59 Analysis - Mazhe

Chapter 59
Analysis
59.1 Fréchet spaces and algebras

Définition 59.1.
A Fréchet space is an Hausdorff locally convex space whose topology can be defined by a countable
family of seminorm and which is complete for any distance invariant under the translations.
Somme results without proof:
Lemme 59.2.
An Hausdorff uniformisable space whose topology can be defined by a sequence pdn q of ecarts is
metrisable.
Lemme 59.3.
An Hausdorff locally convex space whose topology can be defined by a countable family of seminorms
is metrisable.
In particular, a Fréchet space is metrisable.
Lemme 59.4.
Let pFk q be a decreasing sequence of Fréchet spaces such that the canonical injections Id : FK`1 Ñ
Fk are continuous. Let, for each k P , be a sequence pak,q q of points in Fk which converges to
zero in the sense of Fk . Then there exists an increasing sequence qk Ñ 8 such that for all h • 0,
ÿ
ak,qk
k•h
is a converging sum in Fk .
The following result is easy to prove:
Proposition 59.5.
If A is a Fréchet algebra for the seminorms }.}, the space C5 pV, Aq is a Fréchet algebra for the
seminorms
ÿ
}f }k “ }f pvq}k
vPV
Définition 59.6.
A Fréchet algebra is a topological algebra whose topology is given by a countable family of sub-
multiplicative seminorms:
}ab}k § }a}k }b}k .
Proposition 59.7.
Let A be a Fréchet algebra with seminorms }.}k and – be an action of the vector space V on A.
2469
2470 CHAPTER 59. ANALYSIS
We put on A8 the seminorms

1 ÿ
}a}jk “ sup }Bµ a}i . (59.1)
µ! i§j
|µ|§k
These seminorms are sub-multiplicative.
Proof. The element Bµ a P A8 is defined by the action: for each X P V we set

d” ı
BX a “ –tX paq
dt t“0
∞
and µ is a multi-index. The sum |µ|§k }Bµ pabq}i is made of terms of the form
}B – aB — b}i § }B – a}i }B — }i .
Evidently, supi§j }B – a}i § }a}jk . So }ab}jk is made of µ! terms which are all lesser than }a}jk }b}jk .
The factor 1{µ! concludes the proof.
59.2 Gårding spaces

59.2.1 Strongly continuous action and smooth vector
59.2.1.1 Strongly continuous action
Let T : G Ñ BpXq be a homomorphism between a topological group G and the space BpXq of
bounded operators on a Banach space, X. In particular, T is an action of G on X. We say that
T is locally bounded if for all g P G, there exists a neighbourhood U of g in G and a real K ° 0
such that }T phq} § K for all h P U. This norm is the operator norm on a Banach space 57.42.
The action T is strongly continuous if for all x P X, the map g Ñ T pgqx is continuous for the
norm topology on X.
Let V be a d-dimensional vector space with an inner-product denoted by v · w; we consider
tX1 , . . . Xd u, an orthonormal basis. Let t}.}k u be a family of seminorm which defines the topology
on a Fréchet space A, and C5 pV, Aq the set of continuous bounded maps V Ñ A on which we define
a topology from the seminorms
}f }k “ sup }f pwq}k . (59.2)
wPV
We consider the action · : V ˆ C5 pV, Aq Ñ C5 pV, Aq defined by translation:
p·v f qpwq “ f pv ` wq. (59.3)
It is naturally isometric for each of the seminorms (59.2), but it is not specially a strongly contin-
uous action. We write
„f : V Ñ C5 pV, Aq
(59.4)
„f pvq “ ·v f
Remarque 59.8.
The Fréchet space A is not specially or something like that. In fact, our intention is to consider
as A a space like C 8 pRq where R is equipped with seminorms of the form }f }µ “ suprPR |pB µ f qprq|.
Proposition 59.9.
The maximal subset of C5 pV, Aq on which action · is strongly continuous is the set Cu pV, Aq of
uniformly continuous maps.
Proof. We begin by write down the definition of uniform continuity (48.5) of a map f : V Ñ A in
the present setting. Let O be a neighbourhood of zero in A, i.e. a choice of k and Á for which we
say that a P O if }a}k † Á. Then there exists a neighbourhood UkÁ of zero in V such that
v1 ´ v2 P UkÁ ñ }f pv1 q ´ f pv2 q}k † Á. (59.5)

59.2. GÅRDING SPACES 2471
The fact for f to be uniformly continuous is the existence of such a UkÁ for all k and Á.
We begin to prove that if v Ñ ·v f is continuous, then f is uniformly continuous. For this, an
open set R Ä C5 pV, Aq is given by a choice of k, Á and g0 P C5 pV, Aq:
R “ tg P C5 pV, Aq tel que }g ´ g0 }k † Áu. (59.6)
The condition for v to belongs to „´1

f pRq is }g0 ´ ·v f }k † Á or
sup }g0 pwq ´ f pv ` wq}k † Á. (59.7)

wPV
Let us take a particular R: one which is taken with g0 “ f . A necessary condition for „f to be
continuous is that the set of v P V such that
sup }f pwq ´ f pv ` wq}k † Á (59.8)

wPV
is open in V . From hypothesis, we know that it is true (because „f is continuous). It is also evident
that v “ 0 belongs to this set; let is write it UkÁ and consider v1 , v2 P V such that v1 ´ v2 P UkÁ .
Then
}f pv1 q ´ f pv2 q}k “ }f pv2 q ´ f pv2 ` pv1 ´ v2 qq}k

§ sup }f pwq ´ f pw ` pv1 ´ v2 qq}k (59.9)
wPV
§Á
because v1 ´ v2 fulfils (59.8).

Now let us prove that if f is uniformly continuous, then „f is continuous; or, in other words,
for all choice of g0 P C5 pV, Aq, Á ° 0 and k, the set
" *
A “ v P V tel que sup }g0 pwq ´ f pv ` wq}k † Á (59.10)
wPV
is open in V . For, we consider v1 in this set and we prove that if v1 ´ v2 belongs to a suitably
small open set around zero, then v2 belongs to A too. So let v2 be such that
}f pv1 q ´ f pv2 q} † Á1
and let us search for an Á1 such that v2 P A:
sup }g0 pwq ´ f pv2 ` wq} § sup }g0 pwq ´ f pv1 ` wq} ` sup }f pv1 ` wq ´ f pv1 ` w2 q}. (59.11)
wPV wPV wPV
The first term is lesser than Á by construction of v1 while the second is lesser than Á1 from the
uniform continuity of f .
59.2.1.2 Smooth vector of an action

Let – : V ˆ A0 Ñ A0 be a strongly continuous action of the topological vector space V on a
C ˚ -algebraA0 . The space A8 of the smooth vector for the action – is the set
A8 “ ta P A0 tel que x Ñ –x paq is smoothu (59.12)
where “smooth” means infinitely continuously derivable.
Exemple 59.10
The set of smooth vectors of the action by translation of on C5 p , q: p·x f qy “ f px ` yq P .
We define „f : Ñ C5 p , q by „f pxq “ ·x f . The derivative is defined as on any vector space by

the limit
„f px ` Áq ´ „f pxq
p„f q1 pxqy “ lim y
ÁÑ0 Á
f px ` Á ` yq ´ f px ` yq
“ lim (59.13)
ÁÑ0 Á
“ f 1 px ` yq
“ „f 1 pxqy.
So „1f “ „f 1 . First conclusion: f must be smooth. But we just showed that „f is continuous if and
only if f is uniformly continuous. Then A8 is the set of function from to whose itself and all
their derivatives are uniformly continuous. In particular, these functions and all their derivatives
are bounded on any bounded set (not only compact ones).
59.2.2 Action on Hilbert space

Let us particularise definition of C 8 vector to action of a Lie group G on a Hilbert space H.
Some proofs will be omitted. They can be found in [446].
For a map f : N Ñ E, the differential of f at x0 P N is the linear map dfx0 : N Ñ E
defined by
d” ı f px0 ` atq ´ f px0 q
pdfx0 qa “ f px0 ` atq “ lim . (59.14)
dt t“0 tÑ0 t
where the d{dtp. . .q is a notation for the limit in E. It is a particular case of f : G Ñ E where G
is a Lie group. In this case, we define
d” ı f pXptq ´ f pg0 qq
dfg0 X “ f pXptqq “ lim . (59.15)
dt t“0 tÑ0 t
One can see g Ñ dfg as a map G Ñ EndpTg G, Eq. The space EndpTg G, Eq is naturally given with
a structure of topological vector space. We say that f is of class C r at g0 if dfg0 is C r . We say
that f is smooth or C 8 is it is of class r for all r.
The partial derivative of f in the direction of the tangent vector X at x is pdf qx X. It comes
from the formula dfx X “ Xx pf q which gives the usual partial derivative when f is a function from
n to m.
When T is a representation of the Lie group G on the Hilbert space H, a vector v P E is a

C vector if the map g Ñ T pgqv is C 8 as map G Ñ E. The set of C 8 vectors is a vector space
8
identified by 1 C 8 pT q.
A representation is a map T : G Ñ EndpEq in such a way that the resulting map G ˆ E Ñ E
is continuous. In particular, g Ñ T pgqv is continuous for all v P E. The strong continuity is the
fact that g Ñ T pgqv is continuous at g “ e and }T pgq} is uniformly bounded on a neighbourhood
of e. A closed subspace H1 Ñ H is a subrepresentation og T is T pGqH1 Ñ H1 .
From now, we denote by fv the map
fv : G Ñ E g fiÑ T pgqv. (59.16)
Let v P C 8 pT q and gv : G Ñ E,
gv pXq “ T peX qv.
As composition of two smooth map, it is a C 8 map. We define ÏpXq : E Ñ E by
ÏpXqv “ pdgv q0 pXq.

1. C’est pas identified with?
Proposition 59.11.
Let T : G Ñ EndpEq, a representation of the Lie group G on a Hilbert space H. For each X P G,
we define ÏX : C 8 pT q Ñ E by
T petX qv ´ v
Ïx pvq “ ÏpXqv “ lim . (59.17)
tÑ0 t
Then each ÏX leaves C 8 pT q unchanged and Ï is a representation of G on C 8 pT q. This

representation naturally extends to a representation of the universal enveloping algebra UpG q on
C 8 pT q with Ïp1q “ 1.
Proof. Let v P C 8 pT q and fv : G Ñ E, fv pgq “ T pgqv. We apply T pgq to the two sides of equation
(59.17):
T pgetX qv ´ T pgqv
T pgqÏpXqv “ lim
tÑ0 t
ff pgetX q ´ fv pgq
“ lim
tÑ0 t (59.18)
d” tX
ı
“ f pge q
dt t“0
“ X̃g fv
Since g Ñ fv pgq is C 8 , the map g Ñ X̃g fv is C 8 too. Then g Ñ T pgqÏpXqv is C 8 . This proves
that ÏpXqv P C 8 pT q. So ÏX : C 8 pT q Ñ C 8 pT q.
Proposition 50.29 extends Ï : G Ñ EndpEq into a representation of UpG q on C 8 pT q. In order
to use this proposition, we have to prove that
ÏrX, Y s “ ÏpXq ˝ ÏpY q ´ ÏpY q ˝ ÏpXq.
A proof of this equation is given in [446].
Once again, a proposition without proof:
Proposition 59.12.
If U is an unitary representation of G on E, then each ÏpXq for the associated representation
Ï : G Ñ EndpC 8 pT qq is skew-hermitian.
Proposition 59.13.
Let T be a representation of G on E. Then C 8 pT q is stable for each T pgq. If Ï is the corresponding
representation of UpG q on C 8 pEq, then for all D P UpG q and all g P G, we have
T pgqÏpDqT pg ´1 q “ ÏpAdpgqDq.
Proof. The map g Ñ T pgqT pg0 qv is the composition of the (smooth) product g Ñ gg0 in G and
the smooth map g Ñ T pgqv which are both C 8 . This proves that for all g0 P G, the vector T pg0 qv
belongs to C 8 pT q.
Let now X P G, g P G and v P C 8 pT q. We have
ˆ ˙
T petX q ´ T pgetX g ´1 q ´
T pgq´1 v “ T pg ´1 q v (59.19)
t t
Let us consider the limit t Ñ 0 of this equation. From (59.17), the left hand side becomes
ÏpXqT pgq´1 v, while the right hand side is T pg ´1 qÏpAdpgqXqv. Then for all X P G,
T pgqÏpXqT pg ´1 q “ ÏpAdpgqXq. (59.20)

This is the thesis in the particular case D P G. The conclusion for all D P UpGq comes from the
discussion of subsection 50.5.1:
T pgqÏpX b Y qT pg ´1 q “ ÏpAdpgqXqÏpAdpgqY q “ ÏpAdpgqX b AdpgqY q “ ÏpAdpgqpX b Y qq.

