impacted by human activities
18. The study of the relationship between climate and the timing of ecological events is called
A. ecology.
B. phenology.
C. oenology.
D. climatology.
E. life history theory.
19. Which statement about the impact of dams on cottonwood forests is false?
A. Damming reduces growth of established cottonwoods downstream.

B. Damming increases mortality of established cottonwoods downstream.
C. By reducing flooding downstream, damming improves cottonwood seed germination.
D. The timing of water release from a dam can greatly affect cottonwood seed germination.
E. Careful management of flow through dams can greatly reduce harmful impacts on cottonwoods downstream.
20. The principle of allocation states
A. if an organism uses energy for one function it reduces the amount of energy available for other functions.
B. organisms have a tendency to select the smallest prey available rather than exert more energy in capturing larger prey.
C. organisms that build larger nests produce fewer offspring.
D. organisms have a tendency to allocate more time and energy to a single preferred offspring while neglecting others.
E. plants allocate their energy such that larger seedlings come from smaller seeds.
21. __________ show more variation in life history traits than any other group.
A. Insects
B. Mammals
C. Birds
D. Reptiles
E. Fish
22. Turner and Trexler found a __________ relationship between egg size and ________ in the darter populations that live in rivers and
streams of central North America.
A. positive, gene flow

B. positive, egg number
C. positive, female size
D. positive, clutch size
E. negative, gene flow
23. Which of the following influence the number and size of seeds produced by plants?
A. growth form
B. dispersal mode
C. disturbance intensity
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. both growth form and dispersal mode
24. According to research by Westoby, Leishman, and Lord, plants that disperse their seeds in different ways tend to produce seeds of
different sizes. Which is the correct order of seed mass from smallest to largest?
A. vertebrate-dispersed, ant-dispersed, scatterhoarded, wind-dispersed

B. unassisted, ant-dispersed, scatterhoarded, wind-dispersed
C. scatterhoarded, vertebrate-dispersed, ant-dispersed, adhesion -adapted
D. unassisted, adhesion-adapted, ant-dispersed, scatterhoarded
E. unassisted, adhesion-adapted, wind-dispersed, ant-dispersed
25. Westoby, Leishman, and Lord found that on average, ________ produce the largest seeds.
A. forbs
B. woody plants
C. climbing plants and vines
D. graminoids
E. herbs
26. Which of the following are characteristics favored by K selection?
A. iteroparity
B. small body size
C. rapid development
D. high rmax
E. early reproduction
27. Rates of gene flow can be estimated from similarity in allele frequencies among populations.
True False
28. Life histories typical of r-selection are most likely to evolve where species populations are near carrying capacity much of the time.
True False
29. In Grime's classification, a plant species adapted to highly disturbed environments is called a ____________ species.
________________________________________
30. Bird species whose offspring are born helpless and depending on parental care are said to be _____________.
________________________________________
31. Which of the following statements about damselfish on Jamaican reefs is false?
A. Damselfish engage in both intraspecific and interspecific competition.

B. Damselfish compete for territories they use for feeding.
C. Damselfish attack intruders threatening their young.
D. Damselfish without territories die.
E. Competition in damselfish is "interference" competition.
32. In plants, "self-thinning" refers to reduction in
A. the biomass of an individual in response to competition.

B. the total biomass of a population in response to competition.
C. both population density and population biomass in response to competition.
D. population density in response to competition, as population biomass increases.
E. population density due to grazing by herbivores.
33. When the average mass of individual plants in a stand is plotted against stand density (log-transformed), the slope of the relationship is
very often around
A. -1/2.
B. -1.
C. -3/2.
D. +1/2.
E. +3/2.
34. Intraspecific competition among planthoppers
A. results in reduced survivorship.

B. results in increased development time.
C. occurs via resources rather than interference.
D. occurs because plants exploited by planthoppers have less protein and less moisture.
35. Gause's "competitive exclusion principle" states that
A. when two species occur together, competition is always prevented by some behavioral adjustment.
B. no two species can coexist indefinitely.
C. no two competing species can coexist indefinitely.
D. no two species with identical niches can coexist indefinitely.
36. Ecologists sometimes use __________________ as simpler representations of the complex natural world.
A. character displacement
B. mathematical or laboratory models
C. competition coefficients
D. replication
37. During droughts in the Galápagos Islands, the ground finches most likely to survive are those with
A. smaller bodies.
B. smaller bills.
C. earlier maturation.
D. larger bills.
E. larger territories.
38. Which of the following does NOT contribute to determining the niche of the salt-marsh grass Spartina anglica?
A. the height of tidal fluctuations

B. the fetch of the estuary
C. latitude
D. temperature
E. rainfall frequency
39. In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, the parameter α relates to the

12
A. population growth rate.
B. carrying capacity in the absence of competition.
C. carrying capacity in the presence of competition.
D. effect OF species 2 ON population growth rate OF species 1.
E. effect OF species 1 ON population growth rate OF species 2.
40. In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, if α > 1, then

21
A. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced equally by individuals of either species 1 or species 2.
B. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 2 than by each individual of species 1.
C. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 1 than by each individual of species 2.
D. We would also have to know the value of K to decide which of the above is true.
2
E. We cannot tell from the parameters of the equation which of the choices is true.
41. Analysis of the Lotka-Volterra competition model implies that two competitors can coexist only when
A. interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific competition.
B. intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition.
C. intraspecific and interspecific competition are equally strong.
D. predation or parasitism is stronger than interspecific competition.
E. Actually, the model implies that two competitors can never coexist.
42. In Thomas Park's experiments with Tribolium beetles, which of the following was true?
A. T. confusum and T. castaneum had identical niches.

