Introductory Chemistry for Today 8th

Edition Seager Solutions Manual

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Chapter 8: Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
CHAPTER OUTLINE
8.1 Spontaneous and 8.4 Energy Diagrams 8.7 The Position of Equilibrium
Nonspontaneous Processes 8.5 Factors that Influence Reaction 8.8 Factors That Influence
8.2 Reaction Rates Rates Equilibrium Position
8.3 Molecular Collisions 8.6 Chemical Equilibrium

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ASSESSMENT
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Use the concepts of energy and entropy to predict the spontaneity of processes and reactions.
(Section 8.1; Exercise 8.6)
2. Calculate reaction rates from experimental data. (Section 8.2; Exercise 8.14)
3. Use the concept of molecular collisions to explain reaction characteristics. (Section 8.3; Exercise 8.20)
4. Represent and interpret the energy relationships for reactions by using energy diagrams. (Section
8.4; Exercise 8.26)
5. Explain how factors such as reactant concentrations, temperature, and catalysts influence reaction
rates. (Section 8.5; Exercise 8.30)
6. Relate experimental observations to the establishment of equilibrium. (Section 8.6; Exercise 8.38)
7. Write equilibrium expressions based on reaction equations, and do calculations based on equilibrium
expressions. (Section 8.7; Exercises 8.40 and 8.46)
8. Use Le Châtelier’s principle to predict the influence of changes in concentration and reaction
temperature on the position of equilibrium for a reaction. (Section 8.8; Exercise 8.52)

LECTURE HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. Explain that all spontaneous events are driven either by a decrease in enthalpy (energy) or an
increase in entropy (disorder), or both. Use examples from everyday life to illustrate such effects.
Rocks roll spontaneously down the hill, leaves fall off trees and scatter spontaneously, etc.
2. Use an unopened bottle of carbonated beverage (a colorless beverage in an uncolored bottle works
best) to show the effect of CO2 gas concentration on the solubility of CO2 in the beverage. Students
can apply this principle as they study the O2‐CO2 transfer in the lungs.
3. A relevant example of equilibrium is the interaction of oxygen or carbon monoxide with hemoglobin
or other equilibrium processes of biological significance. Carbon monoxide and oxygen can be shown
to compete with one another for the same hemoglobin molecules. Carbon monoxide poisoning and
its antidote, oxygen‐enriched air, can be used to show Le Châtelier’s principle of a shift in
equilibrium.
4. Chemical equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s principle can be conveniently demonstrated with specially
prepared clear plastic blocks with chemical systems embedded inside. The effect of temperature on
chemical equilibrium can be demonstrated using Nitrogen Dioxide Equilibrium Tubes (AP8476) from
Flinn Scientific, P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510.

SOLUTIONS FOR THE END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES

SPONTANEOUS AND NONSPONTANEOUS PROCESSES (SECTION 8.1)
8.1 a. Water is decomposed into nonspontaneous Electricity is required for the reaction
hydrogen and oxygen gas to occur. Without a continuous flow
by passing electricity of electrical current, the reaction will
through the liquid. stop.
175
176 Chapter 8
b. An explosive detonates after
being struck by a falling
rock.
c. A coating of magnesium
oxide forms on a clean piece
of magnesium exposed to
air.
d. A light bulb emits light
when an electric current is
passed through it.
e. A cube of sugar dissolves in
a cup of hot coffee.
spontaneous Once the explosive is struck, the
explosive reacts without any
additional sources of energy.
spontaneous This reaction occurs without any
source of energy.
nonspontaneous Continuous electric current is
required to light the bulb.
spontaneous This process occurs without any
additional energy.

8.2 a. The space shuttle leaves its
pad and goes into orbit.
b. The fuel in a booster rocket
of the space shuttle burns.
c. Water boils at 100°C and 1
atm pressure.
d. Water temperature increases
to 100°C at 1 atm pressure.
e. Your bedroom becomes
orderly.
nonspontaneous Rocket engines must continually
operate to push the shuttle into an
orbit.
spontaneous Once the fuel is ignited, it will
continue to burn. No additional
energy has to be provided.
nonspontaneous Heat must be continually supplied to
maintain boiling.
nonspontaneous Increasing the temperature of water
requires a continual supply of energy.
nonspontaneous A room will not become orderly on its
own. Cleaning requires energy.