(59.21)
Corollaire 59.14.
If T is a representation of G on E and D P ZpUpGqq – the center of UpGq–, then ÏpDq commutes
with all the T pgq.
Proof. Lemma 50.30 make AdpgqD “ D and the preceding proposition concludes.
Proposition 59.15.
Let T be a representation of the Lie group G on a Hilbert space E and an open subspace E Ñ E
stable under all operators ÏpXq defined by
T pet Xqv ´ v
ÏpXqv “ lim . (59.22)
tÑ0 t
Then S Ñ C 8 pT q.
Proof. Let v P S and fv : G Ñ H, fv pgq “ T pgqv. All the partial derivatives of fv exist at e P G
by hypothesis and their value are given by
pdfv qe X “ ÏpXqv (59.23)
Let us apply T pgq to both side of equation (59.22):
T pgetX g ´1 q ´
T pgqÏpXqv “ lim T pgqv
tÑ0 t
T pet AdpgqX ´ (59.24)
“ lim T pgqv P S by assumption
tÑ0 t
“ ÏpAdpgqXqT pgqv.
Equation (59.23) only gives partial derivatives of fv at e. Let us compute, for Xg P Tg G,
d” ı
pdfv qg Xg “ fv pXg ptqq .
dt t“0
We parametrize Xg ptq “ getX , where X P G is chosen in such a way that Xg “ X̃g :
fv pgerX q ´ f pgq
pdfv qg Xg “ lim
tÑ0 t
T pgetX qv ´ T pgqv (59.25)
“ lim
tÑ0 t
“ T pgqÏpXqv.
The continuity of T pgq : E Ñ E justifies the inversion of the limit and T pgq. So we have
pdfv qg X̃g “ T pgqÏpXqv “ ÏpAdpgqXqT pgqv.
Let us proceed by induction and suppose that for all v P S, the map fv is C k . In particular, fÏpXqv
is C k and thus g Ñ T pgqÏpXqv “ pdfv qg X is C k for each X P Tg G. This is just the condition for
fv to be C k`1 .
The induction begins by the fact that fv is continuous from definition of a representation.
Définition 59.16.
If T : G Ñ End E is a strongly continuous representation of the Lie group G on the Hilbert space
E, the Gårding space is the subspace of E generated by vectors of the form
ª
T pf qv “ f pgqT pgqv dµpgq (59.26)
G
where µis a left invariant Haar measure on G, v P E and f P C 8 pG, q.
Proposition 59.17.
The Gårding space is stable under ÏpXq and
ÏpXqrT pf qvs “ ´T pXf qv (59.27)
where X is the right invariant vector field on G generated by X P G.
Proof. For each t ‰ 0, we have

ª
T petX q ´ 1
T pf qv “ rT pet Xq ´ s f pgqT pgqv dµpgq, (59.28)
t t G
let’s say that one can permute the operator and the integral, and apply the change of variable
g 1 “ etX g in the first term. The measure being invariant we find
ª ª
1 1
“ f pe´tX 1 1 1
g qqT pg qv dµpg q ´ f pgqT pgqv dµpgq (59.29)
t G t G
ª
f pe´tX gq ´ f pgq
“ T pgqv dµpgq. (59.30)
G t
Taking the limit t Ñ 0 (which can be permuted with the integral), it comes
ÏpXqT pf qv “ p´Xqg f T pgqv

(59.31)
“ T p´Xf qv
which is the claim.
Théorème 59.18.
The Gårding space of C 8 pT q is dense in E. Then C 8 pT q itself is dense in E.
Proof. Let v P E and Á ° 0. We are going to find an element of the Gårding space at a distance
lower than Á of v. From assumption, T is strongly continuous. We define
S “ tg P G tel que |T pgqv ´ v| § Áu
which is open by strong

≥ continuity. Let f be a continuous positive function with support contained
in S and such that G f dµ “ 1. With this function,
ˇª ˇ
ˇ ˇ
|T pf qv ´ v| “ ˇ f pgqrT pgqv ´ vs dµpgqˇˇ .
ˇ
G
We can change the integral over G into an integral over S because f “ 0 outside S and enforce
the inequality by entering the norm in the integral. So
ª
|T pf qv ´ v| § f pgq|T pgqv ´ v| dµpgq
Sª
(59.32)
§ Á f pgq dµpgq “ Á.
S
59.3 Operator symbol

Operator symbol are natural framework to build oscillatory integral. Most of this theory comes
from the book [520] of Dieudonné.
59.3.1 A case without problem

1
Let X be an open subset of N and A‹ : X Ñ MN 2 ˆN 1 with |‹| § m, some C 8 maps. A
1 2
differential operator is a map P : E pXqN Ñ E pXqN of the following form:
ÿ
P puq “ A‹ · D‹ u,
|‹|§m
where the dot denotes a product matrix times vector. We suppose that the support of u is compact
1
in X, so that it can be extended by 0 in n zX in order to get a function in D pXqN that we will
1
also denote by u. One can compute the Fourier transform of u: Fuk P C p n q, and Fu P C pRn qN .
A main property of Fourier transform is that
ª
‹
D u“ e2fiix · › p2fiu›q‹ pFuqp›qd›.
n
If we pose ÿ
Apx, ›q “ p2fii›q‹ A‹ pxq,
|‹|§m
P puq can be written as

ª
P puq “ e2fiix · › Apx, ›q · pFuqp›qd›.
n
This integral makes only sense because we had carefully chosen allows the regularity conditions:
as far as integral over › is concerned, the functions Apx, ›q are polynomial with coefficients in
1 2
E pXqN N while the exponential contains a scalar product. The purpose of oscillatory integral is
to generalise these two circumstances.
59.3.2 A problem
≥8 1 ix
Let us consider the integral 1 x e dx. How to give a sense to that? Since eix “ íBx eix , an
integration by parts gives
ª8 ª8 ª8
1 ix 1 1 ix
e “ í Bx peix q “ ieí ´ e (59.33)
1 x 1 x 1 x2
where the last integral exists in the usual sense.
59.3.3 Basic definitions

Définition 59.19.
Let X be an open subset of n , a : X ˆ N Ñ a C 8 function and m be any real. We say that
a is an operator symbol of order m in X ˆ N when
@L Ä X compact, @ multi-indices – “ p–1 , . . . , –n q, — “ p—1 , . . . , —n q,
D constant c–,—,L ° 0 such that @px, ›q P L ˆ N ,
|Dx– D›— apx, ›q| § c–,—,L p1 ` |›|qm´|—| , (59.34)

∞N
where |›|2 :“ 2
k“1 |›k | .
59.3. OPERATOR SYMBOL 2477
Note that in X ˆ N , X Ä n with n and N not necessarily equals. For short, we will often
say “symbol” instead of “operator symbol”; the set of symbols of order m in X ˆ N is a vector
space denoted by S m pX ˆ N q.
For terminology issues, we say that a property of the point px, ›q P X ˆ N is true when |›|
is large if @ compact L Ä X, there exists rL ° 0 such that the property is true @px, ›q with x P L
and |›| • rL .
This allows us to re-express the definition of a symbol. We say that a P C 8 pX ˆ N q is a symbol
when
@ multi-indices –, —,
p1 ` |›|q´m`|—| Dx– D›— apx, ›q is bounded when |›| is large.
Indeed, the statement that f px, ›q is such that p1 ` |›|q´q f px, ›q is bounded when |›| is large is the
existence of a constant c (which depend on L Ä X) such that f px, ›q § cp1 ` |›|qq .
Proposition 59.20.
A function in E pX ˆ Nq which is zero for large |›| is a symbol for all order.
Proof. The assumption is: for all compact subset L Ä X, the restriction of a to L ˆ N have a
compact support. Let us fix a compact L and multi-indices –, —; then on Lˆ N , a and Dx– D›— a have
a compact support. Then it is bounded by continuity. The same makes |Dx– D›— apx, ›q|p1`|›|q´m`|—|
bounded and then it can be majored by a constant c–—L .
More generally, for same reason, if a P S m pX ˆ Nq and b “ a when |›| is large, then
b P S m pX ˆ N q.
The function
1
‡p›q “
1 ` ›2
is a symbol of order 2. Here, there are no x part and › P . The problem is to find a c— for any
—. For — “ 0, the condition (59.34) becomes ‡p›q § cp1 ` ›q2 , which is true. For |—| “ 1, c “ 2
works because
2›
§ 2p1 ` ›q.
p1 ` › 2 q2
It is clear that it will always woks because the degree of the denominator becomes bigger a bigger
as |—| grows.
This is a special case of a more general situation.
Proposition 59.21.
A complex function of E pX ˆ Nq which is positively homogeneous of degree m when |›| is large
is a symbol of order m.
Proof. The assumption is that @ compact L Ä X, DrL ° 0 such that @x P L, |›| • rL , and for all
⁄ • 1,
apx, ⁄›q “ ⁄m apx, ›q.
Let us define bpx, ›q “ apx, ⁄›q. We have pD› bqpx, ›q “ ⁄pD› aqpx, ›q, then
pD›— bqpx, ›q “ ⁄|—| pD›— aqpx, ⁄›q.
Since bpx, ›q “ apx, ⁄›q “ ⁄m apx, ›q, we have pD›— bqpx, ›q “ ⁄m pD›— aqpx, ›q. By equalizing both
expression of pD›— bqpx, ›q, we find
pDx– D›— aqpx, ⁄›q “ ⁄m´|—| pDx– D›— aqpx, ›q,
when x P L, |›| • rL and ⁄ • 1.

On the (compact) sphere |›| “ rL , |pDx– D›— aqpx, ›q| is bounded. Let c be a majoration, de-
pending only on –, — and L. Any ÷ P N with |÷| • rL can be written as ÷ “ ⁄› with ⁄ • 1 and
|›| “ rL . Then
|pDx– D›— aqpx, ÷q| § c⁄m´|—| . (59.35)
It is cleat that 1 ` |÷| • |÷| • |÷|{|›| “ ⁄. Then, for m ´ |—| ° 0, the majoration (59.35) keep
if we replace ⁄m´|—| by p1 ` |÷|qm´|—| .
If m ´ |—| † 0, the replacement of ⁄m´|—| by p1 ` |÷|qm´|—| need to change the constant c. More
precisely, it raises the question to find a constant k such that |÷|´r § kp1 ` |÷|q´r . It is easy to see
that any
ˆ ˙´r
rL
k°
1 ` rL
works. Finally,
|pDx– D›— aqpx, ÷q| § c⁄m´|—| § ckp1 ` |÷|qm´|—| . (59.36)
This proposition speaks about a function which is homogeneous when |›| is large. There exist
functions which are homogeneous although not symbol because of problems of continuity at 0. For
example, apx, ›q “ |›| when N “ 1. It is not C 8 at zero.
Remarque 59.22.
A function in E pXq is a C 8 function on X ˆ N which is positively homogeneous of degree zero.
Then
E pXq Ä S 0 pX ˆ N q.
We now give an useful result without proof.
Proposition 59.23.
Let a be a C 8 function which is only defined for large |›| and such that for all –, —,
p1 ` |›|q´m`|—| Dx– D›— apx, ›q
is bounded for large |›|.

Then there exists a symbol b of order m on X ˆ N such that a “ b when |›| is large.
For notational convenience, we define
a⁄ px, ›q “ apx, ⁄›q. (59.37)
Let us clearly compute a derivative of a⁄ . The notation pD› a⁄ qpx0 , ›0 q has to be read as “The
derivative of a⁄ with respect to his second argument at point px0 , ›0 q”. If M⁄ px, ›q “ px, ⁄›q,
pD› a⁄ qpx0 , ›0 q “ D› pa ˝ M⁄ qpx0 , ›0 q

dM⁄
“ pD› aqpM⁄ px0 , ›0 qq · px0 , ›0 q (59.38)
d›
“ ⁄pD› aqpx0 , ⁄›0 q.
Théorème 59.24.
A function a P E pX ˆ N q is a symbol of order m if and only if the set of the restrictions of the
functions ⁄´m a⁄ (with ⁄ • 1) to X ˆ p N ztouq is bounded in the sense of definition 48.42 in the
Fréchet space E pX ˆ p N ztouqq.
Proof. Let a be a symbol of order m. By definition of a⁄ ,
Dx– D›— a⁄ px, ›q “ ⁄|—| pDx– D›— aqpx, ⁄›q,

but any compact in X ˆ p N ztouq is contained in a compact which can be written as L ˆ G with
L compact in X and G “ t› P N | r § |›| § Ru with 0 † r † R.
Since a is a symbol, we have
|Dx– D›— apx, ⁄›q| § c–,—,L p1 ` ⁄|›|qm´|—| ;
if we multiply it by p1{⁄qm´|—| , we find

ˆ ˙m´|—|
|—|´m 1
⁄ |Dx– D›— apx, ⁄›q| § c–,—,L ` |›|
⁄
# (59.39)
c–,—,L p1 ` Rqm´|—| if |—| § m
§
c–,—,L rm´|—| if |—| ° m.
Now, we want to know if t⁄´m a⁄ |⁄ • 1u is bounded in E pX ˆ p N ztouqq. The computation is
psj p⁄´m a⁄ q “ sup |Dx– D›— p⁄´m a⁄ qpx, ›q|

px,›qPKj
–,— st |–|`|—|§s
“ ⁄´m sup ⁄|—| pDx– D›— aqpx, ⁄›q| (59.40)

...
“⁄ ´m`|—|
sup |pDx– D›— aqpx, ⁄›q|.
...
Then #
c–,—,L p1 ` Rqm´|—| if |—| § m
ps,m p⁄ ´m
a⁄ q § (59.41)
c–,—,L rm´|—| if |—| ° m.
Now, we prove the reverse sense. Let us suppose that psj is bounded, i.e.
|⁄´m`|—| pDx– D›— aqpx, ⁄›q| § A

with x P L, r § |›| § R and ⁄ • 1. Then, for x P L and |›| • r,
ˆ ˙m´|—|
|›|
– —
|pDx D› aqpx, ›q| § A . (59.42)
r
Since for |›| • r,
r |›|
§ § 1,
1`r 1 ` |›|
one can “forget” the p1{rqm´|—| in (59.42): it can be absorbed in a constant which depend on —.
By the same as in the proof of proposition 59.3.3, we can also replace |›|m´|—| by p1 ` |›|qm´|—| ;
this proves that a is a symbol of order m.
59.3.4 Topology on S m pX ˆ N
q
We will endow the vector space S m pX ˆ N q with a locally convex topological structure.
Let ppk q be the family of seminorms defining the topology of E pX ˆ N q; we consider their
restriction to S m pX ˆ N q. We also consider pp1k q, the one which defines the topology of E pX ˆ
p N ztouqq. Now we pose for a P S m pX ˆ p N ztouqq,
qk paq “ sup p1k p⁄´m a⁄ q.
⁄•1
One can see that these qk are seminorms. Finally, we put on S m pX ˆ N q the topology defined
by the pk and the qk .
First remark: this topology on S m is finer 2 than the one which is induced from E pX ˆ N q.
In particular, SpX ˆ N q is metrisabe 3 .
2. Anglais ?
3. Anglais ?
Lemme 59.25.
Each seminorm defining the topology of a Fréchet space is continuous.
Proof. Let q be one of them. By proposition 48.29, it is sufficient to find a neighbourhood of 0 on