B. T. confusum and T. castaneum always coexisted when cultured together.
C. T. confusum and T. castaneum never coexisted when cultured together.
D. T. confusum and T. castaneum could coexist under some environmental conditions, but not all.
E. T. confusum and T. castaneum proved to be unsuitable species for laboratory experimentation.
43. Joseph Connell discovered that Balanus barnacles were excluded from the upper intertidal zone by ____________, while Chthalamus
barnacles were excluded from the middle intertidal zone by ___________.
A. competition from mussels, prolonged immersion in water

B. competition from mussels, competition with Balanus
C. prolonged exposure to air, competition with Balanus
D. prolonged exposure to air, competition with algae
E. predation by wading birds, predation by starfish
44. Field experiments differ from laboratory experiments in that
A. laboratory experiments include controls, but field experiments need not.

B. field experiments can be more easily replicated than laboratory experiments.
C. laboratory experiments allow variables not of direct interest to be controlled, while in field experiments these typically vary.
D. field experiments can teach us about ecological systems, but laboratory experiments cannot.
E. field experiments are often used by ecologists, but laboratory experiments never are.
45. Two species occurring together in the same place are said to be
A. competitors.
B. precocial.
C. mutualists.
D. allopatric.
E. sympatric.
46. Competition between members of a single species is called
A. cohort specific competition.

B. species specific competition.
C. interspecific competition.
D. intraspecific competition.
E. interference competition.
47. In mature white pine forests of New Hampshire
A. belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks.
B. belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings.
C. aboveground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings.
D. aboveground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks.
E. belowground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks.
48. Self-thinning in a stand of trees
A. increases biomass per individual.

B. decreases stand density.
C. results in death of less competitive individuals.
D. is a result of intraspecific competition.
49. Gause's laboratory experiments with Paramecium species provided evidence for:
A. character displacement.
B. the niche.
C. self-thinning rule.
D. competitive exclusion principle.
50. If the isocline for species 1 lies above that of species 2
A. species 2 will eventually exclude species 1.

B. a stable coexistence of the two species has been established.
C. species 1 will eventually exclude species 2.
D. an unstable coexistence of the two species has been established.
E. all growth trajectories lead to the point where N2=K2 and N1=0.
51. Which of the following is not included in the list of criteria that Taper and Case believe must be met to build a definitive case for
character displacement?
A. Morphological differences between a pair of sympatric species are statistically greater than the differences between allopatric populations
of the same species.
B. The observed differences between sympatric and allopatric populations have a genetic basis.
C. Variation in the character must have a known effect on the use of resources.
D. There must be demonstrated competition for the resource under question and competition must be directly correlated with similarity in the
character.
E. All of the choices are included in the list of criteria that must be met to build a definitive case for character displacement.
52. The process of evolution toward niche divergence in the face of competition is called ____________.
A. niche displacement
B. niche evolution
C. character displacement
D. character evolution
E. allopatric displacement
53. Research by James Byers on the relationship between a native and an invasive species of mud snail
A. demonstrated that the invasive species Batillaria grows faster than the native species Cerithidea.
B. demonstrated that at high densities Batillaria continued to grow at a relatively high rate while Cerithidea lost weight.
C. indicated that Batillaria is much more efficient at converting available food into its own biomass.
D. predicts a time to competitive exclusion of Cerithidea by Batillaria of 55 to 70 years.
54. Intraspecific competition for limited resources can play a key role in slowing population growth at high densities.
True False
55. Experiments with terrestrial isopods demonstrate that competition can occur only when food resources are limiting.
True False
56. Within a species, all individuals have identical niches.
True False
57. In the Lotka-Volterra competition model, the intersection of two isoclines of zero population growth always indicates stable coexistence
of two competitors.
True False
58. When a new species arises through hybridization followed by doubling of chromosome number, the process is called _____________.
________________________________________
59. Rodents that feed primarily on seeds are called ____________.
________________________________________
60. Evolution of distinct niches in the presence of competition is called _____________.
________________________________________
61. A species feeding on the tissue of its host, while not killing it directly, is a
A. predator.
B. parasite.
C. parasitoid.
D. cannibal.
E. debilitator.
62. A "negatively phototaxic" amphipod will swim
A. away from parasitic worms.

B. towards parasitic worms.
C. away from competing amphipods.
D. towards light.
E. away from light.
63. Plagiorhynchus worms and Puccinia rusts are parasites that share the ability to change their host's behavior in way that
A. increase the length of time they can survive in their hosts.

