Ecosystem

made
up of biotic abiotic
biotic community of organisms
abiotic soil water climate

I Interaction of organisms with one another and with their

environment

organisms feed on one another and compel for resources

organisms take up useful substances from the environment and
release waste to it

2 Energy flow
from one organism to anoher in the form of chemical energy in

food

energy cannot be recycled

lost from the ecosystem in the form of heat

t
constant input of energy
I
sustain life and keep the ecosystem stable
obtain
energy from sunlight through photosynthesis by plant
3 Material cycling
between biotic and abiotic

when the organisms dies elements

fined
environment

takenup by
other organisms

Major types of ecosystem in Hong Kong

rocky shores
mangroves
freshwater streams

woodlands

grasslands

A abiotic hats of an ecosystem

1 Light

Light intensity hts the rate of photosynthesis

t
growth of plant
陸地栖急地
In terrestrial habitats growing 去11 climbing
up
other plants

1
 9

t
reach a higher position

t
not blocked from sunlight
plants in shady area 7 have larger leaves

to
absorb more light 在 photosynthesis

In aquatic habitats
light intensity determining the distribution of plant species
light intensity d water depth⼩

live in shallow waters 3receive more light

Affects to animals

Diuvd晝⾏ animals are active during the day and rest at night
Nocturnal夜⾏ animals are
only active at night
They are adapted to live in dark environment

2 Temperature
Organism only survive with in a certain tmperatre
range for which
it is metabolically and structurally adapted
Plants

Cold region
pine trees wheat cabbages

Warmtopical or subtropical region bananas pineapples sugarcane

Animals

Homoiotherms mammals and birds

t
maintain a
fly constant body temperature byphysiological means

remain active irrespective of the environmental temperature

can inhabit a wider geographical range

Poikilotherms fish amphibians and reptiles

t
cannot maintain a constant body temperature

body temperature varies withMe environmental temperature

restricted to areas with a narrower temperature

range

Different structural adaptations

Cold climates penguins seals

t
thick layer of subcutaneous ht 7 reduceheat loss fromthe
body and acts as an energy reserve
 Hot climates elephants

t
have larger ears and longer limbs larger surface area to
promote heat loss

Behavioural mehods

Some amphibians reptiles and mammals hibernate during the winter

During hibernation metabolic rated

energy use and heat loss t

Many species of birds and butterflies migrate to warmer regions

3 Water availability
Rainfall is he major of water for terrestrial organisms
source

Humidity would affect the rate ofwater loss from organisms

to obtainand conservewater in dry habitats

Adaptations

Xewphytes早⽣植物 adapted to survive in environments wth 㸠 water

t
extensive root system to absorb waterfrom a large area

stdin stems
maybe
covered with a hick cuticle I have their leaves modified into
spines to reduce water loss by transpiration
Desert kangaroo rats obtain water from metabolism
t
highly effective kidneys Pwdd conceited urine
to
reduce water loss
nasal passages raborbsmoisture fromended air
nocturnal and stay in cool holes during the day

reduced water
t
loss by sweating

4 Wind