which q is bounded. Let us show that
Bp0; q, rq “ tx P S m |qpxq † ru
works. Indeed, it is an open set by definition of the topology, we just have to prove that this
contains 0, i.e. we have to find a r such that qp0q † r.
qp0q “ sup⁄•1 p1 p0q “ p1 p0q
where p defines the topology of E pX ˆ p N ztouqq. In proposition 48.41, we see that p1 pf q “
sup... |pD... f qpxq|. It is clear that this is zero when f ” 0.
Proposition 59.26.
For this topology, S m pX ˆ Nq is a Fréchet space.
Proof. We already know that S m pX ˆ N q is locally convex space because its topology is defined
by seminorms. It is also Hausdorff because its topology is finer than the one of E which is itself
separable. Now, we consider E pX ˆ N q as an additive group, so that we can use the theory of
metrisable groups developed in point 48.3. Thus we can speak of Cauchy sequences: a sequence
pfn q in E pX ˆ N q is Cauchy when
@ V P Vp0q, D n0 such that @ m, n • n0 , fn ´ fm P V ,
where 0 : X ˆ N Ñ is the null function.
From proposition 48.43, we know that E pUq is a Fréchet space; in particular, it is complete for
the distances which defines the Cauchy sequences (the ones whose are invariant under translations).
Let us consider a Cauchy sequence pan q in S m pX ˆ N q. It converges (in the sense of E pX ˆ
N q) to b P E pX ˆ N q. A Cauchy sequence is always contained in a compact set, and by
lemma 59.25, qk is continuous for any k. Thus for each k the sequence (in ) given by pqk pan qq is
bounded (continuous function on a compact).
So, for each j, the set tp1k p⁄´m an⁄ qu is bounded when ⁄, n • 1. If we let n goes to infinity, we
find that tp1k p⁄´m b⁄ q : ⁄ ° 1u is bounded, and then b P S m pX ˆ N q.
We had just proved that b where the limit of pan q in the sense of E pX ˆ n q; we yet have to see
that b is also the limit in the sense of S m pX ˆ n q. As pan q is a Cauchy sequence, proposition 48.47
assures us that
@ V P Vp0q, D n0 such that @ m, n • 0, fn ´ fm P V .
In particular, a neighbourhood V of 0 is for example tx P S m |qk pxq † ru. Then @‘ ° 0, D n0
such that i, j ° 0 implies qk pai ´ aj q † ‘. So b is the limit of pan q when n Ñ 8 in the sense of
S m pX ˆ N q.
Lemme 59.27.
Let B be a bounded set in E pUq and A ° 0 such that f pzq ° A for all f P B and for all z P U.
Then the set tf s uf PB is bounded in E pUq.
Proof. We have to show that pD‹ pf s qqpzq is bounded when f runs over B and z keeps in a compact
subset of U. Let’s use an induction on |‹| in order to prove that
` ˘
D‹ pf s q “ f s´|‹| P‹ pdfl ffl§‹ q
where P‹ is a polynomial with coefficients independent of f . Indeed, let ‹ “ t‹0 , ‡u where ‹0 is a
multi-index and ‡ a single index.
´ ` ˘¯
D‹ pf s q “ D‡ D‹0 pf s q “ D‡ f s´|‹0 | P‹0 pDfl f qfl§‹0
“ ps ´ |‹0 |qf s´|‹0 |´1 pD‡ f qP‹0 ppDfl f qfl§‹0 q (59.43)
` f s´|‹0 | D‡ pP‹0 pDfl f qfl§‹0 q .
The quantity P‹ ppDfl f qfl§‹ q remains bounded because |f pzq|´1 § A´1 and z belongs to a compact
set. The function f take bounded values (continuous on a compact set) and while s ´ |‹| ° 0, the
function f s´|‹| is bounded too. If s ´ |‹| † 0, there can be a problem, but th condition f pzq • A
avoid this case.
Théorème 59.28.
Multiplication and derivations on symbols behave rather well:
(1) For all multi-index “, ”, the map a Ñ Dx“ D›” a is a continuous linear map from S m to
S m´|”| .
1 1
(2) The map pa, bq Ñ ab is continuous and bilinear from S m ˆ S m into S m`m .
(3) Take a P S m . The function a´1 is defined and is a symbol of order ´m if and only if for
all compact H Ä X there exists a constant cH ° 0 such that, in H ˆ n , the condition
|apx, ›q| • cH p1 ` |›|qm
holds. In this case, for all real number s, we have |a|s P S sm .
We only prove the point (3).
Proof. Necessary condition. Let a P S m such that a´1 is well defined as symbol of order ´m. By
the definition of a symbol, ˇ ˇ
ˇ 1 ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ apx, ›q ˇ § cH p1 ` |›|q
´m
(59.44)
for a certain cH determined by the compact H in which x moves. Then |apx, ›q| • c´1
H p1 ` |›|q
m
and the claim follows

Sufficient condition. Let a P S m and for each compact H Ä X, there exists a cH ° 0 such that
@px, ›q P H ˆ N ,
|apx, ›q| • cH p1 ` |›|qm .
By point (2), |a|2 P S 2m and a´1 “ āp|a|3 q´1 . Let us suppose that the theorem is proved when
apx, ›q ° 0 on X ˆ N . So suppose that a † 0 somewhere. In this case, a´1 “ āp|a|2 q´1 where
|a|2 is positive in such a manner that our assumption makes it a symbol of order ´2m; now by (2),
a´1 is a symbol of order ´m.
So we can restrict ourself to the case where apx, ›q ° 0 in X ˆ N . It is clear that ⁄´ms pas⁄ q “
p⁄ a⁄ qs . From theorem 59.24 we just have to prove that ⁄´m a⁄ qs is a bounded set when s “ ´1.
´m
Lemma 59.27 shows it for all s.
Proposition 59.29.
Let Y be an open subset of p,
Â: Y ˆ P
ÑX
and
◊: Y ˆ P
Ñ N
,
two C 8 functions such that for large |›|, the function Â is positively homogeneous of degree zero
while ◊ is of degree 1 with respect to ›.
Then for all symbol a P S m pX ˆ N q, the function
b: Y ˆ P
Ñ px1 , › 1 q fiÑ apÂpx1 , › 1 q, ◊px1 , › 1 qq (59.45)
is a symbol of S m pY ˆ Pq and the linear map S m pX ˆ Nq Ñ S m pY ˆ Pq given by a Ñ a˝pÂ, ◊q

is continuous.
Proof. We pose F “ pÂ, ◊q, so that b “ a ˝ F . Homogeneity assumptions make that when ⁄ • 1
and when |›| is large,
⁄´m b⁄ “ p⁄´m a⁄ q ˝ F.
Then the problem reduces to prove that if B is bounded in E pX ˆ N q,
0 then the set f ˝ F is
bounded when f runs over B.
Lemme 59.30.
Let m † m1 P . Then the canonical injection
1
Id : S m Ñ S m
is continuous.
1
Proof. Let O be an open set in S m ; we have to show that Id´1 pOq “ O X S m is open in S m . Let
pk be the family of seminorm defining the topology on E pX ˆ N q and p1k the one of E pX ˆ N 0 q
and then
qk paq “ sup p1k p⁄´m a⁄ q.
⁄•1
The topology of S is defined from pk and qk . We define the ball
Bpa, d, rq “ tx P E tel que dpa, xq † ru.

1
The property for O Ä S m to be open is that one of these ball is included in O. If a ball build
with one of the pk ’s is included in O, there are no problems because the seminorms pk are also in
the definition of the topology on S m . Let
1 1 1
Bpa, dm
k , rq “ tx P S
m
tel que qkm pa ´ xq † ru.
The candidate ball of S m to be included in O is
O1 “ tx P S m tel que qkm pa ´ xq † ru

1
for a certain r † r. Let us prove that qkm pyq § qkm pyq. Here, k “ pn, sq.
qkm pyq “ sup sup |D‹ p⁄´m y⁄ qpxq|

⁄•1 xPKn
|‹|†s}
1 1
“ sup ⁄m ´m sup |D‹ p⁄´m y⁄ qpxq|
⁄•1 xPKn
|‹|†s}
(59.46)
1
§ sup p1k p⁄´m y⁄ q
⁄•1
1
“ qkm pyq.
Lemme 59.31.
1
The adherence of DpX ˆ Nq in S m pX ˆ Nq contains S m pX ˆ Nq for all m1 † m.
One can characterize the topology by another choice of seminorms as the following proposition
shows.
Proposition 59.32.
The topology of Fréchet space on S p X ˆ Nq is defined by the seminorms
pK,–,— paq “ sup p1 ` |›|q´m`|—| |Dx– D›– apx, ›q|.

xPK,›P N
59.3.5 Asymptotic expansions

Note that DpX ˆ N q Ä S ´8 pX ˆ N q because a compact supported function is always a
symbol of all order. Let us give without proof the two following results [520].
Lemme 59.33.
1
Let a P S m pX ˆ N q a symbol whose support is contained in H ˆ N where H is a compact subset
of X. Let h P DpX ˆ N q, a function equals to 1 for x P H and |›| § A for a certain constant
A ° 0. Then for all m ° m1 ,
lim ph1{q aq “ a
qÑ8
in the sense of the convergence in S m .
Proposition 59.34.
1
The adherence of DpX ˆ Nq in S m pX ˆ Nq contains S m pX ˆ Nq for all m1 † m.
The main theorem is
Théorème 59.35.
Consider a strictly increasing sequence in pmj q with limjÑ8 mj “ ´8. Let, for each j, aj P
S pX ˆ
mj N q. Then there exists a P S m0 such that for all k,
ÿ
a´ aj P S mk pX ˆ N q. (59.47)
j†k
Furthermore if a1 shares this property with a, then a ´ a1 P S ´8 pX ˆ N q.
Proof. The last assertion is easy. Let us subtract equations (59.47) for two such symbols: for all
k,
a ´ a1 P S mk pX ˆ N q.
Then a ´ a1 P S Xˆ .
N
Now consider a locally finite countable covering pU– q of open relatively compact sets and pf– q,
a partition of unity for this covering. Let us suppose that, for each –, we know a symbol b– of
order m0 which is zero outside U– ˆ N and such that for all k,
ÿ
b– “ f– aj P S mk pX ˆ N q.
i†k
In other words, let us suppose

∞ that we have the answer for the symbols f– aj instead of the symbols
aj . Then the symbol a “ – b– answer the question for the symbols aj . Indeed
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
b– ´ aj “ pb– ´ f– aj q (59.48)
– j – j
where the sums are pointwise finite sums because the covering pU– q is locally finite.
So we are left to consider aj vanishing outside a set Hj ˆ N where Hj is a compact subset of
X. For j • 1, let us define
aj,q “ p1 ´ hj,1{q qaj P S mj (59.49)
where hj P DpX ˆ N q fulfils hj px, ›q “ 1 when x P Hj and 0 § |›| § 1. By hi,1{q , we mean phj q1{q
in the sense of equation (59.37). Since it has a compact support, it is a symbol for all orders. From
lemma 59.33,
lim paj,q q “ lim aj ´ lim hj,1{q aj “ 0.
qÑ8 qÑ8 qÑ8
∞
Proposition 59.4 makes that for ∞ all r • 0, the sum j•r aj,qj converges in S . We are now going
mr
to prove that the symbol a “ j•0 aj,qj is the one needed by the theorem. First remark that aj,q
has support contained in Hj ˆ N . For all q ° 0,
aj ´ aj,q P DpX ˆ N
q Ä S ´8 pX ˆ N
q.
Now, ´ ¯ ´ ¯ ÿ´ ¯
ÿ ÿ
a´ aj ´ a ´ aj,qj “ aj,qj ´ aj P S ´8 pX ˆ N
q,
j†k j†k j†k
then ÿ ÿ
a´ aj,qj “ al,ql P S mk
j†j l•k
from lemma 59.4.
∞
∞ , we say that the sum j aj is an asymptotic expansion of the
When equation (59.47) holds
symbol a and we write a „ j aj . In this case, for all k we have
ÿ
a´ aj P S mk , (59.50)
j†k
thus for any multi-index ‹, the following holds

ÿ
D‹ a „ D‹ aj
j
as can be seen by derivation of equation (59.50) and using point (1) of theorem 59.28.
59.3.6 Tempered functions

A function f P E pX ˆ N q is tempered with respect to |›| if for all compact L Ä X, and
for all pair of multi-index p–, —q, there exists constants cp–, —, Lq and pp–, —, Lq such that
|Dx– D› f px, ›q| § cp–, —, Lqp1 ` |›|qpp–,—,Lq
for all px, ›q P L ˆ N.
Lemme 59.36.
Let c P E pX ˆ N q be a tempered function with respect to › such that for all compact L Ä X and
q ° 0 P , there exists a constant CqL such that
|cpx, ›q| § CqL p1 ` |›|q´q
for all px, ›q P L ˆ N. Then c P S ´8 pX ˆ N q.
The following proposition gives a link between tempered functions and symbols.
Proposition 59.37.
Let X be an open set in N and pmj q P a strictly decreasing sequence such that limjÑ8 mj “
´8. For each mj , we consider a symbol aj P S mj . Let a P E pX ˆ N q, a tempered function with
respect to › and suppose that for all compact L Ä X, there exists a decreasing sequence pqk q P
with limkÑ8 qk “ ´8 and for each k, a constant CkL such that
ÿ
|apx, ›q ´ aj px, ›q| § CkL p1 ` |›|qqk (59.51)
j†k
for all px, ›q P L ˆ N .