B. decrease their host's mortality rates.
C. increase their hosts reproduction, thereby increasing production of parasite-infected offspring.
D. increase the likelihood of their (the parasites') transmission to a new host.
E. decrease the hosts' vulnerability to other parasites.
64. The presence of parasitic protozoa in a culture of competing Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum
A. can reverse the outcome of competition.

B. decreases the likelihood of coexistence.
C. has no effect on the outcome of competition.
D. increases the likelihood of coexistence.
E. has an effect on the outcome of competition only in the presence of predatory birds.
65. The infestation of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia) in Australia was controlled by the release of a moth, Cactoblastis, which impacts cactus
populations because it
A. consumes cactus seeds.

B. consumes cactus pads.
C. introduces, as it attacks, fungi and bacteria that attack cactus pads.
D. Both consumes cactus seeds and consumes cactus pads.
E. both consumes cactus pads and introduces, as it attacks, fungi and bacteria that attack cactus pads.
66. The standard error of the mean is equal to
A. the sample variance divided by the sample size.

B. the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.
C. the sample variance divided by the square root of the sample size.
D. twice the square root of the sample size.
E. twice the square root of the sample variance.
67. Which statement about snowshoe hare and lynx populations in boreal Canada is false?
A. Lynx are not the only important predator of snowshoe hares.

B. Lynx and hare populations both oscillate repeatedly, with a similar period.
C. Snowshoe hares rarely deplete their food supply enough to affect their population biology.
D. Trapping records kept by non-scientists can provide useful records of hare population sizes.
E. Field experiments imply that hare cycles depend both on the hares' food and their predators.
68. In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a predator population in the absence of prey (hosts) would
A. grow exponentially.
B. grow logistically.
C. decline as predators die.
D. decline at first, but then increase as predators switch to other modes of feeding.
E. decline at first, but then reach a small equilibrium population size.
69. In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a prey (host) population in the absence of predators would
C. grow exponentially, and then crash when it has outstripped its own food supply.
D. decline to extinction.
E. The model makes no assumptions about what happens in the absence of predators.
70. In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, the predator death rate is represented by
A. c.
B. p.
C. cp.
D. dpNp.
E. d
p.
71. The Lotka-Volterra predation model predicts that predators and prey, living together, will show
A. oscillations in population size that increase in amplitude through time.

B. oscillations in population size that remain of constant amplitude through time.
C. oscillations in population size that decrease in amplitude through time.
D. oscillations, but only when outside forces such as climatic variation are also present.
E. steady equilibria in population sizes.
72. Gause's experiments with Paramecium and Didinium showed
A. extinction of the predator, followed by extinction of the prey, in all habitats.

B. coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, in all habitats.
C. coexistence of predator and prey, but with oscillating population sizes, in all habitats.
D. coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.
E. coexistence of predator and prey with oscillating population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.
73. Which of the following factors can stabilize predator-prey relationships by providing a prey refuge?
A. an area of prey habitat where predators cannot enter

B. an area of prey habitat that is isolated and difficult for predators to find
C. the occurrence of prey in numbers too large for predators to attack effectively
D. the ability of prey to grow to a size invulnerable to predation
74. Use of Procambarus crayfish to combat schistosomiasis in Africa
A. is likely to be effective, and poses no important ecological risks.

B. is likely to be effective, but poses ecological risks because Procambarus is not native to Africa.
C. is unlikely to be effective, because the crayfish seem to eat infected snails only in the laboratory.
D. is unlikely to be effective, because the crayfish are just as suitable as hosts for the parasite as were the snails.
E. is unlikely to be effective, because the crayfish cannot survive in African ponds.
75. Ephemerellid mayflies under attack by stoneflies will typically
A. swim away to escape possible predation.

B. rely on their cryptic coloration to escape detection.
C. rely on their spiny appendages to deter attack.
D. adopt a posture which increases their apparent size, so that the predator will avoid them.
E. burrow into the stream bottom.
76. Schistosoma flukes attack their human hosts when those humans
A. consume infected freshwater snails.

B. consume infected fish.
C. consume plant tissue bearing spores.
D. bathe in water containing infective cercariae.
E. urinate near bodies of water containing infected snails.
77. Periodical cicadas spend 13 or 17 years
A. feeding in tree twigs before emerging as adults.

B. feeding on tree roots before emerging as adults.
C. as adults before laying eggs.
D. in a resistant, resting egg before hatching as larvae.
78. __________ consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants.
A. Predators
B. Pathogens
C. Herbivores
D. Parasites
E. Parasitoids
79. Bethel and Holmes demonstrated
A. positive phototaxis in Acanthocephalans infected by amphipods.

