Child Development From Infancy To Adolescence An Active Learning Approach 1st Edition Levine Test Bank

Child Development From Infancy to
Adolescence An Active Learning

Approach 1st Edition Levine Test Bank
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Levine, Child Development from Infancy to Adolescence Instructor Resource
Chapter 7: Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Your body’s physiological reaction to a situation, your interpretation of it, communication with
another person, and your own actions are all part of what we call
a. temperament.
b. arousal.
*c. emotion.
d. empathy.
Answer location: What Is Emotion?

Learning objective: What are emotion and temperament?
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Question type: MC
2. Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that
a. basic emotions emerge at about the same time in infants around the world, but Western
infants are much more fearful and angry than other infants.
b. surprisingly we find large difference in the early emotions that infants express as we
compare one country to another.
*c. basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and
show emotions can differ from one culture to another.
d. different parts of the brain are responsible for controlling emotions in different infants.

Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Question type: MC
3. The ways we learn to think about emotions are our
*a. emotion schemas.
b. temperamental templates.
c. primordial emotions.
d. basic emotions.

Question type: MC
4. A boy in the United States who is hurt on the playing field may come off the field feeling very
angry because
a. the area of the brain that controls the emotion of anger and the one that controls the
emotion of sadness are right next to each other.
*b. in this culture it is more acceptable for a boy to express the emotion of anger than the
emotion of sadness.
c. a young child has not yet learned how to distinguish between the emotions of anger and
sadness.
d. either emotion would be equally acceptable under these circumstances.

Question type: MC
5. Today 3-year-old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engines begin to roar,
the plane vibrates as it picks up speed, and as it finally lifts off the ground, she looks at her mother's
expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out of the window, so Chandra thinks that flying must
fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of
*a. social referencing.
b. sympathy.
c. empathic feelings.
d. emotional intelligence.
Answer location: Social Referencing

Question type: MC
6. A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to
a. be patient because children easily outgrow the characteristics of a difficult child as they
get older.
b. frequently expose the child to novelty because this is the best way to help the child
become more flexible about what happens to him.
*c. try to keep the child's environment regular and predictable and give the child plenty of
time to adapt to changes.
d. let the child spend time with other children who have more easygoing temperaments.
Answer location: Temperament

Question type: MC
7. The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends
upon
a. the age of the child, because people are much more accepting of a difficult temperament
in a young child.
b. how flexible the child is when he or she is confronted with new experiences.
*c. the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the
environment.
d. the gender of the child, because people are more willing to accept a difficult
temperament in a boy than in a girl.

Question type: MC
8. As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could

say that
*a. there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes
can occur.
b. temperament is a very unstable characteristic, especially during childhood.
c. there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older.
d. if there is going to be a change in temperament, it is most likely going to occur during

adolescence.

Question type: MC
9. You can help an infant learn to regulate his own emotions by
*a. being sensitive to the infant’s signals so he doesn’t need to get frantic to get a response
from you.
b. ignoring the infant when he shows any signs of distress or frustration.
c. overstimulating the infant so that he needs to calm himself down after you play with him.
d. letting the infant spend a good deal of time by himself so he becomes familiar with his
own feelings.
Answer location: Emotional Self-Regulation in Infants and Toddlers

Question type: MC
10. Having predictable routines for an infant is one way to
a. encourage a child to show empathy.
*b. help a young child develop self-control.
c. help a child develop perspective taking skills.
d. teach a child to internalize her feelings.