Then a is a symbol of order m0 and admits the asymptotic expansion
ÿ
a„ aj .
j
59.4. FIRST CONSTRUCTION OF OSCILLATORY INTEGRALS 2485
∞
Proof. Theorem 59.35 holds for symbols aj , then there exists a symbol b P S m0 such that b „ j aj .
So we have to prove that a ´ b P S 8 because, in this case,
ÿ ÿ
a´ aj “ pa ´ bq ´ p aj ´ bq P S mk .
j†k j†k
On the one hand, the function a ´ b is tempered (because a symbol is always tempered). On the
other hand, for all choice of k, we can write
ÿ ÿ
|pa ´ bqpx, ›q| “ |a ´ aj ´ b ` aj |
j†k j†k
ÿ ÿ
§ |a ´ aj | ` |b ´ aj |
j†k j†k
(59.52)
§ CkL p1 ` |›|qqk ` DL p1 ` |›|qmk
1 1
§ CkL p1 ` |›|qqk
where CkL1 “ maxpCkL , DL q and qk1 “ maxpqk , mk q. Let us now fix q ° 0; since qk , mk Ñ ´8,
there exists k such that qk1 † ´q. For this one, we have
2
|pa ´ bqpx, ›q| § CqL p1 ` |›|q´q .
Lemma 59.36 concludes the proof.
59.4 First construction of oscillatory integrals

59.4.1 Construction
Let us consider X be an open set in N , a continuous map Ï : X ˆ N Ñ and a symbol
a P S m pX ˆ N q. For any compact L Ä X, the integral
ª
eiÏpx,›q apx, ›qdxd›
Lˆ N
converges when m † Ń . Indeed

ª ª ª
|e a| § |e ||a| § Cp1 ` |›|qm .
iÏ iÏ
(59.53)
The integral over L is a constant ≥on a compact while the one on N is performed with spherical
coordinates, sop we are left with ` p1 ` rqm rN ´1 . Under these assumptions, the form
ª
aÑ eiÏ a (59.54)
Lˆ N
is linear. In order to see that is is continuous too, we will prove that there exists a neighbourhood
of zero in S m pX ˆ N q in which any a fulfils the majoration
|apx, ›q| § Cp1 ` |›qm
for all xpx, ›q P L ˆ N and a certain constant C. Let us use the seminorms given in proposi-
tion 59.32 and consider the neighbourhood
O “ ta P S m tel que sup p1 ` |›|q´m |apx, ›q| † Áu

xPK,›P N
for a certain compact K Ä X and Á ° 0. A symbol a in O fulfils in particular |apx, ›q| † Áp1`|›|qm .
Then the linear form (59.54) is bounded and thus continuous.
Définition 59.38.
A function Ï : X ˆ N
0 Ñ is a phase function if
(1) Ï P C 8 pX ˆ N q,
0
(2) the n ` N first derivatives Dj1 Ï and Dk2 Ï doesn’t vanish at same point of X ˆ N,
0 in other
words, Ï is not singular
(3) for all px, ›q P X ˆ N
0 and all ⁄ ° 0, the formula Ïpx, ⁄›q “ ⁄Ïpx, ›q holds.
Here, Dj1 denotes the derivative with respect to xj and Dk2 the one with respect to ›k . The
third point implies that the prolongation ÏpX ˆ t0uq “ 0 in continuous in X ˆ N but not C 8 as
the example Ïpx, ›q “ |›| shows with N “ 1.
An important example of phase function is given when N “ n by Ïpx, ›q “ ´2fixx, ›y; it gives
rise to the Fourier transforms.
An important result will help us to define oscillatory integrals
Lemme 59.39.
Let Ï be a phase. There exists symbols ak P S 0 , bj P S ´1 and c P S ´8 (1 § j § N and 1 § j § n)
such that the differential operator
N
ÿ n
ÿ
L“ ak Dk2 ` bj Dj1 ` c
k“1 j“1
on X ˆ N fulfil
LeiÏ “ eiÏ
in X ˆ N.
0 The transposed Lt of L is given by
ÿ n
ÿ
Lt “ ´ Dk2 ´ bj Dj1 ` c1
ak j“1
∞ ∞
where c1 “ c ´ Dk2 ak ´ Dj1 bj P S ´1 .
For all u P E pX ˆ N q and r P ` 0,
` t r ˘ ÿ
pL q u px, ›q “ g–— px, ›qDx– D›— upx, ›q
|–|`|—|§r
where each g–— is a symbol of order ´r ` |—| on X ˆ N , independent of u. In other words,

∞
pLt qr “ |–|`|—|§r g–— Dx– D›— .
In particular a Ñ pLt qra is a continuous linear map from S m to S m´r .
We will not prove all assertions.
Proof. We consider the function

N `
ÿ n `
˘2 ÿ
gpx, ›q “ |›|2 Dk2 Ïpx, ›q ` Dj1 Ïpx, ›q2 .
k“1 j“1
Since pDk2 Ïqpx, ⁄›q “ pDk2 Ïqpx, ›q, the function g is positively homogeneous of degree 2 with respect
to › and from the fact the Ï has no critical points, there is always at least one no zero term the
two sums, then gpx, ›q ‰ 0 on X ˆ N 0 . Now we consider a C
8 function h : Ñ with compact
support (hence a symbol of all order) and equals to 1 in a neighbourhood of zero.
We are going to study the function 1´hp|›|q
gpx,›q . In a neighbourhood of zero, the numerator is
zero; then we don’t mind with the values of 1{gpx, ›q when |›| Ñ 0. Proposition 59.3.3 shows that
gS 2 pX ˆ N q. On the other hand the inequality
|gpx, ›q • CH p1 ` |›|q|
holds for a certain constant CH because both side are of degree two. Then point (1) of theo-
rem 59.28 assures that 1{g is a symbol of S ´2 . So 1´hp|›|q
gpx,›q P S
´2 . Now we claim that LeiÏ “ eiÏ
when
1 ´ hp|›|q 2
ak px, ›q “ |›|2 D Ïpx, ›q
igpx, ›q k
1 ´ hp|›|q 1 (59.55)
bj px, ›q “ D Ïpx, ›q
igpx, ›q j
cpx, ›q “ hp|›|q.
A simple counting shows that ak P S 0 and bj P S ´2 . The computation is easy:
ÿ
pLeiÏ qpx, ›q “ ak px, ›qpDk2 eiÏ qpx, ›q
k
ÿ
` px, ›qpDj1 eiÏ qpx, ›q
j
` cpx, ›qeiÏpx,›q (59.56)

1 ´ hp|›|q ´ ÿ 2 2 2 ÿ ¯
“ eiÏ i |›| pDk Ïq ` ipDj1 Ïq2 ` hp|›|qeiÏ
ig k j
“ eiÏ .
We don’t prove the other assertions.
The theorem which defines the oscillatory integrals is the following
Théorème 59.40.
Let Ï be a phase on X ˆ N. For all m P and for all compact H Ä X, the -linear form
DpX ˆ N q Ñ ª
aÑ eiÏpx,›q apx, ›qdxd› (59.57)
Hˆ N
admits an unique extension into a continuous map S m pXq ˆ N Ñ .
Proof. As far as integration is concerned, the set X ˆ t0u is negligible, then one can apply the
formula LeiÏ “ eiÏ although id is only true on X ˆ N 0 . From construction of L and the definition
of the transpose,
xeiÏ , wy “ xLeiÏ , wy “ xeiÏ , Lt wy,
then in DpX ˆ N q, the studied linear form reads
ª
aÑ eiÏ pLt qr a (59.58)
Hˆ N
for any integer r ° 0. If one choses r ° m`N , then pLt qr a P S m´r if a P S m and the integral exists
and is a continuous function of a from discussion below ≥ equation (59.54). Then the integral in
equation (59.58) defines a prolongation of the map u Ñ eiÏ u into the whole S m when r ° m ` N .
Lemma 59.31 makes that any element in S m X ˆ N is adherent to DpX ˆ N q, then a
continuous prolongation is unique.
The (prolonged) linear form ª

aÑ eiÏ a
Hˆ N
is continuous at all a P S m for all m P . If a P S 8 pX ˆ N q, we write it by

º
Ä
aÑ eiÏpx,›q apx, ›qdxd›, (59.59)
Hˆ N
and it is called an oscillatory integral. It’s value is given by formula

º
Ä ª
eiÏ a “ eiÏ pLt qr a
Hˆ N Hˆ N
with r ° m ` N . Let h P DpX ˆ N q equals to 1 at px, ›q if x P H and |›| † R; then lemma 59.33
1
implies limqÑ8 h1{q a “ a in the sense of S m when a P S m and m ° m1 . Since the oscillatory
integral is continuous for each S m , one can commute the limit and the integral:
ºÄ
eiÏ a “ lim eiÏ h1{q a.
HêRN qÑ8
59.4.2 Parametric oscillatory integral

Let us introduce a parameter in the integral. We suppose the parameter belongs to an open
set U Ä N and we consider a symbol a P S m pX ˆ U ˆ N q. For each z P U, the function
px, ›q Ñ apx, z, ›q is a symbol of order m in X ˆ N . For all compact sets H Ä X and K Ä U,
there exists a constant CHK (independent of z P U) such that
|Dx– D›— apx, z, ›q| § CHK p1 ` |›|qm´|—| (59.60)
for all px, z, ›q P H ˆ K ˆ N . This comes from the fact that all compact in X ˆ U is the product
of a compact in X by a compact in U.
Théorème 59.41.
Let X be an open set in N , U an open in q and Ï : X ˆ U ˆ N Ñ be a continuous function,
C 8 in X ˆ U ˆ N 0 such that for all z P U, the function px, ›q Ñ px, z, ›q is a phase on X ˆ
N.
Then
(1) for all a P S m pX ˆ U ˆ and all compact H Ä X, the map
Nq
º
Ä
z Ñ Fa pzq “ eiÏpx,z,›q apx, z, ›qdxd›
Hˆ N
is C 8 in U and a Ñ Fa is continuous from S m pX ˆ U ˆ Nq to E pUq,

(2) the function Ï is a phase on X ˆ U ˆ and for all compact K Ä U,
N
ª º
Ä
Fa pzqdz “ eiÏ a. (59.61)
K HˆKˆ N
Proof. Let us begin by proving that Ï is a phase on X ˆ U ˆ N . From assumptions it is C 8

on X ˆ U ˆ N 0 , the positive homogeneity comes from the fact that for each z P U, the function
px, ›q Ñ px, z, ›q is positively homogeneous and the partial derivatives cannot vanish at same point
because the one with respect to x and › yet doesn’t.
Now we define Ïz “ Ïpx, z, ›q and the operator Lz given by lemma 59.39. Then for all
u P E pX ˆ U ˆ N q and for all r ° 0,
` t r ˘ ÿ
pLz q u px, z, ›q “ g–— px, z, ›qDx– D›— upx, z, ›q
|–|`|—|
where g–— is a symbol of order ´r`|—| in XÛ ˆ N, see proof of lemma 59.39. Since Lz eiÏz “ eiÏz ,
the equation ª
Fa pzq “ eiÏ pLtz qr a
Hˆ N
holds for all a P DpX ˆ U ˆ N q. If a is just a symbol, the problem is no more complicated because
the definition is º ª
Ä
iÏ
e a“ eiÏ pLtz qa ,
Hˆ N Hˆ N
with r ° m ` N . So we have to prove the continuity of

ª
zÑ eiÏ pLtz qr a.
Hˆ N
We do it by using proposition 46.14. First, for all z P U, the map px, ›q Ñ eiÏpx,z,›qpLz q apx, z, ›q is
t r
integrable from our choice of r. Second, the map z Ñ eiÏpx,z,›q pLtz qr apx, z, ›q is continuous on the
whole U. The third assumption of proposition 46.14 is the true point.
|eiÏ pLt qr a| § |Ltz a|

ˇ ÿ ˇ
ˇ ˇ
“ˇ g–— px, z, ›qDx– D›— apx, z, ›qˇ
|–|`|—|§r (59.62)
ÿ
§ |g–— px, z, ›q||Dx– D›— apx, z, ›q|
1
§ C–— C–— p1 ` |›|qm´r
which integrable over H ˆ N because r ° m ` N .

Now we prove equation (59.61). For this, we write the definition of the oscillatory integral of
the right hand side and we compute:
¡
Å ¡
iÏ
e a“ eiÏ pLt qr a
HˆKˆ N
HˆKˆ N
¡
“ Lr eiÏz a
HˆKˆ N
¡
“ Lrz eiÏz
HˆKˆ N (59.63)
¡
“ eiÏz px,›q pLtz qr apx, z, ›qdxdzd›
HˆKˆ N
ª º
Ä
“ eiÏz a dz
K Hˆ N
ª
“ Fa pzqdz.
K
We don’t give the rest of the proof.
We give without proof the formula

º
Ä
Dz– Fa pzq “ Dz– peiÏ aq. (59.64)
Hˆ N
Now let us consider the situation in which z P U is the only variable in front of ›. More
precisely, consider a function Ï : U ˆ N Ñ which is C 8 on U ˆ N 0 and continuous on U ˆ
N
such that for all z P U, the function › Ñ Ïpz, ›q is positively homogeneous of degree 1, without
critical points, i.e. Ïz is a phase in the sense of definition 59.38 with X “ H. Then for all symbol
a P S m pU ˆ N q, the map
ªr
z Ñ Fa pzq “ eiÏ a
N
isC8 on U and a Ñ Fa is continuous from S m pU ˆ Nq into E pUq. One can moreover commutes
the integral and the derivative
ªr
–
` ˘
Dz Fa pzq “ Dz– eiÏpz,›q apz, ›q d›
N
The function Ï is a phase on U ˆ N and for all compact part K of U, one has
ª º
Ä
Fa “ eiÏ a.
K Kˆ N
59.5 Other constructions of oscillatory integral

59.5.1 Derivation definition
This construction is very the same as the first one, and comes from [521].
We consider a strongly continuous action · of V on Cu pV, Aq. Let B A pV q be the set of smooth
vectors for this action; if W “ V ˆ V , the set B A pW q is well defined and we choose on V a measure
such that the unit cube has measure 1. Let Ï : V ˆ V Ñ , Ïpu, vq “ 2fiu · v; we want to give a
sense to the integral º
F pu, vqeiÏpu,vq dudv
V ˆV
when F P B A pW q.As usual, we first consider the case where F is compactly supported; in this
case the integral makes sense with usual definitions. An integration by part gives
º º
pBk,u F qeiÏ “ ´ 2fiivk F eiÏ .
V ˆV V ˆV
Taking a second derivative and making the same with the variable v,
º º
pBsv Brv ` Bku Blu qF eiÏ “ ´4fi 2 pus ur ` vk vl qF eiÏ ;
V ˆV V ˆV
taking s “ r and k “ l, and making sum, we find

º º
2
iÏ
p F qe “ ´4fi pu · u ` v · vqF eiÏ . (59.65)
V ˆV V ˆV
Now we pose w “ pu, vq P W and Qw “ u · v; equation (59.65) reads