B. negative phototaxis in Acanthocephalans infected by amphipods.
C. positive phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.
D. negative phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.
E. increased herbivory by amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.
80. Which of the following is not an example of altered behavior of the pill bug, Armadillidum vulgare, when infected by the parasite,
Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus?
A. spends less time in sheltered areas

B. positive phototaxis
C. spends more time in low humidity environments
D. seeks out light substrates
E. all are examples of altered behavior of the pill bug when infected by the parasite
81. Which of the following is a result of infection of Arabis by the plant parasite Puccinia monoica?
A. formation of an elongated rosette topped by a cluster of bright yellow leaves

B. formation of a pseudoflower that resembles the flower of a buttercup
C. insect transfer of spermatia from one fungus to another
D. elimination of seed formation by the host plant
82. Calculate standard error given: mm, s = 6.2 mm, and n = 10.
A. 0.62 mm
B. 0.88 mm
C. 1.96 mm
D. 9.06 mm
E. 17.8 mm
83. In the Lotka-Volterra model, the rate of predation is represented by
A. c.
B. p.
C. cp.
D. dpNp
E. d
p
84. Which of the following is a correct graphical representation of the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model?
A. predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations
B. predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations
C. predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers
D. predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers
E. both predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations and predator
numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers
85. Which statement is not true of lynx and coyote predation of the snowshoe hare?
A. Lynx and coyote both show a strong numerical response to increases in the snowshoe hare population.
B. Lynx show higher predation rates when snowshoe hare numbers are declining.
C. Coyotes show higher predation rates when snowshoe hare numbers are increasing.
D. Coyotes show a clear type 2 functional response to increases in the snowshoe hare population.
E. At high hare densities, coyote and lynx predation rates exceed their daily energy needs.
86. The defensive tactic in which prey reduce their individual probability of being eaten by occurring at very high densities is called
A. prey satiation.
B. prey dilution.
C. predator dilution.
D. predator satiation.
E. predator masting.
87. In most laboratory experiments, predators and prey held together in simple habitats exhibit repeated cycles in population sizes.
True False
88. An organism inducing disease in its host is called a ______________.
________________________________________
89. _______________________ is the idea that predators can have non-lethal affects on prey's behavior in which they avoid high-risk
locations
________________________________________
90. The two most globally prevalent parasitic diseases of humans are _________ and _________.
________________________________________
ch12-14 KEY
1. A polymorphic locus is one that
A. codes for more than one protein.

B. codes for both protein and lipid.
C. occurs in a population as more than one allele.
D. occurs on more than one chromosome.
E. can cause more than one phenotype in an individual, depending on the environment.
Molles - Chapter 12 #1
2. Which of the following observations can be explained by the energetic limitation of an organism's total reproductive effort?
A. Darter diversity is very high in the Ozark Highlands.

B. Darters that lay many eggs lay smaller eggs, on average.
C. Seed size in plants varies over at least 10 orders of magnitude.
D. Seed size in plants depends in part on the plant's seed dispersal mechanism.
E. More than one of the choices.
3. The number of eggs laid by a female is called her
A. fertility.
B. gonadosomatic index.
C. growth form.
D. rotundity.
E. fecundity.
4. Seeds bearing eliasomes are likely to be dispersed by
A. ants.
B. wind.
C. water.
D. birds.
E. scatterhoarding mammals.
5. A "forb" is a(n)
A. fish species living in the open ocean.

B. bird species having offspring independent at a young age.
C. plant species with woody tissue.
D. grass or sedge.
E. herbaceous, but non-graminoid, plant species.
6. Which of the following environments for germinating seed is most likely to favor a plant species that makes many small seeds, compared
to one that makes fewer larger seeds?
A. nutrient limitation
B. competition from established plants
C. shade
D. deep burial in soil
E. disturbance
7. Because natural selection has shaped fish life histories,
A. fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age.
B. fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at an older age.
C. fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction.
D. Both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest
relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction are true.
E. Both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at an older age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively
large amounts of energy in reproduction are true.
8. The "K" in "K-selection" comes from the
A. ecologist who coined it, Astrid Kodric-Brown.

B. shape of the age-vs.-mortality-rate plot for K-selected species.
C. "K" in the logistic growth equation.
D. Greek letter "kappa," symbolizing fecundity.
9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic favored by K-selection?
A. low intrinsic rate of increase

B. late reproduction
C. many, small offspring
D. repeated bouts of reproduction
E. strong competitive ability
10. Which relationship correctly compares birds, mammals, and fish with respect to relative reproductive lifespan (reproductive period
compared to time to maturity)?
A. birds > mammals > fish

B. mammals > birds > fish
C. fish > mammals > birds
D. mammals > fish > birds
E. All four groups have similar values.
11. In Grime's classification, stress-tolerant plants
A. live under conditions of high stress and also high disturbance.

B. grow rapidly.
C. are very palatable to herbivores.
D. conserve nutrients and water.
12. Among fish species, an "opportunistic" life history is characterized by
A. high juvenile survival, large numbers of offspring, and early maturity.

B. high juvenile survival, large numbers of offspring, and late maturity.
C. low juvenile survival, low number of offspring, and early maturity.
D. traits that maximize colonizing ability for environments that do not vary much in time or space.
E. traits that maximize colonizing ability for environments that are very stressful.
13. Grime's classification of plant life histories focuses attention on
A. stress and disturbance.

B. stress and nutrient availability.
C. disturbance and gene flow.
D. disturbance and plant species diversity.
E. r- vs. K-selection.
14. A fish maturing late with large body size and producing many small offspring would be said to have a(n)
A. periodic life history.

