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PHYSICS PRACTICAL FILE

BL CENTRAL PUBLIC SCHOOL SHAMTI

SOLAN

{2023-2024}

Submitted To: Mrs. Parvesh Bhal

Submitted By: Anmol Ramoul
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Anmol Ramoul of class XII Science as successfully completed the investigatory
project on the topic “MUTUAL INDUCTION” under my guidance during the year 2023-2024 in the
partial fulfillment of the physics practical examination conducted by CBSE. It is further certified that
this project is the individual work of the candidate.

Teacher’s Signature :
Mrs. Parvesh Bhal

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my Physics teacher Mrs. Parvesh Bhal , for her able
guidance and support in completing my project. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the
principal for providing me with all the facility that was required. Last but not the least, I would extend
my gratitude towards all teaching and all the non-teaching staff of B.L. Central Public Sen. Sec. School
Shamti , Solan and towards my friends who has supported me to complete this project.

Anmol Ramoul

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CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE NO.

Title page -
Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii
Contents iii
Introduction 1-2
Mutual Induction 3-4
The Transformer 5
Transformer Operation With Open Secondary 6-7
Observation And Working 8

Bibliography 9

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 INTRODUCTION
 Mutual induction is defined as the property of the coils that enables it to oppose the
changes in the current in another coil. With a change in the current of one coil, the flow
changes too thus inducing EMF in the other coil. This phenomenon is known as mutual
induction. The circuit part that represents inductance is known as an inductor and the term
inductance was found by Oliver Heaviside in the year 1886.
 Self-induction in coil or conductor is actually an induced back emf, which is generated when
the magnetic field caused by the current flow cuts the coil or conductor. If the flux lines from
the expanding and contracting magnetic field of one coil were to cut the windings of another
nearby coil, a voltage would also be induced in that coil.
 The amount of emf induced in this way depends on the relative positions of the two coils. Also,
the more turns of the second coil that are induced. This inducing of an emf in a coil or
conductor by magnetic flux lines generated in another coil or conductor is called the primary, or
primary winding, and the one in which the emf is induced is called the secondary. Similarly, the
current that flows through the primary is the primary current, and if the secondary is connected
to a load so that current flows, this current is called secondary current.
 Diagrammatic Representation:-

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 When current flows in the secondary, it sets u its own magnetic field, which induces a voltage
back into the primary winding. Thus, when mutual induction occurs between two coils, there
are four voltages present. These are are applied voltage in the primary, the self-induced emf in
the primary, the induced emf in the secondary, and the emf induced back into the primary by
the secondary current.
 Therefore, the actual or effective overall, inductance of two coils that are mutually coupled is
complex because of the complex interactions between the magnetic fields. This effective
inductance of two coils that are mutually coupled is called mutual inductance.

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 MUTUAL INDUCTION

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE can be considered as the amount or degree of mutual induction that exists
between two coils or winding. The mutual inductance of any two coils depends on the flux linkage
between the coils, which is turn depends on their positions relative to each other. The degree of flux
linkage is expressed by a factor called the coefficient of coupling.

When all of the flux lines from each coil cut, or link, the other coil,the coefficient of coupling is 1,
which is maximum value. If only some of the flux lines from each coil cut the other, the coefficient of
coupling has some value less than 1.

We can see then that when no mutual inductance exists between two coils,the coefficient of coupling is
close to 1, the two coils are said to have tight coupling and when the value is much less than 1, the coils
have loose coupling.

The term critical coupling is used to describe line between loose the tight coupling.

When the coefficient of coupling between two coils is known, the total inductance of the coils is found
by multiplying the values of inductance of the coils, taking the square root of the result, and
multiplying it by the coefficient of coupling.

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As an equation, this is given by:
M = k-L1*L2
Where M is the total inductance of the mutually coupled coils, in henrys ; k is the coefficient of
coupling; and L1 and L2 are the individual inductances of the coils, in henrys.

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 THE TRANSFORMER

When mutual induction exists between two coils or windings, a change in current through
one induces a voltage in the other. Devices which make use of this principle are called
transformer.
Every transformer has a primary winding and one or more secondary windings. The
primary winding receive electrical energy from a power source and couples this energy to
the secondary winding by means of a changing magnetic field. The energy appears as an
emf across the secondary winding, and if a load is connected to the secondary, the energy
is transferred to the load.
By means of transformers, electrical energy can be transferred from one circuit to another,
with no physical connection between the two. The transformer thus acts as acoupling
device. Transformers are also indispensable in a-c power distribution, since they can
convert electrical power at a given current and voltage into the equivalent power at some
other current and voltage.

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 TRANSFORMER OPERATION WITH OPEN
SECONDARY

 We will remember that when mutual induction exists between two coils, not only does
the current in the primary coil induce a voltage in the secondary coil, but the resulting
current in the secondary coil, in turn, induces a voltage back into the primary coil. This
occurs in a transformer, and it is in large part responsible for how a transformer works.
 However, for ease of understanding, transformer having an open secondary. No current
flows in the secondary in this case, and so no voltage is induced back into the primary.
After the description of how a transformer with an open secondary works,a complete
transformer, with current flowing in both the the secondary are described.
 In a transformer having an open secondary, the primary operates essentially the same as
an inductor. This means that the primary current lags the applied voltage by 90 degrees
and at the same time lead the back emf are thus of opposite polarity.
 Most transformers are designed to have large back emf’s in the primary when the
secondary is open, so the primary current is therefore very low.
 As the magnetic field around the primary winding, caused by the changing current
current through the primary, alternately expands and collapses, it cuts the turns of the
secondary winding, there by inducing a voltage in the secondary.
 The voltage induced in the secondary is maximum when the rate of change of the
primary current is greatest (0, 180 and 360 degrees) ,when the primary current is not
changing(90 and 270 degrees) .
 When this relationship is plotted, thatthe secondary voltage lags the primary current by
90 degrees.Since the primary applied voltage leads the primary current,the secondary
voltage is therefore 180 degrees out of phase with the primary voltage.
 It is also in phase with the back emf in the primary.
 Usually, the letter T designates a transformer, with < as the primary, and S as the
secondary, or secondaries.

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 Sometimes, dots are used to indicate the in-phase terminal of thetwo windings. The
schematic symbols alone do not show phaserelationships because external wires can be
crossed to make the outputin phase with the input.

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 OBSERVATIONS AND WORKING

In this given model of Mutual Induction we observe that step down transformer
provides 6v ac to Ist coil connected directly to it. It provides the source voltage to this
coil. The second coil, identical to the first coil, is not physically orelectrically connected
to coil-1 (primary). The primary flux is providing a source induce voltage to coil-2
(Secondary) due to Mutual Induction and LED connected to it will lit up. The distance
between coil- 1 and 2 changes the intensity of LED.

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 REFERENCES
 Mutual Induction – A Brief Study – Toppr Bytes
 Mutual Induction Experiment | PDF | Inductance | Electromagnetic Induction (scribd.com)
 www.googleimages.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.techwalla.com