Question type: MC
11. Psychoanalyst Margaret Mahler has proposed that an infant's first understanding of the self is
based upon
a. feelings of being loved and cared for.

b. the ability to use pronouns correctly.
*c. a growing ability to make things happen.
d. the ability to take the perspective of another person.
Answer location: The Self in Infants and Toddlers

Learning objective: How do infants and toddlers develop a sense of self?
Question type: MC
12. A child’s ability to correctly use the pronouns “I” and “you” has been linked to an greater ability
to
a. take the initiative to try new things on their own.
*b. see a situation from another person’s perspective.
c. develop a trusting relationship with the child’s primary caregiver.
d. develop an autobiographical memory.
Answer location: Use of Pronouns

Question type: MC
13. A toddler's sense of possessiveness and declarations that something is “Mine!!” is an indication
that the child
*a. is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them.
b. is becoming too self-centered and egotistical.
c. is not successfully negotiating the stage of initiative versus guilt.
d. has developed a sense of an individuated self.
Answer location: Possessiveness

Question type: MC
14. Harry Harlow’s research with macaque monkeys raised with surrogate mothers led him to
conclude that
*a. it was contact comfort that created the mother-infant attachment bond.
b. forming an attachment depends upon reduction of the hunger drive.
c. attachment was unique to the human mother-infant relationship.
d. attachment was related to the resolution of the Oedipal complex in the mother-infant
relationship.
Answer location: The History of the Study of Attachment

Learning objective: How does attachment develop?
Question type: MC
15. The research that Ainsworth conducted on attachment was done using
a. the experimental method.
*b. observations.
c. case studies.
d. correlational studies.

Question type: MC
16. Separation anxiety appears in infants during the stage of
a. preattachment.
b. attachment in the making.
*c. clear-cut attachment.
d. goal-corrected partnership.
Answer location: Clear-Cut Attachment (6-8 Months to 18 months-2 years)

Learning objective: How does infant attachment develop?
Question type: MC
17. The Strange Situation is a way to
a. determine whether a mother has bonded with her infant.
b. document the changes in an infant's emotional responsiveness.
c. measure the amount of guilt or shame an infant feels when she misbehaves.
*d. assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother.
Answer location: Security of Attachment

Question type: MC
18. When an infant has a secure attachment to a parent, the infant can
a. begin developing the early stages of language.
b. work on individuating from the parent.
c. focus on cognitive development, such as developing object permanence.
*d. venture away from the parent to explore the environment.

Question type: MC
19. The pattern of attachment called anxious avoidant attachment has been associated with a
caregiver who is
a. intrusive or even may have been abusive.
*b. unresponsive to the needs to the infant.
c. able to anticipate the infant's needs before the infant even signals what he needs.
d. overly responsive to the signals of the infant.

Question type: MC
20. Infants who are classified as _______________ are unpredictable in the way they behave and
show no coherent way of dealing with attachment issues.
a. anxious avoidant
*b. disorganized/disoriented
c. anxious ambivalent
d. resistant

Question type: MC
21. One of the consequences of having an infant who suffers from colic is that
a. the infant is more likely to be securely attached to her father than to her mother.
b. an attachment may not form between mother and infant until the infant is two years old
or older.
*c. it may make the mother question her ability to effectively care for her infant.
d. the infant may have excessive levels of neurotransmitters and not be able to respond to
his mother's care.
Answer location: The Role of the Infant

Question type: MC
22. Cross-cultural studies of attachment have found that the proportion of children classified as
securely attached _________ differ from one country to another, but the proportion of infants in
the different categories of insecure attachment _________ differ.
a. did; also did
b. did; did not
*c. did not; did
d. did not; also did not
Answer location: Attachment and Culture


Question type: MC
23. Beliefs such as “Others are unpredictable and I don't know what to expect from them” or “I can't
explore because I might miss an opportunity for love” would reflect having a
a. secure internal working model.
b. bidirectional emotional model.
*c. anxious ambivalent/resistant internal working model.
d. goal-directed attachment model.
Answer location: Long-Term Outcomes of Infant Attachment

Question type: MC
24. When the circumstances of a child’s life situation change, there is evidence that
a. the quality of their attachment relationship is unlikely to be affected.
b. a secure attachment might become insecure, but an insecure attachment cannot change
for the better.
c. an insecure attachment can change to a secure one, but a secure attachment will be
unaffected by a change in circumstances.
*d. a change in life circumstances can change a secure attachment to an insecure one, or an
insecure attachment to a secure one.
Answer location: The Effects of Later Experiences