B. opportunistic life history.
C. equilibrium life history.
D. precocial life history.
E. stress-tolerant life history.
15. As a fraction of adult mass, the mass of offspring at independence tends to be largest in
A. mammals.
B. altricial birds.
C. fish.
D. both mammals and fish.
E. All three groups have similar values.
16. "Riparian" refers to plant communities occurring
A. in the tropics.
B. at high altitudes.
C. along the edges of deserts.
D. in permanently flooded areas.
E. in transitions between riverbanks and upland areas.
17. Which of the following is NOT true of riparian plant communities?
A. plant species adapted to frequent disturbance by flooding

B. plant species dependent on flooding often dominant
C. low species diversity, compared to surrounding terrestrial communities
D. high population densities, compared to surrounding terrestrial communities
E. seriously impacted by human activities
18. The study of the relationship between climate and the timing of ecological events is called
A. ecology.
B. phenology.
C. oenology.
D. climatology.
E. life history theory.
19. Which statement about the impact of dams on cottonwood forests is false?
A. Damming reduces growth of established cottonwoods downstream.

B. Damming increases mortality of established cottonwoods downstream.
C. By reducing flooding downstream, damming improves cottonwood seed germination.
D. The timing of water release from a dam can greatly affect cottonwood seed germination.
E. Careful management of flow through dams can greatly reduce harmful impacts on cottonwoods downstream.
20. The principle of allocation states
A. if an organism uses energy for one function it reduces the amount of energy available for other functions.
B. organisms have a tendency to select the smallest prey available rather than exert more energy in capturing larger prey.
C. organisms that build larger nests produce fewer offspring.
D. organisms have a tendency to allocate more time and energy to a single preferred offspring while neglecting others.
E. plants allocate their energy such that larger seedlings come from smaller seeds.
21. __________ show more variation in life history traits than any other group.
A. Insects
B. Mammals
C. Birds
D. Reptiles
E. Fish
22. Turner and Trexler found a __________ relationship between egg size and ________ in the darter populations that live in rivers and
streams of central North America.
A. positive, gene flow

B. positive, egg number
C. positive, female size
D. positive, clutch size
E. negative, gene flow
23. Which of the following influence the number and size of seeds produced by plants?
A. growth form
B. dispersal mode
C. disturbance intensity
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. both growth form and dispersal mode
24. According to research by Westoby, Leishman, and Lord, plants that disperse their seeds in different ways tend to produce seeds of
different sizes. Which is the correct order of seed mass from smallest to largest?
A. vertebrate-dispersed, ant-dispersed, scatterhoarded, wind-dispersed

B. unassisted, ant-dispersed, scatterhoarded, wind-dispersed
C. scatterhoarded, vertebrate-dispersed, ant-dispersed, adhesion -adapted
D. unassisted, adhesion-adapted, ant-dispersed, scatterhoarded
E. unassisted, adhesion-adapted, wind-dispersed, ant-dispersed
25. Westoby, Leishman, and Lord found that on average, ________ produce the largest seeds.
A. forbs
B. woody plants
C. climbing plants and vines
D. graminoids
E. herbs
26. Which of the following are characteristics favored by K selection?
A. iteroparity
B. small body size
C. rapid development
D. high rmax
E. early reproduction
27. Rates of gene flow can be estimated from similarity in allele frequencies among populations.
TRUE
28. Life histories typical of r-selection are most likely to evolve where species populations are near carrying capacity much of the time.
FALSE
29. In Grime's classification, a plant species adapted to highly disturbed environments is called a ____________ species.
ruderal
30. Bird species whose offspring are born helpless and depending on parental care are said to be _____________.
altricial
31. Which of the following statements about damselfish on Jamaican reefs is false?
A. Damselfish engage in both intraspecific and interspecific competition.

B. Damselfish compete for territories they use for feeding.
C. Damselfish attack intruders threatening their young.
D. Damselfish without territories die.
E. Competition in damselfish is "interference" competition.
32. In plants, "self-thinning" refers to reduction in
A. the biomass of an individual in response to competition.

B. the total biomass of a population in response to competition.
C. both population density and population biomass in response to competition.
D. population density in response to competition, as population biomass increases.
E. population density due to grazing by herbivores.
33. When the average mass of individual plants in a stand is plotted against stand density (log-transformed), the slope of the relationship is
very often around
A. -1/2.
B. -1.
C. -3/2.
D. +1/2.
E. +3/2.
34. Intraspecific competition among planthoppers
A. results in reduced survivorship.

B. results in increased development time.
C. occurs via resources rather than interference.
D. occurs because plants exploited by planthoppers have less protein and less moisture.
35. Gause's "competitive exclusion principle" states that
A. when two species occur together, competition is always prevented by some behavioral adjustment.
B. no two species can coexist indefinitely.
C. no two competing species can coexist indefinitely.
D. no two species with identical niches can coexist indefinitely.
36. Ecologists sometimes use __________________ as simpler representations of the complex natural world.
A. character displacement
B. mathematical or laboratory models
C. competition coefficients
D. replication
37. During droughts in the Galápagos Islands, the ground finches most likely to survive are those with
A. smaller bodies.
B. smaller bills.
C. earlier maturation.
D. larger bills.
E. larger territories.
38. Which of the following does NOT contribute to determining the niche of the salt-marsh grass Spartina anglica?
A. the height of tidal fluctuations