8.3 a. Any combustion process exergonic The reaction produces heat and is
spontaneous once begun.
b. Perspiration evaporating endergonic The process requires energy to change
from the skin a liquid to a gas. The energy is taken
from the skin as long as the body
temperature is higher than the
temperature of the surroundings,
which cools the skin as the process
occurs.
c. Melted lead solidifying exergonic The process releases energy as a
liquid changes to a solid.
d. An explosive detonating exergonic The reaction releases heat and the
reaction continues without additional
energy input once it has been
activated.
e. An automobile being endergonic The car receives energy from the
pushed up a slight hill person pushing and the process
(from point of view of the would not occur spontaneously
automobile) without continued energy input.

8.4 a. An automobile being pushed up a slight hill exergonic The person pushing the car
(from point of view of the one pushing) gives energy to the car.
b. Ice melting (from point of view of the ice) endergonic Melting ice requires energy.
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 177
c. Ice melting (from point of view of exergonic The surroundings release
surroundings of the ice) heat into the ice.
d. Steam condensing to liquid water (from exergonic Heat must be released from
point of view of the steam) the steam.
e. Steam condensing to liquid water (from endergonic Heat must be absorbed by
point of view of surroundings of the steam) the surroundings.

8.5 a. Lumber becomes a house energy increases nonspontaneous

entropy decreases
b. A seed grows into a tree energy increases nonspontaneous
entropy decreases
c. On a hot day, water evaporates from energy increases spontaneous
a lake entropy increases

;8.6 a. On a cold day, water freezes. energy decreases spontaneous

entropy decreases (if the temperature
is less than 0°C)
b. A container of water at 40°C cools to energy decreases spontaneous
room temperature. entropy decreases slightly
c. The odor from an open bottle of energy increases slightly spontaneous
perfume spreads throughout a room. entropy increases

8.7 a. The highest entropy example from this set is steam because the molecules are the most
random in the gaseous phase of matter.
b. The highest entropy example from this set is fallen leaves blown about on the ground
because the leaves are the most disordered in this example.
c. The highest entropy example from this set is a wastebasket containing torn and crumpled
sheets of paper because the paper is the most disordered in this example.
d. From the sugar’s perspective: The highest entropy example from this set is a 0.10 M sugar
solution because the sugar molecules are most separated in this solution.
From the water’s perspective: The highest entropy example from this set is the 10.0 M
sugar solution because the water molecules are most separated in this solution.
e. The highest entropy example from this set is a banquet table immediately after dinner
because it is the most disordered example.

8.8 a. The highest entropy example from this set is the two opposing football teams when the
whistle is blown, ending the play. This is the highest entropy because the football players
from the two teams are most interspersed.
b. From the gold’s perspective, the highest entropy example is a 10% copper/gold alloy
because the gold atoms are more separated in this material.
From the copper’s perspective, the highest entropy example is a 2% copper/gold alloy
because the copper atoms are more separated in this material.
c. The purse on the ground with the contents scattered is the highest entropy example from
this set. This is the highest entropy example because the disorder is highest in this
example.
d. The coins in a piggy bank are the example from this set with the highest entropy. The
random arrangement of coins in the piggy bank represents greater disorder than the
other two examples.
178 Chapter 8
e. The dozen loose pearls in a box are the example from this set with the highest entropy.
The random order of the pearl represents greater disorder than the other two examples.

8.9 Substances that change spontaneously are less stable than those that do not. Gold, stainless
steel, and chromium do not rust or tarnish, like iron and silver, respectively, do; therefore,
gold, stainless steel, and chromium are more stable than iron or silver.

REACTION RATES (SECTION 8.2)

8.10 a. The cooking of a pizza in a hot oven slow*
b. The change in leaf color from green to red or orange in the autumn very slow*
c. The drying of a wet swim suit hung out in the sun slow*
d. The burning of a match after it has been ignited fast*
e. The growing of grass during a warm summer very slow*
*The definitions of very slow, slow, and fast are subjective. Your answers to this question may differ.