ª ª
rp1 ´ {4fi 2 qF spwqeiQw “ F pwqp1 ` w · wqeiQw . (59.66)
W W
This equation only holds for compact supported functions F . In particular, it is also true for F 1 “
F {p1 ` w2 q where w2 stands for w · w. For notational convenience, we write Kpwq “ p1 ` w2 q´1
and M≥K the operator of pointwise multiplication
≥ by Kpwq. With F 1 instead of F , equation (59.66)
2
gives W p1 ´ {4fi qpMK F qe “ W F e . Making k times all the work,
iQ iQ
ª ª
2 k iQ
rp1 ´ {4fi qMK s F e “ F eiQ . (59.67)
W W
Now let us see how to write rp1 ´ {4fi 2 qKsk F . Direct computation shows that
ÿ
pKF q “ Kp F ´ 2KF ` 8K 3 w2 F q “ K B‹ B ‹ F
|‹|§2
where B‹ are bounded functions. By induction, we see that

ÿ
rp1 ´ qKsk F “ K k B‹ B ‹ F.
|‹|§2k
So one can write ª ª

` ÿ ˘
F eiQ “ Kk B‹ B ‹ F eiQ (59.68)
W W |‹|§2k
59.5. OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS OF OSCILLATORY INTEGRAL 2491
for all k and all function F with compact support. But we know that K k is integrable when k ° d,
and if F is a smooth vector for the action ∞(59.3),‹ it iQ
is bounded on any bounded set (and all the
derivatives of F too). So the function K k
‹ B‹ B F e is the product of an integrable function by
a bounded function; it is then integrable. The conclusion is that the right hand side of equation
(59.68) makes sense for all F P B A pW q. We take it as definition of the left hand side.
59.5.1.1 Value estimations for the integral
Let us suppose that F has a compact support SpF q and consider the real ck “ max|‹|§2k ‹!}B‹ }8
where }.}8 denotes the usual supremum norm.
Lemme 59.42.
For all k ° 0, there exists a constant ck such that for all F P B A pW q with compact support SpF q
and all j,
ª ª
} F eiQ }j § cK }F }j,2k Kk
W SpF q
Proof. From definition (59.68),

ª ª ÿ
} pwqF e iQw
}j § }Kpwqk }j }B‹ pwqB ‹ F pwq}, (59.69)
W SpF q |‹|§2k
We can majore }B‹ pwq}j by }B‹ }8 “ supwPW }B‹ pwq}j 4 which can at his turn be majored by ck ;
the rest of the sum is precisely }F }j,2k . Since Kpwq ° 0, we can forget the norm around K k .
≥
≥ Note that when SpF q goes to infinity, the integral W K k goes to zero and so does the integral
W F e . Intuitively, it comes from the fact that when w Ñ 8, the function F doesn’t makes
iQ
anything 5 while function eiQ oscillate rapidly and provokes cancellations.

Let us suppose that SpF q is contained in a ball Bpw0 , rq of radius r around the point w0 and
suppose that |w0 | † r. In this case, K takes its bigger value when w2 “ p|w0 | ´ rq2 . But there
exists a constant c1 (depending on r) such that 1 ` p|w0 | ´ rq2 ° c1 p1 ` |w0 |2 q. Taking volume of
Bpw0 , rq into account ,we can compute the following majoration
ª ˆ ˙k
k
` ˘ 1
K pwq § vol Bpw0 , rq
Bpw0 ,rq 1 ` p|w0 | ´ rq2
˜ ` ˘ k¸ ˆ ˙k
vol Bpw0 , rq 1 (59.70)
§
c1 1 ` |w0 |2
“ cKpw0 qk
where c is a new constant which take into account all other constants. If |w0 | ° r, one can redefine
the constant in such a way that this majoration still holds. Using inequality of lemma 59.42 and
absorbing once again all constant in c, we find the
Proposition 59.43.
For all F P B A pW q with support in Bpw0 , rq and for all j, there exists a constant c depending only
on k and r such that ª
} F eiQ }j § c}F }j,2k Kpw0 qk . (59.71)
W
In particular, c doesn’t depends on j.

4. Faut voir si ce sup est prit aussi sur les j, et je crois bien que oui; en tout cas, je l’utilise
5. Because it is a function in A8
59.5.2 Lattice way to define oscillatory integrals

The latter proposition holds for a compact supported function; in order to see what happens
when the support becomes non compact, choose a basis of W and let L be the lattice of points with
integer components in this basis.
∞ Consider a function Ï0 P Cc8 pW q, a smooth compact supported
function on W and pwq “ pPL Ï0 pw ` pq. We choose Ï0 in such a∞way that vanishes nowhere.
Let Ï “ Ï0 { and Ïp pwq “ Ïpw ` pq for p P L. By construction, pPL Ïp “ 1 and each compact
in W intersect only finitely many support of Ïp .
Let F P B A pW q; if we suppose SpÏq Ä Bp0, rq, then SpF, Ïp q Ä Bpp, rq and the proposition can
be used with F Ïp . By virtue of the Leibnitz rule on F Ïp , we see that }B ‹ pF Ïp q}j is domined by
a linear combination of terms of the form }B ‹ F }j }B fl Ïp }8 with |µ ` fl| § |‹|. But for all p P L and
all multi-index fl, }B fl Ï}8 “ }B fl Ï}8 . Then if we fix r and Ï, the value of }F Ïp }j,2k is bounded by
a sum from which }B fl Ï}8 get out while the remaining sum is }F }j,2k . By redefining the constant
ck , we get ª
} F Ïp eiQ } § ck Kppqk }F }j,2k . (59.72)
W
∞
We can find a k large enough that pPL Kppqk . For such a k, formula (59.72) proves the absolute
∞ ≥
convergence of the sum pPL W pF Ïp qeiQ .
Définition 59.44.
When F P B A pW q has no compact support, we define
ª ÿª
F eiQ “ pF Ïp qeiQ . (59.73)
W pPL W
When F has a compact support, only∞finitely many terms are non zero and we can permute
the sum and the integral. Since for all x, pPL pF Ïp qpxq “ F pXq, we find back the usual integral.
For such a k, we can sum equation (59.72) over p P L and redefine ck and find
ª
} F eiQ } § ck }F }j,2k .
W
Proposition 59.45.
For all k ° d and all positive sequence pri q Ñ 8, there exists a real sequence pdi q Ñ 0 such that
for all F P B A pW q vanishing on Bp0, rm q, the inequality
ª
} F eiQ }j § dm }F }j,2k .
W
holds.
Stated in a more natural

≥ way, the statement is that if F “ 0 in Bp0, rq, then there exists
a constant d such that } W F eiQ }j § d}F }j,2k . The dependence of r with respect to r is such
that limrÑ8 dprq “ 0. This corresponds to the intuition that, since eiQ , oscillates more and more
rapidly with distance to origin, the contribution to the integral is mainly contained in the values
of F near zero.
Proof. Let Em “ tp P L tel que ≥ SpÏp q Ü∞Bp0,≥ rm qu. If p P Em , then Ïp takes non zero values
outside rm . In the expression W F eiQ “ pPL ´W F Ïp eiQ , we can reduce the sum because F is
zero on Bpo, rm q: the terms with p R Em are zero. Then, using (59.72),
ª ÿ ª ÿ
iQ
} F e }j § } Ïp F eiQ }j § ck Kppqk }F }j,2k .
W pPEm W pPEm
For suitably large k (i.e. k ° d as in the assumptions), convergence of the sequence

ÿ
dm “ ck Kppqk
pPEm
≥
can be studied by the integral k
ABp0,rm q Kppq dp which converges to zero when m Ñ 8.
59.6. DECOMPOSITION INTO DIRECT SUM 2493
59.5.2.1 Independence with respect to choices

We have to show that definition 59.44 don’t depend on the choice of≥L nor Ï. For this, we will
find a sequence of numbers independent of L and Ï which converges to W F eiQ . Let pÂi q P Cc8 , a
sequence of functions with Âi “ 1 on Bp0, ri q for a certain sequence prm P ` q Ñ 8. For each k,
we requires that the functions Âi are equibounded for the norm 2k in the sense that there exists a
real bk such that }Âi }2k § bk for all i. Such a sequence can be build by choosing Â1 and defining
Âi pwq “ Â1 pw{ri q.
Remark that for each i, the sum F Âi “„pPL F Âi Ïp is pointwise a finite because Âi has compact
support; then we can permute sum and integral and write
ª ÿ ÿª
F Âi Ïp eiQ “ F Âi Ïi eiQ .
W p p W
This allows us to write down the following majoration

ª ª ÿª
} Fe íQ iQ
F e Âi }j “ } F Ïp p1 ´ Âi qeiQ }j Usual integral
W W pPL W
ª
“} F p1 ´ Âi qeiQ }j Oscillatory integral (59.74)
W
§ di }F p1 ´ Âi q}j,2k
“ di }F }j,2k p1 ` bk q.
The latter converges to zero when i Ñ 8. Then

ª ª
lim F Âm eiQ “ F eiQ (59.75)
mÑ8 W W
where the left hand side don’t depend on L and Ï.

One can take this equation as definition of the right hand side.
Problèmes et choses à faire
Let f P L2 p n q. Does the integral ª
i›x
e f pxqdx (59.76)
always exist in the sense of the oscillatory integral?
If yes, does the value of that integral equal the value of the Fourier transform of f as defined by extension from L1 X L2 by 30.28?
59.6 Decomposition into direct sum

Let W “ W0 ‘W1 be a direct sum decomposition; we denote by w “ w0 `w1 the corresponding
decomposition for the vectors w P W . Let Bi be a basis of Wi and Li be the corresponding lattice.
Since B0 Y B1 is a basis
∞ of W , we can consider the lattice L0 ˆ L1 of W . Let Ï P Cx8 be a positive
function on W1 with pPL0 Ïp “ 0 and the same for Ï for W1 . The function ⁄pwq “ Ïpw0 qÏ1 pw1 q
1
belongs to Cc8 pW q and since the sums are pointwise finite,

ÿ ÿ
⁄p pwq “ Ïpw0 ` p0 qÏ1 pw1 ` p1 q “ 1.
pPL pPL
Therefore the function ⁄ has the required properties to define the oscillatory integral
ª ÿª
F eiQ “ ⁄p eiQ
W pPL W
ÿ (59.77)
“ F pwqÏp0 pw0 qÏ1p1 pw1 qeiQw dw
p0 PL0
p1 PL1
with an absolutely convergent sum, there are no ordering problem in the summation.
Proposition 59.46.
Let k ° d and an increasing sequence pri P ` q Ñ 8. Then there exists a sequence pdi P qÑ0
such that, if F P B A pV ˆ V q and F pu, vq “ 0 when u P Bp0, rm q, then
º
} ei„pu,vq }j § dm }F }j,2k
V ˆV
Here, „pu, vq “ 2fiu · v is the former Ï.
Proof. Let Em “ tp tel que SpÏp q Ü Bpo, rm qu. The computation is performed in rather the same
way as in proposition 59.45:
º ÿ ÿ
} F eiQ }j “ } F pu, vq⁄p`q pu ` vqei„ } (59.78)
V ˆV pPEm q
where ⁄p`q pu`vq “ Ïp puqÏ1q pvq because pu, vq and pp, qq are seen as vectors of W . If Ï has support
contained in Bpr, 0q, the function F Ïp Ï1q has support contained in the ball centered at p ` q; the
proposition 59.42 gives º
} F Ïp Ïq } § ck }F Ïp Ï1q }Kpp ` qqk .
V ˆV
If we suppose that the sum W “ W0 ‘ W1 is orthogonal, Kpp ` qq “ p1 ` p · p ` q · qq, a simple
redefinition of ck , leads to ck }F Ïp Ï1q } § ck }F }. So we can majore equation (59.78) by
ÿ ÿ
ck }F }j,2k p1 ` p2 ` q 2 q´k .
pPEm q
∞ ∞
Now the definition dm “ pPEm q ck p1 ` p2 ` q 2 q´k gives the thesis.
Proposition 59.47.
Let us consider a sequence pÂi q P C 8 pW0 q with Âi “ 1 on Bp0, ri q and }Âi }2k § bk for all i. Then
for all F P B A pW q, we have
ª ª
F e “ lim F pwqÂm pw0 qeiQw .
iQ
(59.79)
mÑ8
Proof. We consider Ï and Ï1 as in equation (59.77) and we write Ïp instead of Ïp ˝ proj0 where
proj0 is the projection into W0 . Then
ª ª ÿª ÿ
F eiQ ´ pÂm ˝ proj0 qeiQ “ F Ïp Ï1q eiQ ´ F pÂm ˝ proj0 qÏp Ï1q eiQ
W W p,q W p,q
ÿª (59.80)
“ F p1 ´ Âm proj0 qÏp Ï1q eiQ
p;q W
which converges absolutely. By setting Em “ tp P L0 tel que SpÏp q Ü Bp0, ∞ we can reduce
∞ rm qu,
the sum over p to Em and majore the norm of the latter expression by pPEm q Kpp ` qqk . It
converges to 0 when m Ñ 8.
Let us now suppose that we have functions pÂi1 q on W1 with the usual properties. Writing the
latter proposition with F Ân1 instead of F , we find that, for all b,
ª ª
lim 1
F pwqÂm pw0 qÂn pw1 qeiQw
“ F pwqÂn1 pw1 qeiQw
mÑ8 W W
and inverting W1 with W2 in the preceding proposition, we see that the right hand side converges
to 0 when n Ñ 8. So we find
ª ª
lim 1
F pÂm ˝ proj0 qpÂn ˝ proj1 qe “
iQ
F eiQ , (59.81)
m,nÑ8 W W
and we can take the limit of n before m if we want.
59.6. DECOMPOSITION INTO DIRECT SUM 2495
59.6.1 Integral over V ˆ V

Let an orthogonal direct sum decomposition V “ V0 ‘ V1 The decomposition W “ V0 ˆ
V1` ˆ V0 ˆ V1 is naturally
˘ orthogonal. Consider an usual function F : V ˆ V Ñ A such that
F pv0 ` v1 q, pv0 , v1 q don’t depend on v0 .
1 1
Let pÂi q and pÂj q be sequences of functions such that equation (59.81) gives
º º
F pu, vqeiQpu,vq “ lim F pu1 , vqÂm pu0 qÂn1 pu1 qÂj pv0 qÂk1 pv1 qeu0 · v0 ù1 · v1 . (59.82)
mnjk
We define the Fourier transform of Âm by

ª
Â̂m p›q “ Âm pu0 qe2fiiu0 · › du0 .
V0
The main property is the inverse transform theorem:

ª
Âm pvq “ Â̂m p›qe´2fii› · v d› “ Âm pvq.
V0
Equation (59.82) can be rewritten as