B. the fetch of the estuary
C. latitude
D. temperature
E. rainfall frequency
39. In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, the parameter α relates to the

12
A. population growth rate.
B. carrying capacity in the absence of competition.
C. carrying capacity in the presence of competition.
D. effect OF species 2 ON population growth rate OF species 1.
E. effect OF species 1 ON population growth rate OF species 2.
40. In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, if α > 1, then

21
A. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced equally by individuals of either species 1 or species 2.
B. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 2 than by each individual of species 1.
C. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 1 than by each individual of species 2.
D. We would also have to know the value of K to decide which of the above is true.
2
E. We cannot tell from the parameters of the equation which of the choices is true.
41. Analysis of the Lotka-Volterra competition model implies that two competitors can coexist only when
A. interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific competition.

B. intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition.
C. intraspecific and interspecific competition are equally strong.
D. predation or parasitism is stronger than interspecific competition.
E. Actually, the model implies that two competitors can never coexist.
42. In Thomas Park's experiments with Tribolium beetles, which of the following was true?
A. T. confusum and T. castaneum had identical niches.

B. T. confusum and T. castaneum always coexisted when cultured together.
C. T. confusum and T. castaneum never coexisted when cultured together.
D. T. confusum and T. castaneum could coexist under some environmental conditions, but not all.
E. T. confusum and T. castaneum proved to be unsuitable species for laboratory experimentation.
43. Joseph Connell discovered that Balanus barnacles were excluded from the upper intertidal zone by ____________, while Chthalamus
barnacles were excluded from the middle intertidal zone by ___________.
A. competition from mussels, prolonged immersion in water

B. competition from mussels, competition with Balanus
C. prolonged exposure to air, competition with Balanus
D. prolonged exposure to air, competition with algae
E. predation by wading birds, predation by starfish
44. Field experiments differ from laboratory experiments in that
A. laboratory experiments include controls, but field experiments need not.

B. field experiments can be more easily replicated than laboratory experiments.
C. laboratory experiments allow variables not of direct interest to be controlled, while in field experiments these typically vary.
D. field experiments can teach us about ecological systems, but laboratory experiments cannot.
E. field experiments are often used by ecologists, but laboratory experiments never are.
45. Two species occurring together in the same place are said to be
A. competitors.
B. precocial.
C. mutualists.
D. allopatric.
E. sympatric.
46. Competition between members of a single species is called
A. cohort specific competition.

B. species specific competition.
C. interspecific competition.
D. intraspecific competition.
E. interference competition.
47. In mature white pine forests of New Hampshire
A. belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks.
B. belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings.
C. aboveground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings.
D. aboveground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks.
E. belowground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks.
48. Self-thinning in a stand of trees
A. increases biomass per individual.

B. decreases stand density.
C. results in death of less competitive individuals.
D. is a result of intraspecific competition.
49. Gause's laboratory experiments with Paramecium species provided evidence for:
A. character displacement.
B. the niche.
C. self-thinning rule.
D. competitive exclusion principle.
50. If the isocline for species 1 lies above that of species 2
A. species 2 will eventually exclude species 1.

B. a stable coexistence of the two species has been established.
C. species 1 will eventually exclude species 2.
D. an unstable coexistence of the two species has been established.
E. all growth trajectories lead to the point where N2=K2 and N1=0.
51. Which of the following is not included in the list of criteria that Taper and Case believe must be met to build a definitive case for
character displacement?
A. Morphological differences between a pair of sympatric species are statistically greater than the differences between allopatric populations
of the same species.
B. The observed differences between sympatric and allopatric populations have a genetic basis.
C. Variation in the character must have a known effect on the use of resources.
D. There must be demonstrated competition for the resource under question and competition must be directly correlated with similarity in the
character.
E. All of the choices are included in the list of criteria that must be met to build a definitive case for character displacement.
52. The process of evolution toward niche divergence in the face of competition is called ____________.
A. niche displacement
B. niche evolution
C. character displacement
D. character evolution
E. allopatric displacement
53. Research by James Byers on the relationship between a native and an invasive species of mud snail
A. demonstrated that the invasive species Batillaria grows faster than the native species Cerithidea.
B. demonstrated that at high densities Batillaria continued to grow at a relatively high rate while Cerithidea lost weight.
C. indicated that Batillaria is much more efficient at converting available food into its own biomass.
D. predicts a time to competitive exclusion of Cerithidea by Batillaria of 55 to 70 years.
54. Intraspecific competition for limited resources can play a key role in slowing population growth at high densities.
TRUE
55. Experiments with terrestrial isopods demonstrate that competition can occur only when food resources are limiting.
FALSE
56. Within a species, all individuals have identical niches.
FALSE
57. In the Lotka-Volterra competition model, the intersection of two isoclines of zero population growth always indicates stable coexistence
of two competitors.
FALSE
58. When a new species arises through hybridization followed by doubling of chromosome number, the process is called _____________.
allopolyploidy
59. Rodents that feed primarily on seeds are called ____________.
granivores
60. Evolution of distinct niches in the presence of competition is called _____________.
character displacement
61. A species feeding on the tissue of its host, while not killing it directly, is a
A. predator.
B. parasite.
C. parasitoid.
D. cannibal.
E. debilitator.
62. A "negatively phototaxic" amphipod will swim
A. away from parasitic worms.