Question type: MC
25. Children who have been adopted from institutional settings in which they received inadequate
care are best able to recover from this early deprivation if
*a. they are adopted before the age of 6 months.
b. they are adopted into a family with older children.

c. their adoptive mother is not employed outside the home.
d. the child is never placed in day care.
Answer location: Attachment Disorders

Question type: MC
26. In studying infants from ages 6 to 30 months with reactive attachment disorder (RAD), results
found that
a. the incidence was the same between children who were institutionalized and the control
group who had never been institutionalized.
*b. the incidence was higher in children who were institutionalized compared to the control
group, but those who were moved from an institution to foster care showed the same
incidence as the control group.
c. the incidence was the same between children who were institutionalized and those who
were in foster care.
d. those who were institutionalized showed the same low levels of RAD as children in the
control group, and lower than those in foster care.
Question type: MC
27. The most effective approach to treating children with reactive attachment disorder has been to
a. work with the extended family, not just the parents.
b. improve the quality of the parents’ marital relationship.
*c. develop the mother's sensitivity to her baby.
d. work with children who were 2 years old or older when they were adopted.

Question type: MC
28. Infants and toddlers who are raised in the midst of divorcing parents
a. retain memories of the disputes their parents had around them for the remainder of their
lives.
b. are unaffected by the dispute and the separation.
*c. may experience problem behaviors like aggression, separation anxiety, or loss of toilet
training.
d. show tremendous resilience and have been found to often achieve highly in academics
later in life in the face of this adversity.
Answer location: Divorce

Learning objective: What other life experiences shape infants’ development?
Question type: MC
29. One of the main concerns in divorce regarding the time an infant spends with a nonresident
parent is
a. whether or not the nonresident parent gets an equal share of time with the infant.
b. the amount of “fun” time that each parent gets to spend with the infant, so as not to
create “favorites.”
c. how much financial support the nonresident parent provides to the former spouse.
*d. whether extended time spent away from the primary caregiver may form attachment
insecurity.

Question type: MC
30. One out of every ______ American children will live in a stepfamily at some point during their
childhood.
*a. 3
b. 15
c. 10
d. 4

Question type: MC
31. When a child is placed in foster care
a. it is very similar to an adoption, except that the family receives financial support from the
state for caring for the child.
b. the child remains in the foster home until the child “ages out” of the system at age 25.
c. it means that the state now believes that there is no chance of the child being reunited
with his or her birth parents.
*d. the arrangement is meant to be a temporary one and the family receives financial
support from the state for caring for the child.
Answer location: Foster Care

Question type: MC
32. Which of the following statements about maternal employment in the United States today is
true?
a. Most working women have their children in publicly funded child care while they are
working.
b. Less than 10% of women with children under the age of 6 are in the workforce.
c. When a mother works outside the home, she jeopardizes the security of her children's
attachment to her.
*d. Most women work out of necessity and their paychecks support or help to support their
families.
Answer location: Nonparental Child Care

Question type: MC
33. The effect of insensitive parenting on an infant's security of attachment is magnified when
a. the infant is in the care of a relative rather than a professional caregiver.
b. the infant becomes securely attached to his child care provider.
*c. the quality of the infant's child care is also poor.
d. the mother is reluctant to place her infant in child care.

Question type: MC
34. When child care workers do not receive adequate compensation for the work they do, the
consequence is that
a. many return to school to increase their educational level.
b. they move into the private sector or open home child care facilities.
c. there are many employees who will only work part time.
*d. there is frequent turnover in staff.

Question type: MC
35. When parents transmit culture to their infant children, they often do so
a. overtly.
*b. subtly.
c. through cultural educational training.
d. forcefully.
Answer location: How Parents Transmit Culture to Infants

Question type: MC
True/False Questions
36. Individuals in individualistic cultures, such as the United States, are more reluctant to express
their emotions than individuals in collectivist cultures, such as Japan.
True
*False
Answer location: What is Emotion?