º ª
lim F pu1 , vq Â̂m p›qe´2fii› · u0 Ân1 pu1 qÂj pv0 qÂk1 pv1 q
mnjk V
V ˆV
e2fiipu0 · v0 ù1 · v1 q dudud›
¡
“ lim F pu1 , v1 ` v0 qÂ̂m p›qÂn1 pu1 qÂj pv0 qÂk1 pv1 q
mnjk
V ˆV ˆV
e2fiiru0 · pv1 ´›qù1 · v1 s dvdud›.
The integral over u0 gives a Dirac delta at › ´ v0

º
“ lim F pu1 , v1 ` v1 qÂ̂m pv0 qÂn1 pu1 qÂj pv0 qÂk1 pv1 qe2fiiu1 · v1 dudv.
mnjk
(59.83)
We can suppose that the functions Âm are chosen in such a way that pÂ̂m q is an approximation
of the delta distribution. Indeed, if we choose Â1 equals to 1 in Bp0, r1 q, the sequence Âm Ñ 1
whose Fourier transform is the Dirac delta. In this case, the limit m Ñ 8 gives v0 “ 0 and the
limit j Ñ 8 becomes trivial. Equation (59.83) becomes
º
lim F pu1 , v1 qÂ̂pv0 qÂn1 pu1 qÂk1 pv1 qe2fiiu1 · v1
nk
º (59.84)
“ F pu1 , v1 qeiQpu1 ,v1 q .
V1 ˆV1
In definitive, we had shown
Proposition 59.48.
Let F P B A pV ˆ V q and an orthogonal decomposition V “ V0 ‘ V1 such that F pu0 ` u1 , v0 ` v1 q
don’t depend on u0 . Then
º º
iQ
Fe “ F pu1 , v ´ 1qeiQpu1 ,v1 q .
V ˆV V1 ˆV1
There exists a somewhat degenerate interesting case: V1 “ t0u with a measure 1. In this case
the assumption is that F pu, vq don’t depend on u at all. In this case,
º ª
F pu1 , v1 qe2fiiu1 · v1 “ F pv1 qdv1 “ F p0q.
V1
V1 ˆV1
The result is that if F P B A pV ˆ V q don’t depend on his first variable (i.e. F P B A pV q), then
ª
F eiQ “ F p0q.
V ˆV
59.6.2 Normal operator

Let T be a linear operator on V and a decomposition V “ ker T ‘ V1 . In particular, F pT u, vq
doesn’t depends on uO (if we denote ker T by V0 ) and we can apply proposition 59.48:
ª º
iQ
F pTu , vqe “ F pT u1 , v1 qeiQpu1 ,v1 q .
V1 ˆV1
Note that in general, T u1 don’t belong to V1 . We now suppose that T is normal in the sense that
rT, T t s “ 0. It is invertible on V1 . Then when we have a normal operator in an integral, one can
always suppose that it is invertible because the kernel part of the space disappears.
Let T be invertible on V , F P B A pV ˆ V q and an usual sequence pÂm q of functions. We have
º º
F pT u, vqr iQpu,vq
“ lim F pT u, vqÂm puqÂn pvqeiQ
m,nÑ8
º
F pu, vqÂm pT ´1 uqÂn pvqe2fiiT u · v
´1
“ lim pdet T q ´1
m,nÑ8
º
“ lim F pu, T t vqÂm pT ´1 uqÂn pT t vqeiQ
m,nÑ8
but the sequences pÂm ˝ T ´1 q and pÂn ˝ T t q have same fundamental properties as pÂm q, then taking
the limit,
º
“ F pu, T t vqeiQ .
(59.85)
If T is normal but not invertible, the first integral restricts to V1 and for all normal operator, the
equality 6 º º
iQ
F pT u, vqe “ F pu, T t vqeiQ .
hold. From polar decomposition of any operator into two normal operators, we conclude that this
equation holds for all linear operator on V .
Proposition 59.49.
If S : A Ñ C is a continuous linear map from A to a Fréchet space C, then S ˝ F P B C pW q and
ª ª
Sp F eiQ q “ pS ˝ F qeiQ . (59.86)
W W
Proof. The absolute convergence of the defining sum for the left hand side integral allows us to
permute linear operator and sum. Since for each term the integral is an usual integral over a
compact set, we can permute the continuous operator S and the integral:
ÿª ÿ ª ÿª
S iQ
F Ïp e “ iQ
S F Ïp e “ pS ˝ F qÏp eiQ . (59.87)
pPL
6. Je ne comprends pas pourquoi.

59.7. PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIABLE OPERATORS 2497
59.7 Pseudo-differentiable operators

59.7.1 Differential operator
Let fi : E Ñ M be a vector bundle of rank k on a compact manifold of dimension n. We
denote by pEq the C 8 pM q-module of C 8 sections of E. The module structure is given by
pf · Âqpxq “ f pxqÂpxq where the product in the right hand side is the product ˆ Ex Ñ Ex
which defines the vector space structure on Ex “ fi pxq. ´1
A differential operator of rank m is a linear operator P : pEq Ñ pEq for which there exists
local coordinates px1 , ¨ ¨ ¨ , xn q on M in which P is written as
ÿ B |–|
P “ A– pxqpíq|–| (59.88)
Bx–
|–|§m
∞
where – “ p–1 , ¨ ¨ ¨ , –n q is a multi-index with 0 § –j § m and |–| “ nj“1 –j . Each A– is a k ˆ k
matrix of C 8 functions on M and A– ‰ 0 for at least one – with |–| “ m.
∞
Let › P Tx˚ M written under the form › “ j ›j dxj in the previously given local coordinates.
The complete symbol of P applied to › is the following polynomial combination of coordinates
of ›:
m
ÿ
pP px, ›q “ pPm´j px, ›q (59.89)
j“0
where
ÿ
pPm´j “ A– pxq› –
|–|§pm´jq
|–|
where › – “ ›1–1 ¨ ¨ ¨ ›n–n and B– “ Bx–11 ˝ ¨ ¨ ¨ ˝ Bx–nn . The principal symbol of P is the leading term,
namely
ÿ
‡ P px, ›q “ pPm px, ›q “ A– pxq› – . (59.90)
|–|“m
For each › P Tx˚ M , the principal symbol gives rise to a map ‡xP : Ex Ñ Ex because A– pxq is a k ˆ k
matrix:
ÿ
‡xP p›qv “ › – A– pxqv.
|–|“m
Définition 59.50.
The operator P is elliptic if for each non zero › P T ˚ M , the map ‡xP p›x q are all invertible.
If pM, gq is a Riemannian manifold, the fact for P to be elliptic is equivalent to be invertible

on the cosphere
S ˚ M “ tpx, ›q P T ˚ M tel que gx p›, ›q “ 1u Ä T ˚ M.
59.7.2 Laplace operator

As first example, we see the Laplace operator. Let pM, gq be a Riemannian manifold and its
Laplace operator : C 8 pLq Ñ C 8 pM q where C 8 pM q is seen as p ˆ M q is
2
f “ ´g µ‹ Bµ‹ f ` lower order terms
Its principal symbol is ‡ px, ›q “ g µ‹ ›µ ›‹ “ }›}2 , which is invertible of all › ‰ 0. Thus Laplace
operator is elliptic of order 2.
An other example of pseudo-differential operator is the Dirac operator. We will show that it
is an elliptic operator in subsection 65.7.5.
59.8 Invariant differential operators on Lie groups

This section is intended to understand the paper [482]. Let G be a connected Lie group and g
be its Lie algebra.
An endomorphism P : C 8 pG, Aq Ñ C 8 pG, Aq of the space of functions over G with values in
a vector space A is said to be left invariant if
Lx pP Âq “ P pLx Âq (59.91)
for all x P G and Â P C 8 pG, Aq. Here, L is the regular left representation of G on C 8 pG, Aq.
Lemme 59.51.
If X P g and if X̃ is the associated left invariant vector field, the operator P defined by
pP Âqpxq “ X̃x Â (59.92)
is left invariant.
Proof. On the one hand ` ˘

Lx pP Âq pyq “ pP Âqpxyq “ X̃xy Â,
on the other hand,
ˇ ˇ
d ˇ d ˇ
tX ˇ
P pLx Âqpyq “ X̃y pLx Âq “ pLx Âqpye qˇ tX ˇ
“ Âpxye qˇ “ X̃xy Â. (59.93)
dt t“0 dt t“0
In fact, if Diff G pGq denotes the space of G-left invariant differential operators on G, we have a
morphism
Upgq Ñ Diff G pGq
(59.94)
X fiÑ X̃.
The operator P is left invariant when it satisfies
` ˘
pP f qpxq “ P L˚x f peq. (59.95)
As far as notations are concerned, we denote by pL˚x P q the operator defined by
pL˚x P qpf q “ P pL˚x f q. (59.96)

∞
Every differential operator P : C 8 pGq Ñ C 8 pGq can be written as a sum of products i pi X̃i of
functions pi P C 8 pGq by operators X̃i P Upgq. The operator P is left invariant if and only if the
functions pi are constant.
As a consequence we have the
Corollaire 59.52.
The map Upgq Ñ Diff G pGq is an isomorphism.
We denote by bi-Diff G pGq the space of G-left invariant bidifferential operators on G. These
are differential operators
A : C 8 pGq ˆ C 8 pGq Ñ C 8 pGq
(59.97)
u b v fiÑ Apu b vq.
Since A is a differential operator, the function Apu, vq only depends on the class u b v. The left
invariance means that ` ˘ ` ˘
Lx Apu b vq “ A Lx pu b vq (59.98)
for every x P G.
59.8. INVARIANT DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS ON LIE GROUPS 2499
Proposition 59.53.
The space of left invariant bidifferential operators bi-Diff G pGq is canonically isomorphic to the
tensor product Upgq b Upgq.
Proof. Let A be a bidifferential operator and tXi u be a basis of g. For every multi-index a “
pa1 , . . . , an q we write X a “ X a1 ¨ ¨ ¨ X an the corresponding element in Upgq. Thus there exist
functions Aab P C 8 pGq such that
ÿ
Apu b vq “ Aab pX̃ a uqpX̃ b vq (59.99)
ab
for every u, v P C 8 pGq.

Now we are supposing that A is left invariant and we will prove that the functions Aab pxq are
constant. We evaluate the definition (59.98) at g P G:
` ˘
Apu b vqpxgq “ A Lx pu b vq pgq
` ˘
“ A pL˚x uq b pL˚x vq pgq (59.100)
“ Aab pgqX̃ga pL˚x uqX̃gb pL˚x vq.
If we consider that equation at g “ e, we have
Apu b vqpxq “ Aab peqX̃ea pL˚x uqX̃eb pL˚x vq “ Aab peqX̃xa uX̃xb v (59.101)
where we used the invariance property (50.55) on each of the operators X a P Upgq. Now, the
expression (59.99) evaluated at x gives
Apu b vqpxq “ Aab pxqpX̃xa uqpX̃xb vq, (59.102)
so that Aab pxq “ Aab peq when A is left invariant.
Alternative proof. Using the same notations, we have

` ˘ ` ˘` ˘
Apu b vqpxq “ Aab pxq X̃xa b X̃xb pu b vq “ Aab pxq X̃xa u X̃xb v . (59.103)
Using the left invariance of A, on the other hand, we have

` ˘ ` ˘ ` ˘
Apu b vqpxq “ A L˚x u b L˚x v peq “ Aab peq X̃ea L˚x u b X̃eb L˚x v , (59.104)
but
d” ˚ ı d ” ` tX̃ a ˘ı
X̃ea L˚x u “ (59.105)
a
pLx uqpetX̃ q “ u xe “ X̃xa u,
dt t“0 dt t“0
thus the expression (59.104) becomes

` ˘` ˘
Aab peq X̃xa u X̃xa v , (59.106)
and the comparison with (59.103) shows that Aab pxq “ Aab peq, so that the coefficients Aab are
constant.
Remarque 59.54.
If X̃ is the left invariant differential operator associated with X P g, the Leibnitz rules reads
X̃pf gq “ É
pXqpf b gq (59.107)
where is the coproduct defined in 52.6.5.

Let us now consider the space DiffpG ˆ Gq of differential operators on G ˆ G. These operators
an operator in DiffpG ˆ Gq acts on the space of functions C 8 pG ˆ Gq. Such an operator reads
X · Y with X, Y P Upgq. If f P C 8 pG ˆ Gq,
pP f qpx, yq “ pX · Y f qpx, yq (59.108)
where X acts on the first variable and Y acts on the second variable. The space DiffpGˆGq is then
naturally isomorphic to Upgq b Upgq as an operator P P DiffpG ˆ Gq can be written as P “ X b Y .
This acts on tensor product of functions by
P pu b vq “ Xu b Y v. (59.109)
Since they are both isomorphic to UpgqbUpgq, the spaces of left invariant operators Diff GˆG pGˆGq
and bi-Diff G pGq are isomorphic.
Let us make that isomorphism more explicit. First, an element P P DiffpG ˆ Gq provides the
element X b Y P Upgq b Upgq. The latter produces the bidifferential operator A P bi-DiffpGq
defined by Apu b vqpxq “ Xx uXx v. Thus we define
– : DiffpG ˆ Gq Ñ bi-DiffpGq
(59.110)
–pP qpu b vqpxq “ Xx uYx v.
Lemme 59.55.
The map (59.110) is surjective.
Proof. If A P bi-DiffpGq is given by Apu b vqpxq “ Xx uYx v, we have –pPA q “ A with PA P

DiffpG ˆ Gq given on f P C 8 pG ˆ Gq by
pPA f qpx, yq “ pXY f qpx, yq (59.111)
where X acts on the first variable and Y on the second.
Proposition 59.56.
If we restrict to the left invariant operators, the map – : Diff GˆG pG ˆ Gq Ñ bi-Diff G pGq is an
isomorphism.
Proof. First, remark that if A P bi-DiffpGq is invariant, then an operator PA such that –pPA q “ A
is also invariant because of proposition 59.53 which states that
Apu b vqpxq “ Aab pxqpX̃xa b X̃xb qpu b vq (59.112)
is invariant only when Aab are constant functions. Thus the map – is surjective from Diff GˆG pG ˆ
Gq to bi-Diff G pGq.
Now we have to prove that the map – is injective from the subspace of invariant operators.
Let P P DiffpG ˆ Gq be an operator in the kernel of –, so if P reads
pP f qpx, yq “ cpx, yqpX̃ Ỹ f qpx, yq, (59.113)
we have
p–P qpu b vqpxq “ cpx, xqX̃x uỸx v “ 0 (59.114)
for every x P G and every u, v P C 8 pBq. In that case, cpx, xq has to vanish.
What we proved is that the kernel of – is the set of operators with cpx, xq “ 0. In other words,
the kernel is the set of operators P such that
pP f qpx, xq “ 0 (59.115)
for every function f P C 8 pG ˆ Gq.
Let us now suppose that P is left invariant and compute pP gqpx, yq using the left invariance.
We have
pP gqpx, yq “ dLxˆy pP gqpe, eq “ P pL˚xˆy gqpe, eq “ 0 (59.116)
because of (59.115) applied to the function f “ L˚xˆy g.
59.9. PSEUDO DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS 2501
59.9 Pseudo differential operators

59.9.1 Composition
If A and B are pseudo-differential operators with symbols a and b, the symbol of the composition
is given by
ÿ píq|–|
cpx, ›q „ B›– aBx– b. (59.117)
–P n –!
59.9.2 Fourier transform and pseudo-differential operator

Let Â : M Ñ E be a local section and P a differential operator. One can prove that
ª
1
pP Âqpxq “ ei› · x ppx, ›qÂ̂p›q d› (59.118a)
p2fiqn{2
ª
1
Â̂p›q “ eí› · y Âpyq dy (59.118b)
p2fiqn{2
∞
where › · x “ j ›j xj is the usual scalar product. So a pseudo-differential operator has to be
written under the form
º
pAuqpxq “ p2fiq n
eipxýq · › apx, ›qupyq dy d› (59.119)
and a is the symbol of A.

