Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Global Business 4th Edition Mike Peng Solutions Manual
Global Business 4th Edition Mike Peng Solutions Manual
Solutions Manual
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/global-business-4th-edition-mike-peng-solutions-manual/
CHAPTER 6
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. use the resource-based and institution-based views to answer why foreign direct
investment (FDI) takes place.
2. understand how FDI results in ownership, location, and internalization (OLI) advantages.
3. identify different political views on FDI based on an understanding of its benefits and
costs to host and home countries.
4. participate in two leading debates concerning FDI.
5. draw implications for action.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
49
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
Flow is the amount of FDI moving in a given period in a certain direction (inflow or
outflow). Stock is the total accumulation of inbound FDI in a country or outbound FDI
from a country.
2. Key Terms
Downstream vertical FDI is a type of vertical FDI in which a firm engages in a
downstream stage of the value chain in a host country.
FDI flow is the amount of FDI moving in a given period (usually a year) in a certain
direction.
FDI inflow is inbound FDI moving into a country in a year.
FDI outflow is outbound FDI moving out of a country in a year.
FDI stock is the total accumulation of inbound FDI in a country or outbound FDI
from a country across a given period (usually several years).
Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) refers to an investment in a portfolio of foreign
securities such as stocks and bonds.
Horizontal FDI is a type of FDI in which a firm duplicates its home country-based
activities at the same value chain stage in a host country.
Management control right is the right to appoint key managers and establish
control mechanisms.
Upstream vertical FDI is a type of vertical FDI in which a firm engages in an
upstream stage of the value chain in a host country.
Vertical FDI is a type of FDI in which a firm moves upstream or downstream at
different value chain stages in a host country.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
50
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
2. Key Terms
Internalization refers to the replacement of cross-border markets (such as exporting
and importing) with one firm (the MNE) locating and operating in two or more
countries.
Licensing is Firm A’s agreement to give Firm B the rights to use A’s proprietary
technology (such as a patent) or trademark (such as a corporate logo) for a royalty
fee paid to A by B. This is typically done in manufacturing industries.
Location refers to advantages enjoyed by firms operating in a certain location.
Market imperfection (market failure) is the imperfect rules governing
international transactions.
OLI advantage is a firm’s quest for ownership (O) advantages, location (L)
advantages, and internalization (I) advantages via FDI.
Ownership is an MNE’s possession and leveraging of certain valuable, rare, hard-to-
imitate, and organizationally embedded (VRIO) assets overseas in the context of
FDI.
V. INTERNALIZATION ADVANTAGES
1. Key Concept
Internalization refers to the replacement of cross-border market relationship with one
firm (the MNE) locating in two or more countries. Internalization helps combat market
imperfections and failures.
2. Key Term
Intrafirm trade involves international transactions between two subsidiaries in two
countries controlled by the same MNE.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
51
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
Most countries practice pragmatic nationalism, weighing the benefits and costs of FDI.
FDI brings a different (and often opposing) set of benefits and costs to host and home
countries.
2. Key Terms
Contagion effect (also called imitation effect or demonstration effect) is the
reaction of local firms to rise to the challenge demonstrated by MNEs through
learning and imitation.
Demonstration effect (also called the contagion effect or imitation effect) is the
reaction of local firms to rise to the challenge demonstrated by MNEs through
learning and imitation.
Free market view is a political view that suggests that FDI unrestricted by
government intervention is best.
Pragmatic nationalism is a political view that only approves FDI when its benefits
outweigh its costs.
Radical view is a political view that is hostile to FDI.
Technology spillover is technology diffused from foreign firms to domestic firms.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
52
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
53
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
END-OF-CHAPTER GUIDE
*Review Questions and Answers
*Critical Discussion Questions and Answers
*Global Action
*Closing Case
2. Why does the resource-based view suggest that the key word of FDI is direct?
The key word in FDI is D (direct)—the direct hands-on management of foreign assets.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
54
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
7. Identify your own example of agglomeration that demonstrates your understanding of the
concept.
Agglomeration is the clustering of economic activities in certain locations. In regards to
the examples, the important thing is not so much the answer as the extent to which the
student demonstrates thought in providing the answer.
9. Describe two benefits and two costs to a host country of FDI and to a home country of
FDI.
Host country benefits include the capital inflow that can help improve a host country’s
balance of payments and technology spillovers (from foreign technology) that are
diffused domestically. Such spillovers may produce a demonstration effect (sometimes
also called the contagion or imitation) effect: the reaction of local firms to rise to the
challenge demonstrated by MNEs through learning and imitation. Advanced management
know-how may be highly valued. FDI also creates jobs. Primary costs of FDI to host
countries include loss of sovereignty, and adverse effects on competition. Home country
benefits include repatriated earnings from FDI, increased exports of components to host
countries, and learning from FDI operations. Home country costs include capital outflow
and loss of jobs.
10. Given that outsourcing is a viable alternative to FDI, what issues should be considered
before a firm decides between the two?
The answer boils down to (1) how critical the activity being considered to perform
abroad is to the core mission of the firm, (2) how common the activity is being
undertaken by multiple end-user industries, and (3) how readily available the overseas
talents to perform this activity are.
11. ON CULTURE: Many people in the United States are opposed to both outsourcing and
FDI. Would it be easier to get such people to accept one of these alternatives, and if so,
which one? Why or why not?
The important thing is not so much the answer as the extent to which the student
demonstrates thought in providing the answer. Many who are opposed to both simply do
not want the products of U.S. based companies produced anywhere other than the U.S.
regardless of whether it involves outsourcing or FDI. Some may object more to FDI
because it involves not only the immediate production jobs but also may involve jobs
regarding establishment of production facilities and a greater permanent commitment to
production overseas.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
55
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
13. In the United States, many states and cities deliberately seek investment in their states
and communities by firms from other parts of the country. Why are some of those who
seek investment from elsewhere in the U.S. worried about investment from overseas?
