Built in Functions 3rd Ed

Built-in MATLAB
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Functions
Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour
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Chapter 3
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Test Scores Distribution of Test Scores

100 120
100
80
Average = 50
Average = 50 80
# of students
60
Score
60
40
40
100
20
20
0 0
200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100
Student Number Score
300
100 120
400 100
80
80 Average = 50
# of students
Average = 50
500 60
Score
100 200 300 400 500
60
40
40
20
20
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100
MATLAB for Engineers 3E, by Holly Moore. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s),
write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Rate of Change Objectives
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After studying this chapter you should be able
to:
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• Use a variety of common mathematical functions

• Understand and use trigonometric functions in
MATLAB
100
• Compute and use statistical and data analysis
200
functions
300
• Generate uniform and Gaussian random-number
400
500
matrices
100 200 300 400 500
• Understand the computational limits of MATLAB

• Recognize and be able to use the special values and
functions built into MATLAB
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3.1 Using Built-in Functions
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MATLAB uses function names consistent
time, hour
with most major programming languages
For example
100 • sqrt
200
300
400
• sin
500
100 200 300 400 500
• cos
• log
Function Input can be either
scalars or matrices
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100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Function Input can be either
scalars or matrices
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100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Using Predefined
Functions
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• Functions consist of
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• Name
• Input argument(s)
100
• Output In MATLAB
200
sqrt (x)= result

300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
sqrt(4)
ans = 2
Some functions require
multiple inputs
Rate of Change
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• Remainder function returns the

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remainder in a division problem

• For example the remainder of
100
200
10/3, is 1
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Some functions return
multiple results
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• size function determines the

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number of rows and columns
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
You can assign names to
the output
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The variable names are

arbitrary – choose something
100
that makes sense in the
200 context of your problem
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change
3.2 Using the Help Feature
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• There are functions for almost

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anything you want to do

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• Use the help feature to find out

what they are and how to use
100
200
them
300
400
• From the command window
500
100 200 300 400 500
• From the help selection on the
menu bar
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From the Command Window

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100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
From the Help Menu
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100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
The windowed help function
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can also be accessed using
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the doc command

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200
300
400
500
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3.3 Elementary Math
Functions
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3.3.1 Common Computations
As• inabs(x)
most computer languages,
absolutelog(x)
value is
the syntax for the natural log – there is no
ln•function
sign(x) plus or minus
defined in MATLAB
• exp(x) ex
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
• log(x) natural log
• log10(x) log base 10
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Rate of Change 3.3.2 Rounding Functions
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•
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3 3.5 4 4.5 5
round(x)
• fix(x)
• floor(x)
•
100
200 ceil(x)
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change
3.3.3 Discrete Mathematics
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•
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factor(x)
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• gcd(x,y) greatest common denominator

• lcm(x) lowest common multiple
• rats(x) represent x as a fraction
100
200
• factorial(x)
300
400
500
• nchoosek(n,k)
•
100 200 300 400 500
primes(x)
• isprime(x)
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Rate of Change
3.4 Trigonometric Functions
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•
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3 3.5 4 4.5 5
sin(x) sine
• cos(x) cosine
• tan(x) tangent
• asin(x) inverse sine
100
• sinh(x) hyperbolic sine
•
200
300
asinh(x) inverse hyperbolic sine
•
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
sind(x) sine with degree input
• asind(x) inverse sin with degree
output
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Rate of Change
3.5 Data Analysis Functions
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• • std(x)
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3 3.5 4 4.5 5
max(x)
• min(x) • var(x)
• mean(x)
100 • median(x)
•
200
300
sum(x)
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
• prod(x)
• sort(x)
• sortrows(x)
Rate of Change
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3.5.1 Max and Min
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When the max function is used with a

vector (either a row or a column), it
100 returns the maximum value in the
200
vector
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
When x is a matrix,
the max is found for
each column
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max value
index number where

the max value
occurs
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500 The max function can also be used to
determine where the maximum occurs
Rate of Change
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100
200
Vector of maximums
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Vector of row numbers

Rate of Change
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100
200
300
3.5.4 Sorting Values
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
It’s easy to sort data in MATLAB, using the

sort function
The default is to sort in ascending order

Rate of Change
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100
200
300
400
To sort in descending order, just add the word
500
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‘descend’ in the second input field
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
MATLAB is column dominant, so

when sort is used with a 2-D matrix,
each column is sorted in ascending
order MATLAB for Engineers 3E, by Holly Moore. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
The sortrows function allows
100 200 300 400 500
you to sort entire rows, based

on the value in a specified
column.
The default sorting column is
#1
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
In this example the matrix is sorted

in ascending order, based on the
second column
Rate of Change
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time, hour
Notice that this is a different