Let us see a simple example: P Â “ B1 Â. In this case, ppx, ›q “ ›1 and equations (59.118) give
º
pP Âqpxq “ p2fiqń ei› · pxýq › 1 Âpyq d› dy,
an integration by part gives

º
ei› · pxýq p´
i
p2fiqń q›1 pBy1 Âqpyq d› dy.
›1
The integration over › produce de Dirac distribution centred at x ´ y, i.e. a factor p2fiqń ”px ´ yq
and the integral over y leads to pB1 qÂpxq.
To define pseudo-differential operator, we begin by only consider the trivial vector bundle over
n and thus functions u : n Ñ k.
Définition 59.57.
A pseudo-differential operator of order m is an operator P which can be written under the form
ª
pP uqpxq “ p2fiq ń{2
ei› · x ppx, ›qûp›q d› (59.120)
where ª
ûp›q “ p2fiq ń{2
eí› · y upyq dy (59.121)
and p P S m , the space defined at page 2477.
The set of all pseudo-differential operators is denoted by P m . If p P S m is the symbol associated

with P P P m , the principal symbol of P is the class ‡ P “ rps P S m {S m´1 . Operators with
associated symbol in S 8 are call smoothing operator and we denote their space by P ´8 .
A pseudo-differential operator Q is a parametrix for the pseudo-differential operator P is the
operators P Q ´ and QP ´ are compact operators.
59.9.3 Example
The operator r1 ´ p2fiq´2 s1{2 is the pseudo-differential operator on N with symbol pp›q “
p1 ` › 2 q1{2 where › 2 stands for |›|2 . Indeed if P is the pseudo-differential operator with this symbol
ª
pP uqpxq “ e2ifi› · x p1 ` › 2 q1{2 ûp›q d›
ª ª
“ e2ifi› · x e´2ifi› · y r1 ´ p2fiq´2 s1{2 upyq dy d› by (58.150)
ª
“ e2ifi› · pxýq
ª
“ ”px ´ yqr1 ´ p2fiq´2 s1{2 upyq dy
“ r1 ´ p2fiq´2 s1{2 upxq.
59.9.4 Trace operators

A pseudo-differential operator P is expressed by its symbol p and the formula
ª
pP uqpxq “ e2ifi› · x ppx, ›qŷp›q d›.
Assume that P can also be written under the form

ª
pP uqpxq “ Kpx, yqupyq dy
and let us equalize these two expressions for all u (for example in H 1{2 p n q. When it makes sense,
ª
Kpx, yq “ e2ifi› · pxýq ppx, ›q d›. (59.122)
The trace of P is defined by

ª º
Tr P “ Kpx, yq dx “ ppx, ›q dx d›. (59.123)
When the latter converges, one says that P is a trace operator.
59.9.5 Asymptotic expansions

We say that the pseudo-differential operator A is classical and we write A P p pM q if the
symbols accepts the asymptotic expansion
8
ÿ
apx, ›q „ ap´j px, ›q
j“0
where each of the ar is r-homogeneous with respect to ›: ar px, t›q “ tr ar px, ›q. Although the
whole definitions are made in local coordinates, one can show that the principal symbol is a
globally defined function over the cotangent bundle T ˚ M . The operator is elliptic if an px, ›q is
invertible for all › ‰ 0.
Notice that an element of p has an asymptotic expansion which begins with order p, so that
the spaces d fulfil p´1 Ä p . Now the algebra of classical pseudo-differential operators
is the quotient
P “ ´8 { 8 . (59.124)
59.10. DIRAC AND LAPLACE TYPE OPERATORS 2503
59.10 Dirac and Laplace type operators

Let pM, BM q be a manifold with boundary and V , a vector bundle over M . A second order
differential operator on V is of Laplace type if its principal symbol is the metric tensor, i.e. if
it has a local expression of the form
2
“ ´pg ij Bij ` Ak Bk ` Bq (59.125)
where a P pT M b EndpV qq and B P pEndpV qq. A first order operator D on pV q is of Dirac

type if its principal symbol defines a Clifford module over V . Such an operator has a local
expression
D “ “ i Bi ´ r (59.126)
with “ P pT M b EndpV qq and r P pEndpV qq. The condition is that
“ i “ j ` “ j “ i “ 2g ij Id |V . (59.127)
Proposition 59.58.
The operator D is of Dirac type if and only if D2 is of Laplace type.
Proof. If D is of Dirac type, up to lower order terms we have

1
D2 “ “ i “ j Bij
2 2
` . . . “ p“ i “ j ` “ j “ i qBij 2
` . . . “ ´g ij Bij ` ...
2
It is however not true that every Laplace type operator is the square of a Dirac operator.
59.11 Wodzicki residue

Let M be a n-dimensional manifold. In that case the term of order pńq in the asymptotic
expansion
8
ÿ
apx, ›q „ an´j px, ›q
j“0
of the principal symbol of the pseudo-differential operator A is specially important. Let U Ä M

be a coordinate open set on which the cotangent bundle is trivial. One can see ań as a smooth
function on T ˚ U ˆ (the set of sections from which we remove the zero section).
We define
–px, ›q “ ań px, ›qd›1 ^ ¨ ¨ ¨ ^ d›n ^ dx1 ^ ¨ ¨ ¨ ^ dxn .
That∞ form is invariant under dilatations › Ñ t› because ań px, t›q “ tń ań px, ›q. Let us consider
R “ j ›j B›j , the dilatation generator.
From formula LR “ ÿR d ` dÿR , we have dÿR – “ LR – “ 0 where L denotes the Lie derivative
(49.90). If we write dx “ dn x “ dx1 ^ ¨ ¨ ¨ ^ dxn , we have
pÿR –qpx, ›q “ ań px, ›q‡n ^ dx

∞
where ‡› “ p´1qj´1 ›j d›1 ^ ¨ ¨ ¨ d›
xj ^ ¨ ¨ ¨ ^ d›n . For each particular x P M , ‡› is a volume form
on the unit sphere |›| “ 1 on Tx M . We can integrate ÿR – on such a sphere:
˚
ª
ań px, ›q‡› .
|›|“1
One can prove that under the coordinate change w Ñ y “ „pxq, › Ñ ÷ “ „1 pxqt ›, we have
ań px, ›q Ñ ãń py, ÷q and
ª ª
ãń py, ÷q‡÷ “ | det „1 pxq| ań px, ›q‡› .
|÷|“1 |›|“1
That shows that the quantity ˜ª ¸

ań px, ›q‡› dx (59.128)
|›|“1
is a 1-density over M that we call ResW pxqA. The Wodzicki residue is the integral of that over
M: ª ª ª
ResW A “ ResW pxqA “ ÿR – “ ań px, ›q‡› dx (59.129)
M S˚M S˚M
where S˚M “ tpx, ›q P T ˚M tel que |›| “ 1u. Notice that the latter integral can diverge.
Proposition 59.59.
The operation ResW is a trace on the algebra of classical pseudo-differential operators. That means
that ResW rA, Bs “ 0 whenever A, B are classical pseudo-differential operators.
Proof. If A P d pM q and B P r pM q, then the product AB belongs to the space d`r pM q and
the commutator P “ rA, Bs, seen as in ´8 , has symbol (see equation (59.117))
ÿ píq|–| ` ˘
ppx, yq „ B›– aBx– b ´ B›– bBx– a .
–!
|–|°0
We can suppose that A and B have compact support because the aim is to integrate them with a
partition of unity.
Unfinished proof
Proposition 59.60.
The operation ResW is the unique trace on the algebra P defined in equation 59.124.
Proof. No proof.
59.12 Interpolation theory

Il faut citer encore Vá rrily et le second bouquin de Connes et le truc de Landi comme sources
Here is a short review of what is given in the book [522]. Let B0 and B1 be two Banach algebras
continuously embedded in a topological vector space. We begin to define
Kp⁄, xq “ inft}x0 }B0 ` ⁄´1 }x1 }B1 tel que x0 ` x1 “ x, x0 P B0 , x1 P B1 u
for all x P B0 ` B1 and ⁄ Ps0, 8r. For a fixed x, we consider the function
f p⁄q “ ⁄– Kp⁄, xq,
and we define the norm of x Pp–,—q by

˜ª ¸1{q
d⁄
}x}–,— “ f p⁄qq (59.130)
`
0
⁄
where q “ 1{—.
Now we consider the special case in with B0 is the ideal of compact operators on the Hilbert
space H and B1 “ L 1 pH q, both seen as subspaces of L 1 pH q.
Proposition 59.61.
If – “ 1{p and — “ 1{q, and q † 0, a compact operator T belongs to L pp,qq pH q if and only if
8
ÿ
N –´1 q ´1 ‡N pT qq † 8
N “1
59.13. TRACE CLASS OPERATORS 2505
where ‡N pT q “ supt}T |E }1 tel que dim E “ N u. When q “ 8, we have T P L pp,8q if and only if
N –´1 ‡N pT q is a bounded sequence.
Proposition 59.62.
Each space L pp,qq with 1 † p † 8 and 1 § q § 8 is a two-sided ideal in L pH q and when p1 † p2 ,
we have
L pp1 ,q1 q Ä L pp1 ,q1 q .
When p1 “ p2 , this inclusion holds if q1 § q2 .
Notice that the fact to say that the sequence N p–´1q ‡N ptq is bounded is the same as to say
that ‡N pT q “ OpN 1´– q. This in turns is noting else than µn pT q “ Opn´– q and the norm that we
put on L pp,8q is
1
}T }p,8 “ sup 1´– ‡N pT q.
N •1 N
59.13 Trace class operators

59.13.1 Trace
We say that a bounded linear operator A on the Hilbert space H is trace class if for a certain
basis tek u, the sum ÿ
xA˚ Aek , ek y1{2 (59.131)
k
∞
converges. In that case the sum k xAek , ek y converges absolutely (because each term in the sum
(59.131) is positive) and is thus independent with respect of the choice of the basis. That number
is called the trace: ÿ
TrpAq “ xAek , ek y. (59.132)
k
In the space L 1 of trace class operators, we have that
}T }1 “ Tr |T | (59.133)
is a norm which is not equal to the operator norm }T } “ µ0 pT q. More generally we have the
following lemma.
Lemme 59.63.
We have
‡n pT q “ supt}T Pn } such that Pn is a projector of rank nu, (59.134)
and each ‡n is a norm on the space KpH q of compact operators over the Hilbert space H .
From formula (57.8), the sequence of µk pT q is decreasing, so that we get the inequalities
‡n pT q § nµ0 pT q “ n}T }.
Lemme 59.64.
We have the formula
‡n pT q “ inft}R}1 ` n}S} such that R P K, S P K, R ` S “ T u (59.135)
for every T P KpH q.
Proof. It T “ R ` S, we have ‡n pT q § ‡n pRq ` ‡n pSq § }R}1 ` n}S}. Now we have to prove

that ‡n pT q actually reaches the infimum. We can suppose that T is positive; if not, we can change
every signs in (59.135), and nothing is changed. So lemma 57.25 is applicable. Let Pn be the
rank n projector over the space spanned by the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalues
µn´1 of T . Then we consider R “ pT ´ µn qPn and S “ µn Pn ` T p1 ´ Pn q. Then we have

µ0 , ¨ ¨ ¨ , ∞
}R}1 “ k†n pµk ´ µn q “ ‡n pT q ´ nµn and }S} “ µn . We conclude that
‡n pT q “ }R}1 ` nµn “ }R}1 ` n}S},
which concludes the proof.
That formula only holds for n P , but we can define
‡⁄ “ inft}R}1 ` ⁄}S} such that Ru (59.136)
for every ⁄ P `.
Proposition 59.65.
If 0 § ⁄ § 1, we have
‡⁄ “ ⁄}T },
and more generally if ⁄ “ n ` t with n P , 0 § t § 1 we have
‡⁄ pT q “ p1 ´ T q‡n pT q ` t‡n`1 pT q. (59.137)
Moreover we have that the function ⁄ fiÑ ‡⁄ pT q is an increasing piecewise linear concave function.
Proof. No proof.
The inequality (59.137) makes that ‡⁄ is a norm that satisfies in particular the triangular
inequality.
Proposition 59.66.
The inequality (59.137) can be reinforced into
‡⁄ pAq ` ‡µ pBq § ‡⁄`µ pA ` Bq (59.138)
when A and B are positive operators. Combining with the triangular inequality, we find
‡⁄ pA ` Bq § ‡⁄ pAq ` ‡⁄ pBq §‡ 2⁄pA ` Bq (59.139)
under the same assumptions.
59.14 Dixmier traces

We follow the approach given in [438, 510].
59.14.1 Banach limit

Let l8 be the Banach space of complex-valued bounded sequences. A Banach limit is a linear
functional „ : l8 Ñ such that for every real sequences x and y, we have
— „p⁄x ` µyq “ ⁄„pxq ` µ⁄pyq
— if x • 0, then „pxq • 0,
— if S is the shift operator pSxqi “ xi`1 , then „pxq “ „pSxq,
— if x converges, then „pxq “ lim x.
Such a functional is not unique: if „ and Ï are two such Banach limits, one can find a sequence x
such that „pxq ‰ Ïpxq. Such an example has to be non-convergent.
59.14. DIXMIER TRACES 2507
59.14.2 Infinitesimal operator

Proposition 57.20 leads us to think to compact operators as infinitesimals because it is almost
zero on th major part of the space. Here is the precise definition.
Définition 59.67.
Let – P ` . An infinitesimal of order – is a compact operator T such that there exists a C § 8
for which
µn pT q § Cn´– .
for all n • 1.
When T1 and T2 are two compact operators, one can prove that
µn`m pT1 T2 q § µn pT1 qµm pT2 qn,
hence if Tj is of order –j , T1 T2 is of order § –1 ` –2 . Moreover the infinitesimals of order – form

a two-sided ideal (non closed) in BpH q because for all T P KpH q and B P BpH q, we have
µn pT Bq § }B}µn pT q
(59.140)
µn pBT q § }B}µn pT q.
For a proof, see bibliography of [438].