B. towards parasitic worms.
C. away from competing amphipods.
D. towards light.
E. away from light.
63. Plagiorhynchus worms and Puccinia rusts are parasites that share the ability to change their host's behavior in way that
A. increase the length of time they can survive in their hosts.

B. decrease their host's mortality rates.
C. increase their hosts reproduction, thereby increasing production of parasite-infected offspring.
D. increase the likelihood of their (the parasites') transmission to a new host.
E. decrease the hosts' vulnerability to other parasites.
64. The presence of parasitic protozoa in a culture of competing Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum
A. can reverse the outcome of competition.

B. decreases the likelihood of coexistence.
C. has no effect on the outcome of competition.
D. increases the likelihood of coexistence.
E. has an effect on the outcome of competition only in the presence of predatory birds.
65. The infestation of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia) in Australia was controlled by the release of a moth, Cactoblastis, which impacts cactus
populations because it
A. consumes cactus seeds.

B. consumes cactus pads.
C. introduces, as it attacks, fungi and bacteria that attack cactus pads.
D. Both consumes cactus seeds and consumes cactus pads.
E. both consumes cactus pads and introduces, as it attacks, fungi and bacteria that attack cactus pads.
66. The standard error of the mean is equal to
A. the sample variance divided by the sample size.

B. the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.
C. the sample variance divided by the square root of the sample size.
D. twice the square root of the sample size.
E. twice the square root of the sample variance.
67. Which statement about snowshoe hare and lynx populations in boreal Canada is false?
A. Lynx are not the only important predator of snowshoe hares.

B. Lynx and hare populations both oscillate repeatedly, with a similar period.
C. Snowshoe hares rarely deplete their food supply enough to affect their population biology.
D. Trapping records kept by non-scientists can provide useful records of hare population sizes.
E. Field experiments imply that hare cycles depend both on the hares' food and their predators.
68. In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a predator population in the absence of prey (hosts) would
C. decline as predators die.
D. decline at first, but then increase as predators switch to other modes of feeding.
E. decline at first, but then reach a small equilibrium population size.
69. In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a prey (host) population in the absence of predators would
C. grow exponentially, and then crash when it has outstripped its own food supply.
D. decline to extinction.
E. The model makes no assumptions about what happens in the absence of predators.
70. In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, the predator death rate is represented by
A. c.
B. p.
C. cp.
D. dpNp.
E. d
p.
71. The Lotka-Volterra predation model predicts that predators and prey, living together, will show
A. oscillations in population size that increase in amplitude through time.

B. oscillations in population size that remain of constant amplitude through time.
C. oscillations in population size that decrease in amplitude through time.
D. oscillations, but only when outside forces such as climatic variation are also present.
E. steady equilibria in population sizes.
72. Gause's experiments with Paramecium and Didinium showed
A. extinction of the predator, followed by extinction of the prey, in all habitats.

B. coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, in all habitats.
C. coexistence of predator and prey, but with oscillating population sizes, in all habitats.
D. coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.
E. coexistence of predator and prey with oscillating population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.
73. Which of the following factors can stabilize predator-prey relationships by providing a prey refuge?
A. an area of prey habitat where predators cannot enter

B. an area of prey habitat that is isolated and difficult for predators to find
C. the occurrence of prey in numbers too large for predators to attack effectively
D. the ability of prey to grow to a size invulnerable to predation
74. Use of Procambarus crayfish to combat schistosomiasis in Africa
A. is likely to be effective, and poses no important ecological risks.

B. is likely to be effective, but poses ecological risks because Procambarus is not native to Africa.
C. is unlikely to be effective, because the crayfish seem to eat infected snails only in the laboratory.
D. is unlikely to be effective, because the crayfish are just as suitable as hosts for the parasite as were the snails.
E. is unlikely to be effective, because the crayfish cannot survive in African ponds.
75. Ephemerellid mayflies under attack by stoneflies will typically
A. swim away to escape possible predation.

B. rely on their cryptic coloration to escape detection.
C. rely on their spiny appendages to deter attack.
D. adopt a posture which increases their apparent size, so that the predator will avoid them.
E. burrow into the stream bottom.
76. Schistosoma flukes attack their human hosts when those humans
A. consume infected freshwater snails.

B. consume infected fish.
C. consume plant tissue bearing spores.
D. bathe in water containing infective cercariae.
E. urinate near bodies of water containing infected snails.
77. Periodical cicadas spend 13 or 17 years
A. feeding in tree twigs before emerging as adults.

B. feeding on tree roots before emerging as adults.
C. as adults before laying eggs.
D. in a resistant, resting egg before hatching as larvae.
78. __________ consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants.
A. Predators
B. Pathogens
C. Herbivores
D. Parasites
E. Parasitoids
79. Bethel and Holmes demonstrated
A. positive phototaxis in Acanthocephalans infected by amphipods.