Question type: TF
37. A child who has intense reactions and tends more toward withdrawal can be said to have an
easy temperament.
True
*False
Question type: TF
38. Young infants are not able to exercise self-control.
True
*False

Question type: TF
39. Children largely learn the correct use of pronouns such as “you” and “me” through imitation.
True
*False
Answer location: Use of Pronouns

Question type: TF
40. The amount of distress that a child shows when she is separated from her mother in the Strange
Situation is the best indicator of the type of attachment the child has to her mother.
True
*False

Question type: TF
41. Security of attachment is not likely to change over time because characteristics of parenting
remain stable over time.
*True
False
Answer location: The Effects of Later Experiences

Question type: TF
42. Infants and toddlers do not understand what is happening when parents separate.
*True
False

Question type: TF
43. Most adoptions today do not allow the child to have access to their birth families.
True
*False
Answer location: Adoptive Families

Question type: TF
44. The general findings regarding nonparental child care suggest that it will harm the child’s
attachment to the child’s mother.
True
*False

Question type: TF
Fill-in-the-blank Questions
45. The body’s physiological reaction to a situation, the cognitive interpretation of the situation,
communication to another person, and actions all make up _________________.
Answer: emotion

Question type: FIB
46. A baby hearing another baby crying, and then responding by also crying, is an early example of
how infants can show _________________.
Answer: empathy
Answer location: Empathy

Question type: FIB
47. Children with a generally more negative mood who are easily frustrated and slow to adapt to
change most likely have a(n) _______________ temperament.
Answer: difficult

Question type: FIB
48. What is most important in shaping the consequences of temperament is the _______________
between the child’s characteristics and the demands of the environment.
Answer: goodness of fit

Question type: FIB
49. A toddler who just drew a picture may hold it up for you to see, but hold it so only they can see
it. This is an example of how the toddler currently lacks __________________.
Answer: visual perspective-taking
Answer location: Visual Perspective-Taking

Question type: FIB
50. Harlow’s study “The Nature of Love” essentially says that the mother-infant attachment is
created by __________________.
Answer: contact-comfort

Question type: FIB
51. Separation anxiety occurs in Bowlby’s attachment development stage of ___________________.

Answer: clear-cut attachment
Answer location: Clear-Cut Attachment (6-8 Months to 18 Months-2 Years)

Question type: FIB
52. Little Janice’s attachment to her mother is odd and unpredictable, showing no coherent way of
dealing with issues. Her behavior indicates a _________________ attachment.
Answer: disorganized/disoriented.

Question type: FIB
53. Studies of neglected children showed lower levels of the neurochemical _________________,
which is essential in supporting warm social interactions.
Answer: oxytocin
Answer location: The Biology of Attachment

Question type: FIB
54. Children who suffer from ___________________ are more likely to run indiscriminately to
strangers when they need help, rather than a caregiver.
Answer: disinhibited social engagement disorder

Question type: FIB
55. Evidence suggests that people who have secure attachment relationships will have
________________ attachment relationships with romantic partners.
Answer: secure

Question type: FIB
56. When a child is removed from their home after experiencing abuse or neglect, or their parents
are unable to care for them, and there are no alternative caregivers, the child may be placed into
_________________.
Answer: foster care
Answer location: Foster Care

Question type: FIB
57. Parents of __________________ cultures are more likely to encourage a child to feed
themselves as a method of encouraging independence.
Answer: individualistic

Question type: FIB
Essay Questions
58. “Emotions are the same the world over.” Give evidence for and against this statement.

Cognitive domain: Analysis
Question type: ESS
59. What is temperament? Describe Chess and Thomas's 3 types of infant temperament. Compare
these types to Rothbart’s 3 types of infant temperament.