Remark that for an infinitesimal of order 1, the characteristic values are bounded by µn pT q §
1{n, so that there are no reason for such a T be belongs to L 1 , but the divergence of TrpT q is at
most logarithmic:
´1
Nÿ
µn pT q § C ln N.
n“1
59.14.3 Dixmier trace

We want to build a trace which is non zero on infinitesimals of order 1, but which vanishes on
infinitesimals of lager order. The usual trace is defined, for T P L 1 , by
ÿ
Tr T :“ xT ›n |›n y
n
and is independent of the chosen orthonormal basis t›n u of H . When T is positive and compact,
we define the trace by
8
ÿ
Tr T “ µn pT q.
n“1
The problem is that infinitesimals of order 1 are not in general in L 1 because on these operators,
we do not have a better control that µn pT q § Cn . Hence the sum can diverge. Worse: the space L 1
contains infinitesimals of order lager than 1. However we know that in the case of infinitesimals
positive operators of order 1 is at most logarithmic:
´1
Nÿ
µn pT q § C ln N.
n“0
We are going to find a way to extract the coefficient of the logarithmic divergence. We denote by
L p1,8q the ideal of compact operators which are infinitesimals of order 1. If T P L p1,8q , we want
to define the trace by
N ´1
1 ÿ
lim µn pT q.
N Ñ8 ln N
n“0
This definition has two main problems: it is not specially linear in T and does not converge in
general. Let the sums
´1
Nÿ
‡N pT q
‡N pT q “ µn pT q and “N pT q “ .
n“1
ln N
One can prove that
‡N pT1 ` T2 q § ‡N pT1 q ` ‡N pT2 q (59.141a)

‡2N pT1 ` T2 q • ‡N pT1 q ` ‡N pT2 q; (59.141b)
the second relation only holds with T1 , T2 • 0. Therefore, when T1 , T2 ° 0, we have
“N pT1 ` T2 q § “N pT1 q ` “N pT2 q

‡2N pT1 ` T2 q
§
ln N
“2N pT1 ` T2 q (59.142)
“ ln 2N
ln N
` ln 2 ˘
§ “2N pT1 ` T2 q 1 `
ln N
because for suitably large N ,
ln 2 ln N ` ln 2 ln 2N
1` “ § “ ln N.
ln N ln N ln N
If the sequence “N converges, then it is linear because when N Ñ 8, we have 1 ` ln 2{ ln N Ñ 1;
hence equalities
` ln 2 ˘
“N pT1 ` T2 q § “N pT2 q ` “N pT2 q § “2N pT2 ` T2 q 1 ` .
ln N
fix the limit of “N pT1 q ` “N pT2 q on the one of “2N pT1 ` T2 q. This however does not resolve the
problem of convergence of “n , even when it is bounded.
The trick is to not take the usual limit, but to define a linear form limÊ on the space l8 p q of
bounded sequences and to impose to limÊ to fulfil certain conditions.
From remark on page 2419, we know that the values µn pT q are unitary invariant, hence the
sequence p“N q is also unitary invariant. This leads us to search for an unitary invariant form limÊ .
The following proposition allows us to only define limÊ in the positive part of L p1,8q .
Proposition 59.68.
The space L p1,8q is generated by its positive part.
Proof. No proof.
Here are the conditions we impose to limÊ : l8 p q Ñ :

(1) it is a linear form,
(2) limÊ p“N q • 0 is “N • 0,
(3) limÊ p“N q “ lim “N if the usual limit exists,
(4) limÊ p“1 , “1 , “2 , “2 , “3 , “3 q “ limÊ p“N q,
(5) limÊ p“2N q “ limÊ p“N q.
The condition (5) is the scale invariance; this property is equivalent to the property (5). Dixmier
has found a lot of such form. For each of them, one has a trace
N ´1
1 ÿ
TrÊ pT q “ lim µn pT q (59.143)
Ê ln N n“0
59.14. DIXMIER TRACES 2509
for positive T P L p1,8q . When T1 and T2 are positive, we have linearity:
TrÊ pT1 ` T2 q “ TrÊ pT1 q ` TrÊ pT2 q.
Since L p1,8q is generated by its positive part, the form TrÊ —which is initially only defined for
positive operators T — extends to the whole L p1,8q with properties
(1) TrÊ pT q • 0 if T § 0,
(2) TrÊ p⁄1 T2 ` ⁄2 T2 q “ ⁄1 TrÊ pT1 q ` ⁄2 TrÊ pT2 q,
(3) TrÊ pBT q “ TrÊ pT Bq for all B P BpH q,
(4) TrÊ pT q “ 0 if T is an infinitesimal of order larger than 1.
For a proof, see [438]. For (4), remark that the space of infinitesimals of order larger than 1 form
a two-sided ideal whose elements fulfil nµn pT q Ñ 0. Then the sequence p“B q converges to zero too
and the Dixmier trace vanishes.
59.14.4 Dixmier: second

The set of infinitesimals of order 1 is the normed ideal
L 1` “ tT P K tel que }T }1` † 8u (59.144)
where the norm }T }1` is defined by

‡⁄ pT q
}T }1` “ sup . (59.145)
⁄•a ln ⁄
That idea include the trace class operators. We define
L p “ tT P K tel que Tr |T |p † 8u. (59.146)
Proposition 59.69.
On the space L p , we have
‡⁄ “ Op⁄1´1{p q
and L 1` Ä L p when p ° 1.
Notice that, when T P L 1` , the function ⁄ fiÑ ‡`⁄ pT q{ ln ˘ ⁄ is bounded and continuous on the
interval re, 8r. It belongs thus to the C ˚ -algebra Cb re, 8r . So we can use the Cesàro means:
ª⁄
1 ‡u pT q du
·⁄ pT q “ , (59.147)
ln ⁄ e ln u u
` ˘
and the function ⁄ fiÑ ·⁄ pT q still belongs to CB re, 8r with }T }1` as upper bound.
Proposition 59.70.
The double inequality
` ˘ ln ln ⁄
0 § ·⁄ pAq ` ·⁄ pBq ´ ·⁄ pA ` Bq § }A}1` ` }B}1` ln 2 .
ln ⁄
holds for A, B P L 1` .
Proof. No proof.
That proves that · ⁄ becomes additive when ⁄ goes to infinity. We can work on that in order
to make it additive. First we consider
` ˘ ` ˘
B “ Cb re, 8r {C0 re, 8r ,
and we consider r· pAqs, the class of · pAq (i.e. the function ⁄ fiÑ ·⁄ pAq) with respect to that
quotient.
Proposition 59.71.
The map r· s is additive, positive and homogeneous from the positive cone in L 1` to B. Moreover
r· pU AU ´1 qs “ r· pAqs
for every unitary U .
That makes that r· s extends to a linear map r· s : L 1` Ñ B such that r· spST q “ r· spT Sq for
all T P L 1` and S.
Now if Ê : B Ñ is any state, we define the Dixmier trace as
` ˘
TrÊ pT q “ Ê r· spT q . (59.148)
That definition has a problem: the C ˚ -algebra B being non separable, one cannot exhibit a state,
so that the formula is in practice unusable.
59.14.5 Noncommutative integral

` ˘
Let us consider f P Cb re, 8 ; the
` limit˘ lim⁄Ñ8 f p⁄q exists if and only if Êpf q does not depend
on Ê because of the quotient by C0 re, 8r which makes that Ê can only depend on the behaviour
near infinity. We say that the operator T P L 1` is measurable if the function ≥ ⁄ fiÑ ·⁄ pT q
converges when ⁄ Ñ 8. In that case, TrÊ pT q equals that limit, and we denote by ´ T the common
value of the Dixmier traces: ª́
T “ lim ·⁄ pT q (59.149)
⁄Ñ8
if the limit exists. That is the noncommutative integral of T .

It T is a compact operator and if ‡n pT q{ ln n converges when n Ñ 8, then the limit lim⁄Ñ8 ·⁄ pT q
exists and T is a measurable operator in L 1` . Indeed in that case the quantity ‡u pT q{ ln u becomes
constant when u is large, so that we are left in the definition (59.147) with
ª⁄
C du ln ⁄ ´ 1
lim “ C lim .
⁄Ñ8 ln ⁄ e u ⁄Ñ8 ln ⁄
which exists.
59.14.6 Residues
Let M be a compact Riemannian spin manifold of dimension n. Let T be a pseudo-differential
operator of order ń acting on the sections of a complex vector bundle E Ñ M . Its residue is
defined by ª
1
ResW T “ TrE ‡ń pT q dµ (59.150)
np2fiqn S ˚ M
where ‡ń : T ˚ M Ñ End E is the principal symbol of T (is as a homogeneous function of degree
ń) and the integral is taken on the cosphere
S ˚ M “ tpx, ›q P T ˚ M tel que }›} “ 1u
with the measure dµ “ dx d›.

59 Analysis - Mazhe

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59 Analysis - Mazhe

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Chapter 59

59.1 Fréchet spaces and algebras

Somme results without proof:

In particular, a Fréchet space is metrisable.

The following result is easy to prove:

We put on A8 the seminorms

These seminorms are sub-multiplicative.

Proof. The element Bµ a P A8 is defined by the action: for each X P V we set

59.2 Gårding spaces

p·v f qpwq “ f pv ` wq. (59.3)

v1 ´ v2 P UkÁ ñ }f pv1 q ´ f pv2 q}k † Á. (59.5)

R “ tg P C5 pV, Aq tel que }g ´ g0 }k † Áu. (59.6)

The condition for v to belongs to „´1

sup }g0 pwq ´ f pv ` wq}k † Á. (59.7)

sup }f pwq ´ f pv ` wq}k † Á (59.8)

}f pv1 q ´ f pv2 q}k “ }f pv2 q ´ f pv2 ` pv1 ´ v2 qq}k

because v1 ´ v2 fulfils (59.8).

and let us search for an Á1 such that v2 P A:

59.2.1.2 Smooth vector of an action

A8 “ ta P A0 tel que x Ñ –x paq is smoothu (59.12)

where “smooth” means infinitely continuously derivable.

We define „f : Ñ C5 p , q by „f pxq “ ·x f . The derivative is defined as on any vector space by

59.2.2 Action on Hilbert space

When T is a representation of the Lie group G on the Hilbert space H, a vector v P E is a

ÏpXqv “ pdgv q0 pXq.

Then each ÏX leaves C 8 pT q unchanged and Ï is a representation of G on C 8 pT q. This

ÏrX, Y s “ ÏpXq ˝ ÏpY q ´ ÏpY q ˝ ÏpXq.

A proof of this equation is given in [446].

Once again, a proposition without proof:

T pgqÏpXqT pg ´1 q “ ÏpAdpgqXq. (59.20)

T pgqÏpX b Y qT pg ´1 q “ ÏpAdpgqXqÏpAdpgqY q “ ÏpAdpgqX b AdpgqY q “ ÏpAdpgqpX b Y qq.

pdfv qe X “ ÏpXqv (59.23)

Let us apply T pgq to both side of equation (59.22):

Equation (59.23) only gives partial derivatives of fv at e. Let us compute, for Xg P Tg G,

We parametrize Xg ptq “ getX , where X P G is chosen in such a way that Xg “ X̃g :

pdfv qg X̃g “ T pgqÏpXqv “ ÏpAdpgqXqT pgqv.

where µis a left invariant Haar measure on G, v P E and f P C 8 pG, q.

ÏpXqrT pf qvs “ ´T pXf qv (59.27)

where X is the right invariant vector field on G generated by X P G.

Proof. For each t ‰ 0, we have

ÏpXqT pf qv “ p´Xqg f T pgqv

which is the claim.

S “ tg P G tel que |T pgqv ´ v| § Áu

which is open by strong

59.3 Operator symbol

59.3.1 A case without problem

P puq can be written as

where the last integral exists in the usual sense.

59.3.3 Basic definitions

|Dx– D›— apx, ›q| § c–,—,L p1 ` |›|qm´|—| , (59.34)

pD›— bqpx, ›q “ ⁄|—| pD›— aqpx, ⁄›q.

pDx– D›— aqpx, ⁄›q “ ⁄m´|—| pDx– D›— aqpx, ›q,

when x P L, |›| • rL and ⁄ • 1.

We now give an useful result without proof.

p1 ` |›|q´m`|—| Dx– D›— apx, ›q

is bounded for large |›|.

For notational convenience, we define

a⁄ px, ›q “ apx, ⁄›q. (59.37)

pD› a⁄ qpx0 , ›0 q “ D› pa ˝ M⁄ qpx0 , ›0 q

Proof. Let a be a symbol of order m. By definition of a⁄ ,

Dx– D›— a⁄ px, ›q “ ⁄|—| pDx– D›— aqpx, ⁄›q,

if we multiply it by p1{⁄qm´|—| , we find