B. negative phototaxis in Acanthocephalans infected by amphipods.
C. positive phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.
D. negative phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.
E. increased herbivory by amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.
80. Which of the following is not an example of altered behavior of the pill bug, Armadillidum vulgare, when infected by the parasite,
Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus?
A. spends less time in sheltered areas

B. positive phototaxis
C. spends more time in low humidity environments
D. seeks out light substrates
E. all are examples of altered behavior of the pill bug when infected by the parasite
81. Which of the following is a result of infection of Arabis by the plant parasite Puccinia monoica?
A. formation of an elongated rosette topped by a cluster of bright yellow leaves

B. formation of a pseudoflower that resembles the flower of a buttercup
C. insect transfer of spermatia from one fungus to another
D. elimination of seed formation by the host plant
82. Calculate standard error given: mm, s = 6.2 mm, and n = 10.
A. 0.62 mm
B. 0.88 mm
C. 1.96 mm
D. 9.06 mm
E. 17.8 mm
83. In the Lotka-Volterra model, the rate of predation is represented by
A. c.
B. p.
C. cp.
D. dpNp
E. d
p
84. Which of the following is a correct graphical representation of the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model?
A. predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations
B. predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations
C. predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers
D. predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers
E. both predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations and predator
numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers
85. Which statement is not true of lynx and coyote predation of the snowshoe hare?
A. Lynx and coyote both show a strong numerical response to increases in the snowshoe hare population.
B. Lynx show higher predation rates when snowshoe hare numbers are declining.
C. Coyotes show higher predation rates when snowshoe hare numbers are increasing.
D. Coyotes show a clear type 2 functional response to increases in the snowshoe hare population.
E. At high hare densities, coyote and lynx predation rates exceed their daily energy needs.
86. The defensive tactic in which prey reduce their individual probability of being eaten by occurring at very high densities is called
A. prey satiation.
B. prey dilution.
C. predator dilution.
D. predator satiation.
E. predator masting.
87. In most laboratory experiments, predators and prey held together in simple habitats exhibit repeated cycles in population sizes.
FALSE
88. An organism inducing disease in its host is called a ______________.
pathogen
89. _______________________ is the idea that predators can have non-lethal affects on prey's behavior in which they avoid high-risk
locations
"The ecology of fear"

90. The two most globally prevalent parasitic diseases of humans are _________ and _________.
malaria; schistosomiasis
ch12-14 Summary
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Molles - Chapter 12 30

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1. A polymorphic locus is one that

A. codes for more than one protein.

A. Darter diversity is very high in the Ozark Highlands.

3. The number of eggs laid by a female is called her

4. Seeds bearing eliasomes are likely to be dispersed by

A. fish species living in the open ocean.

7. Because natural selection has shaped fish life histories,

8. The "K" in "K-selection" comes from the

A. ecologist who coined it, Astrid Kodric-Brown.

9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic favored by K-selection?

A. low intrinsic rate of increase

11. In Grime's classification, stress-tolerant plants

A. live under conditions of high stress and also high disturbance.

12. Among fish species, an "opportunistic" life history is characterized by

A. high juvenile survival, large numbers of offspring, and early maturity.

13. Grime's classification of plant life histories focuses attention on

A. stress and disturbance.

A. periodic life history.

16. "Riparian" refers to plant communities occurring

17. Which of the following is NOT true of riparian plant communities?

A. plant species adapted to frequent disturbance by flooding

A. Damming reduces growth of established cottonwoods downstream.

20. The principle of allocation states

A. positive, gene flow

A. vertebrate-dispersed, ant-dispersed, scatterhoarded, wind-dispersed

26. Which of the following are characteristics favored by K selection?

A. Damselfish engage in both intraspecific and interspecific competition.

32. In plants, "self-thinning" refers to reduction in

A. the biomass of an individual in response to competition.

34. Intraspecific competition among planthoppers

A. results in reduced survivorship.

35. Gause's "competitive exclusion principle" states that

A. the height of tidal fluctuations

39. In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, the parameter α relates to the

A. population growth rate.

B. carrying capacity in the absence of competition.

C. carrying capacity in the presence of competition.

D. effect OF species 2 ON population growth rate OF species 1.

E. effect OF species 1 ON population growth rate OF species 2.

40. In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, if α > 1, then

A. T. confusum and T. castaneum had identical niches.

A. competition from mussels, prolonged immersion in water

44. Field experiments differ from laboratory experiments in that

A. laboratory experiments include controls, but field experiments need not.

46. Competition between members of a single species is called

A. cohort specific competition.

47. In mature white pine forests of New Hampshire

48. Self-thinning in a stand of trees

A. increases biomass per individual.

50. If the isocline for species 1 lies above that of species 2

A. species 2 will eventually exclude species 1.

56. Within a species, all individuals have identical niches.

59. Rodents that feed primarily on seeds are called ____________.

60. Evolution of distinct niches in the presence of competition is called _____________.

62. A "negatively phototaxic" amphipod will swim

A. away from parasitic worms.

A. increase the length of time they can survive in their hosts.

A. can reverse the outcome of competition.

A. consumes cactus seeds.

66. The standard error of the mean is equal to

A. the sample variance divided by the sample size.

A. Lynx are not the only important predator of snowshoe hares.