strategy than that used by the
sort function!
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
To sort based on
descending order, place a
negative sign in front of the
column number
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Rate of Change
3.5.5 Determining Matrix Size
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• size(x)
-1
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0
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time, hour
3 3.5 4 4.5 5
number of rows and
columns
• length(x) biggest dimension
100
200
• numel(x)
300
400
500
total number of
elements
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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0
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
3.5.6 Variance and Standard
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Rate of Change
Deviation
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
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• std(x)
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time, hour
• var(x) 2
 (x − )
100
2
200
300
k
 = 2 k =1
400
N −1
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change Standard Deviation
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change 3.6 Random Numbers
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• rand(x)
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time, hour
• Returns an x by x matrix of random

numbers between 0 and 1
100
• rand(n,m)
200
300
400
• Returns an n by m matrix of random
500
100 200 300 400 500 numbers
• These random numbers are
evenly distributed
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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0
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time, hour
If you create a very large matrix of

random numbers using the rand
100
function, the average value will be
200 0.5
300
400
500
Notice that we created a 1 by 107
100 200 300 400 500
matrix, which required 2 inputs

(rand(1,10e6)). If we had entered a
single value (rand(10e6)) the result
would have been a 1x107 by 1x107
matrix.
Gaussian Random
numbers
Rate of Change
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• randn(n)
-1
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time, hour
• Also called a normal distribution

• Generates numbers with a mean
100
200
of 0 and a standard deviation of 1
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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First generate an
-1
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0
array of 10 million
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time, hour
gaussian random
numbers
Use MATLAB to
take the mean, and
100
notice that it is very
200 close to 0
300
400
500
Use MATLAB to
100 200 300 400 500
find the standard

deviation, and
notice that it is
very close to 1
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
The hist function creates a
histogram of the input data
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change
To generate random
numbers between other

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bounds…
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time, hour
100
200
300
x = (b − a)  r + a
a and b are the upper and lower
400
500
bounds
100 200 300 400 500
r is the array of random numbers
Test Scores Distribution of Test Scores
100 120
Rate of Change
-5
100
80
-4.5
-4 Average = 50
-3.5
Average = 50 80
# of students
-3
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60
Score
-2
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60
-1
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40
0
40
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time, hour
20
20
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100
100 120
100
80
100
80 Average = 50
# of students
Average = 50
200 60
Score
300
60
40
400 40
500 20
100 200 300 400 500 20
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100
Although the average is the same for each of these data sets,
they have a different standard deviation
More about Manipulating
Matrices
Rate of Change
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• M(:)
-1
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time, hour
• Converts a two dimensional matrix

to a single column
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
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-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
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-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
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Rate of Change 3.7 Complex Numbers
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• complex(x,y)
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0
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time, hour
• real(A) used if A is a
complex number
• imag(A)
100
200
300
• isreal(A)
400
500
• conj(A) imaginary
100 200 300 400 500
• abs(A) real
• angle(A)
-5
Rate of Change 3.8 Computational Limits
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• MATLAB’s computational range

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0
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time, hour
on most computers is:

• 10-308
100
• 10308
200
300
400
• When you divide by 0, the
500
100 200 300 400 500
computer returns Inf
Check the limits on your
-5
Rate of Change
computer with these commands

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•
-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
time, hour
3 3.5 4 4.5 5
realmax
• realmin
• intmax
•
100
200 intmin
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
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-3
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-2
-1.5
-1
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0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
When using very large or very small
-5
Rate of Change
numbers the result may depend on
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
the order of operation
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
3.9 Special Values and
Miscellaneous Functions
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
•
-1.5
pi
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
• i,j
Hint: The function i is the
• Inf
most common of these
• NaN
100
200
• clock
functions to be
300
400
• date
unintentionally renamed
500
100 200 300 400 500
• eps by MATLAB users.

• ans
-5
Rate of Change Summary
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• MATLAB contains a wide array of

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
predefined functions
• Elementary Math Functions
100
• Trigonometric Functions
200
300
• Data Analysis Functions
400
500
• Random Numbers
•
100 200 300 400 500
Complex Numbers
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• The colon operator allows you to

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
manipulate matrices
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Computational Limits
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
• Special Values and Functions
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500

Built in Functions 3rd Ed

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Built in Functions 3rd Ed

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Built-in MATLAB

Test Scores Distribution of Test Scores

• Use a variety of common mathematical functions

• Understand the computational limits of MATLAB

with most major programming languages

sqrt (x)= result

• Remainder function returns the

remainder in a division problem

• size function determines the

number of rows and columns

The variable names are

• There are functions for almost

anything you want to do

• Use the help feature to find out

From the Command Window

the doc command

• gcd(x,y) greatest common denominator

When the max function is used with a

index number where

Vector of row numbers

It’s easy to sort data in MATLAB, using the

The default is to sort in ascending order

MATLAB is column dominant, so

you to sort entire rows, based

In this example the matrix is sorted

Notice that this is a different

• Returns an x by x matrix of random

If you create a very large matrix of

matrix, which required 2 inputs

• Also called a normal distribution

find the standard

numbers between other

r is the array of random numbers

• Converts a two dimensional matrix

• MATLAB’s computational range

on most computers is:

computer returns Inf

computer with these commands

• eps by MATLAB users.

• MATLAB contains a wide array of

• The colon operator allows you to

• Special Values and Functions

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