8.11 a. The melting of butter put into a hot pan fast*

b. The ripening of a piece of fruit stored at room temperature very slow*
c. The cooking of a raw potato in a hot oven slow*
d. The melting of an ice cube in a glass of cool water slow*
e. The combustion of gasoline in the engine of a car fast*
*The definitions of very slow, slow, and fast are subjective. Your answers to this question may differ.

8.12 a. The melting of a block of ice The changing height of the block, the changing
mass of the block, or the increasing volume of
liquid formed could be measured.
b. The setting (hardening) of concrete The ability of an object to penetrate or mark the
surface of the concrete could be measured.
c. The burning of a candle The changing height of the candle or the
changing mass of the candle could be measured.

8.13 a. The diffusion of ink from a drop The changing diameter of the ink drop or the
placed in a pan of quiet, undisturbed changing color of the water could be measured.
water
b. The loss of water from a pan of The changing volume or depth of the water
boiling water could be measured.
c. The growth of a corn plant The changing height of the corn plant could be
measured.

;8.14 a. Pure A and B are mixed, and after 12.0 minutes the 0.396 M − 0.000 M M
= 0.0330
measured concentration of C is 0.396 mol/L. 12.0 min min
b. Pure A, B, and C are mixed together at equal 0.455 M − 0.300 M M
= 0.0194
concentrations of 0.300 M. After 8.00 minutes, the 8.00 min min
concentration of C is found to be 0.455 M.

8.15 a. Pure A, B, and C are mixed together at concentrations 0.418 M − 0.150 M M

= 0.0298
of A = B = 0.400 M, C = 0.150 M. After 9.00 minutes, 9.00 min min
the concentration of C is 0.418 M.
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 179
b. Pure A and B are mixed together at the same 0.048 M − 0.361 M M
= −0.0522
concentration of 0.361 M. After 6.00 minutes, the 6.00 min min
concentration of A is found to be 0.048 M.

8.16 ⎛ −2 ⎞
⎜ 2.97 × 10 mol ⎟ − 0.000 M
⎜ 250 mL 1 L ⎟
⎜
⎝ (
1000 mL
⎟
⎠ ) = 3.96 × 10 −3
M
30.0 min min

8.17 ⎛ −2 ⎞
⎜ 3.91 × 10 mol ⎟ − 0.000 M
⎜ 250 mL 1 L ⎟
⎜
⎝ (
1000 mL
⎟
⎠ ) = 1.04 × 10 −2
M
15.0 min min

8.18 ( 2.77 × 10 −2
atm ) ( 500 mL ) ( 1L
1000 mL ) = n ( 0.0821 L⋅atm
mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K )
n = 5.66 × 10 −4 moles
5.66×10 −4 moles
−0 M
500 mL ( 1L
) M
= 1.51 × 10 −6
1000 mL

750 sec sec

8.19 9.9 × 10 −4 M − 7.8 × 10 −4 M M

= 6.0 × 10 −6
35 days day

MOLECULAR COLLISIONS (SECTION 8.3)

;8.20 a. In order for a reaction to occur, the reactant molecules must collide. Fewer collisions will
occur if the concentration is decreased.
b. In order for a reaction to occur, the reactant molecules must collide with the right amount
of energy. If the temperature is lowered, the reactants will lose energy.
c. In order for a reaction to occur, the reactant molecules must collide. More collisions will
occur if the concentration of either of the reactants is increased.

8.21 For ionic reactions, the colliding reactants do not have to be oriented in a specific way in order
for the reaction to occur because the simple ions are charged and spherical.

8.22 As temperature increases, the molecules move faster. The faster the molecules move, the
more likely they are to collide.
As the temperature increases, the molecules gain energy. The more energy the molecules
have, the more they are likely to react once they collide.
180 Chapter 8
ENERGY DIAGRAMS (SECTION 8.4)
8.23 a. Exothermic (exergonic) reaction with b. Exothermic (exergonic) reaction without
activation energy activation energy

Both of these energy diagrams have the same average energy of the reactants, average
energy of products, and energy difference between reactants and products. The main
difference between these two energy diagrams is that the first diagram has an activation
energy and the second diagram does not.

8.24 a. Endothermic (endergonic) reaction with b. Endothermic (endergonic) reaction

activation energy. without activation energy.