Question type: ESS
60. Compare the research on attachment provided by Harlow, Bowlby, and Ainsworth. How are they
similar? How are they different?
Answer location: Attachment
Question type: ESS
61. Sabine has been going to a child care center since she was 3 months old. At just about her first
birthday she begins to cry when her mother leaves, even though she has not done so in the past 9
months. How would Bowlby explain this change?
Answer location: The Development of Attachment: Bowlby’s Stages

Cognitive domain: Application
Question type: ESS
62. Little Charlie is 12 months old. His mother has been playing with him, but her phone rings in the
other room and she goes to answer it. Charlie begins to cry. When his mother returns she picks him
up and cuddles him, and he quickly returns to his play. According to Ainsworth, what type of
attachment does Charlie have to his mother? Explain how you know.
Answer location: Attachment

Question type: ESS
63. Use internal working models to describe why a child with a disorganized/disoriented attachment
is likely to have the worst outcomes.
Answer location: Long-term Outcomes of Infant Attachment

Question type: ESS
64. Give advice to new parents to help them understand how to foster secure attachment and tell
them why this is so important.
Answer location: Attachment as a Relationship

Question type: ESS
65. Explain how parents going through a divorce can best try to minimize the harmful effects on
their infant or toddler.
Question type: ESS
66. Is it a good idea to put a child into nonparental care, such as day care? What effects could this
possibly have on the attachment, and under what circumstances?
Question type: ESS
67. Give three examples of how parents in an individualistic culture might raise their child differently
than parents in a collectivist society.

Question type: ESS

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Child Development From Infancy to

Adolescence An Active Learning

Multiple Choice Questions

Answer location: What Is Emotion?

2. Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that

Answer location: What Is Emotion?

3. The ways we learn to think about emotions are our

*a. emotion schemas.

Answer location: What Is Emotion?

d. either emotion would be equally acceptable under these circumstances.

Answer location: What Is Emotion?

*a. social referencing.

Answer location: Social Referencing

6. A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to

Answer location: Temperament

Answer location: Temperament

8. As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could

b. temperament is a very unstable characteristic, especially during childhood.

d. if there is going to be a change in temperament, it is most likely going to occur during

Answer location: Temperament

9. You can help an infant learn to regulate his own emotions by

b. ignoring the infant when he shows any signs of distress or frustration.

Answer location: Emotional Self-Regulation in Infants and Toddlers

10. Having predictable routines for an infant is one way to

a. encourage a child to show empathy.

*b. help a young child develop self-control.

c. help a child develop perspective taking skills.

d. teach a child to internalize her feelings.

Answer location: Emotional Self-Regulation in Infants and Toddlers

a. feelings of being loved and cared for.

b. the ability to use pronouns correctly.

*c. a growing ability to make things happen.

d. the ability to take the perspective of another person.

Answer location: The Self in Infants and Toddlers

a. take the initiative to try new things on their own.

*b. see a situation from another person’s perspective.

c. develop a trusting relationship with the child’s primary caregiver.

d. develop an autobiographical memory.

Answer location: Use of Pronouns

b. is becoming too self-centered and egotistical.

c. is not successfully negotiating the stage of initiative versus guilt.

d. has developed a sense of an individuated self.

Answer location: Possessiveness

b. forming an attachment depends upon reduction of the hunger drive.

c. attachment was unique to the human mother-infant relationship.

Answer location: The History of the Study of Attachment

a. the experimental method.

Answer location: The History of the Study of Attachment

16. Separation anxiety appears in infants during the stage of

b. attachment in the making.

*c. clear-cut attachment.

Answer location: Clear-Cut Attachment (6-8 Months to 18 months-2 years)

17. The Strange Situation is a way to

a. determine whether a mother has bonded with her infant.

b. document the changes in an infant's emotional responsiveness.

*d. assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother.

Answer location: Security of Attachment

a. begin developing the early stages of language.

b. work on individuating from the parent.

c. focus on cognitive development, such as developing object permanence.

*d. venture away from the parent to explore the environment.

Answer location: Security of Attachment

a. intrusive or even may have been abusive.