The important thing is not so much the answer as the extent to which the student
demonstrates thought in providing the answer. Again, students should consider the
question of trusting foreigners and foreign firms in making decisions important to our
economy.
14. What issues should a savvy manager consider when evaluating a particular location for
FDI?
The quest for location advantages has to fit with the firm’s strategic goals. A given
location that might seem to be advantageous due to low labor costs might not be
advantageous in terms of the skills or other resources that are needed.
If a firm is searching for the best “hot spots” for innovations, certain low-cost locations
that do not generate sufficient innovations will not become very attractive.
15. Some Americans feel that U.S.-based firms should not undertake FDI in other countries
because it results in expanding business opportunities in those countries and does not
benefit the United States. How may the data on PengAtlas Map 2.3 be used to refute that
view?
The U.S. not only is engaged in FDI in other countries, it is also the recipient of FDI.
16. Consider PengAtlas Map 2.3 showing U.S. FDI, and then look at PengAtlas Maps 2.1
and 2.2. Given the possibility that some U.S. imports are from operations in which U.S.
firms have made FDI, how does that affect your view of the US trade deficit? Does it
make the deficit seem like less of a problem or greater? Explain your answer.
The important thing is not so much the answer as the extent to which the student
demonstrates thought in providing the answer. To the extent that the FDI has resulted in
importing what might otherwise have produced in the U.S., some will feel that it hurts
jobs but others may point out that the reason for such overseas production is that it offers
the U.S. consumer benefits in terms of lower prices and/or higher quality.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
56
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
17. In questions 12, 13, and 15, we have noted controversies regarding FDI in terms of both
inflows and outflows. Regarding PengAtlas Map 2.3, public concern about FDI often
focuses on the FDI of U.S.-based companies, and some argue that investment going
overseas may otherwise have occurred within the U.S. However, the map also shows that
the U.S. is a major recipient of such investment from overseas—but some who oppose
FDI outflows also oppose FDI inflows. They fear that the United States is losing control
over its economy as a result of such inflows. Do you think the two views are compatible?
Why or why not?
The important thing is not so much the answer as the extent to which the student
demonstrates thought in providing the answer. Those who view exports, imports and
international investment (FDI) as desirable will feel that the two views are compatible
only in that the views do not recognize the value or international transactions – they may
be economic isolationists. Others will see the concerns as issues of involving loss to a
foreign country – loss of jobs or loss of control over domestic production.
1. Identify the top five (or ten) source countries of FDI into your country. Then identify the
top ten (or 20) foreign MNEs that have undertaken inbound FDI in your country. Why do
these countries and companies provide the bulk of FDI into your country?
This is a question in which the answer is not as important as the thought process and the
ability to clearly articulate and document the answers.
2. Identify the top five (or ten) recipient countries of FDI from your country. Then identify
the top ten (or 20) MNEs headquartered in your country that have made outbound FDI
elsewhere. Why do these countries attract FDI from the top MNEs from your country?
This is a question in which the answer is not as important as the thought process and the
ability to clearly articulate and document the answers.
3. ON ETHICS: Undertaking FDI, by definition, means not investing in the MNE’s home
country. What are the ethical dilemmas here? What are your recommendations, as (1)
MNE executives, (2) labor union leaders of your domestic (home country) labor forces,
or (3) host country officials?
Again, this is a question in which the answer is not as important as the thought process
and the ability to clearly articulate. However, in discussing this question, you might use
comments in the General Teaching Suggestions and the Opening Case Discussion Guide.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
57
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
GLOBAL ACTION
2. The main premise for development at your company in the coming years is to
shift its offshore services to Africa. As such, you have been asked to develop
a report that evaluates which African countries have increased the possibility
of creating a long-term advantage for your company. Also, be sure to include
the African countries that have decreased their capacity to create a long-term
advantage. Can you generate a top-five list and a bottom-five list from
Africa for this purpose?
Exercise 2 Answers
One resource which can be used is “A.T. Kearney: The Global Services Location Index”.
This website can be found by entering the search term “offshore services” at the
globalEDGE™ Resource Desk search box located at
http://globaledge.msu.edu/resourceDesk/. Once at the website, select and view the report.
Then, scroll through the report for an evaluation of the countries. The measures used to
determine the index belong in three main categories (with the appropriate sub-
categories): financial attractiveness (compensation costs, infrastructure costs, and tax and
regulatory costs), people and skills availability (remote services sector experience and
quality ratings, labor force availability, education and language, and attrition risk), and
business environment (country environment, infrastructure, cultural exposure, and
security of intellectual property).
Search Term: “offshore services”
Resource Name: A.T. Kearney: The Global Services Location Index
Website: http://www.atkearney.com/index.php/Publications/global-services-location-
index.html
globalEDGE™ Tag: Rankings
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
58
Chapter 6: Investing Abroad Directly
2. If you were an executive working for an emerging automaker from China or India,
assuming your firm only has the ability to enter one Latin American country for the time
being, which country would you recommend: Brazil or Mexico?
The important thing is not so much the answer as the extent to which the student
demonstrates thought in providing the answer.
3. The automobile industry in both Brazil and Mexico is thriving. If you were a government
official from an African country (such as Morocco, Nigeria, or South Africa) who has
visited both countries and has been very impressed, which approach would you
recommend to your own government interested in attracting FDI from global automakers:
the Brazilian approach or the Mexican approach? Why?
The important thing is not so much the answer as the extent to which the student
demonstrates thought in providing the answer.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
59