Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PADAYON!!
LANGUAGE
Plays a vital role in our daily conversation.
It is used in communicating with other people either spoken or written.
Varies specially when used in various disciplines.
The word divison may be used differently in parliament, mathematics and
sport.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
Represents the language demands of school (academic)
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
It is used in all academic diciplines to teach about the content of the dicipline.
(jargons)
ACADEMIC TEXTS
Is a written language that provides information, which contains ideas and
concepts that are related to the particular dicipline.
STRUCTURE
Introduction, body and conclusion
TONE
Refers to the attitude conveyed in a piece of writing
COMPLEXITY
Require higher - order thinking skills to comprehend
PURPOSE
The message of the author that aims to convey
SUBJECT
The topic of the text
POINT OF VIEW (POV)
It is how an author tells the information
FORMALITY OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
FORMALITY - you should avoid colloquial words and idiomatic expressions
(phrasal verb)
OBJECTIVITY - emphasis should be in the information that you want to give
and arguments and you want to make rather than you
- Uses third person and avoid being biased
EXPLICITNESS - refers to the organization of ideas in the text
- Shows relationship and informations are clear and concise.
TEXT STRUCTURE
the way authors organize information in text.
a basic structure that consists of introduction, body and conclusion
used within paragraphs or longer texts, appropriate to genre and purpose
TYPE OF TEXT STRUCTURE
1. Description - is a text structure that is designed to create a vivid, detailed
description of something.
2. Sequence - structure for procedural information is common in educational
literature from cooking instructions to scientific methods.
3. Cause and effect - is primarily used to communicate the causal relationship
between an event, action, or idea and what follows.
4. Compare and contrast - allows writers to analyze the similarities and
differences between two subjects.
5. Problem and solution - is designed to present a problem and transition into a
proposed solution for said problem.
SUMMARIZING
Larger selections of text and reduce them to their bare essentials.
General idea to brief form
It is done after reading
It is a synopsis or digest of the essence of an entire text.
BASIC RULES IN SUMMARIZING
1. Erase things that don’t matter
2. Erase things that repeat
3. Trade general terms for specific names
4. Use your words to writ the summary
TIPS IN SUMMARIZING
1. Re - read the text to be summarized repeatedly
2. Identify the main idea of the text
3. Put yourself in the situation of the reader
4. Use appropriate transitional devices
5. Limit your summary to a few sentences
6. Proofread your work
TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING
1. Somebody wanted but so then - is used during or after reading. It provides a
framework to use when summarizing the action of the story or historical
event by identifying key elements.
2. SAAC method - State: the name of the article, book, or story
- Assign: the name of the author
- Action: what the author is doing (example: tells, explains)
- Complete: complete the sentence or summary with keywords and
important details
3. 5 W’s 1H - The Five W's, One H strategy relies on six crucial questions:
who, what, when, where, why, and how. These questions make it easy to
identify the main character, important details, and main idea.
4. First then finally - The "First Then Finally" technique helps students
summarize events in chronological order. The three words represent the
beginning, main action, and conclusion of a story.
5. Give me the gist - When someone asks for "the gist" of a story, they want to
know what the story is about. In other words, they want a summary—not a
retelling of every detail.
THESIS STATEMENT
It is the controlling idea that you will develop in your paper
This can be found usually at the end of introduction.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THESIS STATEMENT
Addresses the prompt properly
Makes a claim or presents an argument
It may be arguable if the thesis is an opinion.
WHERE CAN WE FIND THE THESIS STATEMENT
1. Inductive -particular to general (specific details at first & conclusion at the
end)
2. Deductive - general to specific
3. Deductive - Inductive - starts from a general statement and specific details
in the middle and ends whith a recapitution
4. Inductive - Deductive - starts from specific details, presents general
statement in the middle and proceed in the other information
5. Hinted - an implied thesis is not directly stated, but rather suggested through
the writer's ideas and supporting points.
OUTLINE
A written plan that serves as a skeleton for th paragraphs or essays you
write
Summary of essential information of the text to be written
Gives visual presentation
TYPES OF OUTLINE
Reading outline - produce when you study any written text
Writing outline - produce before writing any written text
OUTLINING
A process of organizing one’s ideas in a logical way
Helps th writer what to include and not to, also serves as a guide
TYPES OF OUTLINE
Alphanumeric outline - used letters and numbers to organize ideas
- Used due to convenience and easy recognition
- Includes prefix at the beginning of each topic as reference
Decimal outline - is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how
every level of the outline relates to larger whole
- Has the same format
- Uses numbers
KINDS OF OUTINE
1. Topic outline - use of key words and phrases
- Headings, subheadings and sub - subheadings
2. Sentence outline - also known as expanded outline
- Uses complete or full sentences as it entries
- Makes actual essay writing easier
GUIDELINES IN WRITING AN OUTLINE
1. Put a period after each numeral and letter
2. Always indent a new topic
3. All items of one kind should line up
4. Capitalize the first letter of each item
5. The terms introduction, body and conclusion do not have to be included.
CRITICAL APPROACHES IN WRITING
CRITIQUE PAPER
Is a genre of academic writing
Briefly and critically summarizes and evaluates work.
REMEMBER
1. Criticize - to judge or to evaluate someone
2. Critique - the paper or essay
3. Critic - the author doing the criticism
PURPOSE OF CRITIQUE
Gauge the usefulness or impact of a work in a field
- Creativity
- Message
- Impact
CRITICAL APPROACHES
Consider when looking at a piece of literature
TYPES OF CRITICAL APPROACHES
1. Reader - Response criticism - this approach assearts that a great deal of
meaning in a text lies with how the reader responds to it
- Focuses on the act of reading and how it affects our perception