Both of these energy diagrams have the same average energy of the reactants, average
energy of products, and energy difference between reactants and products. The main
difference between these two energy diagrams is that the first diagram has an activation
energy and the second diagram does not.

8.25

A catalyst lowers the activation energy for a reaction whether the reaction is exergonic or
endergonic, but it does not change the energy level of the reactants or the products.
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 181
;8.26

150°C
room temperature
Both of these energy diagrams have the same average energy of the reactants, average energy
of products, and energy difference between reactants and products (500 kJ/mol reactant). The
reaction that occurs at room temperature has a small activation energy (or possibly does not
require activation energy), but the reactants have sufficient energy to overcome the activation
energy barrier. The reaction that occurs at 150°C has a significant activation energy.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE REACTION RATES (SECTION 8.5)

8.27 a. H2O (l) + H+ (aq) → H3O+ (aq)
Rapid; In a solution, collisions occur frequently. One of the particles is electrically
charged and the other is polar, which will enhance the chances for a collision between
reactants.
b. H3O+ (aq) + H+ (aq) → H4O2+ (aq)
Won’t react; These ions are both positive and will repel each other.
c. 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g)
Slow; The N2 contains a triple bond, which is very strong. The need to break this bond
results in the reaction having a high activation energy.
d. Ba2+ (aq) + SO42‐ (aq) → BaSO4 (s)
Rapid; Oppositely charged ions in a solution have frequent collisions and react quickly.

8.28 a. ‐ 2+
2 I (aq) + Pb (aq) → PbI2 (s)
Rapid; The reactants are ions and the product is insoluble in water.
b. ‐ ‐ 2‐
Br (aq) + I (aq) → BrI (aq)
Won’t react; These ions are stable and do not have affinity for each other.
c. NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl (s)
Rapid; The reactant molecules are in the gas phase and will collide frequently.
d. CaO (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s)
The reaction rate depends on the surface area of the CaO. The larger the surface area of
the solid, the faster the reaction will occur.

8.29 a. Reactant particles must collide with one another in order for a reaction to occur. This is
the most important reaction mechanism assumption for explaining the influence of
concentration on reaction rates. The higher the concentration of reactants, the faster the
reaction rate because the reactant particles are colliding frequently. Conversely, the
lower the concentration of reactants, the slower the reaction rate because the reactant
particles are colliding less frequently.
b. Particles must collide with at least a certain minimum total amount of energy if the
collision is to result in a reaction. This is the most important reaction mechanism
182 Chapter 8
assumption for explaining the influence of catalysts on reaction rates. A catalyst lowers
the minimum total amount of energy required for a reaction to occur, thus a catalyst
increases reaction rates because the amount of energy required for a reaction to occur is
less than without the catalyst.

;8.30 To speed up a reaction, I might (1) heat the reactants in order to increase the energy of the
reactants and the frequency of collision, (2) stir the reactants in order to increase the frequency
of collision, (3) increase the surface area of the reactants to increase the number of collisions,
and (4) add a catalyst to lower the activation energy for the reaction. Only three of these steps
are needed for a complete answer.

8.31 A reaction is started by mixing reactants. As time passes, the rate decreases because the
concentration of reactants decreases and the number of reaction‐producing collisions also
decreases.

8.32 The reaction rate doubles for every 10°C increase in temperature. This reaction would only take
7.5 minutes at 40°C.
change in temperature = 40°C − 20°C = 20°C
The reaction rate doubles for every 10°C temperature increase.
⎛ 1 double of the reaction rate ⎞
20°C change in temperature ⎜ ⎟ = 2 doubles of the reaction rate
⎝ 10°C ⎠
or 1 quadruple of the reaction rate
The reaction rate will be 4 times faster; therefore, the time required will be one − quarter as long.
⎛1⎞
30 min ⎜ ⎟ = 7.5 min
⎝4⎠

8.33 The surface area of a solid reactant is more important than the amount of solid reactant
present in determining the rate of a reaction; the greater the surface area, the faster the
reaction will occur.

8.34 Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction. The
activation energy may be lowered because the catalyst provides a surface on which the
reaction can occur or may react to form an intermediate structure that yields products and
regenerates the catalyst when it breaks apart.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM (SECTION 8.6)

8.35 When the rate of walking up is the same as the rate of the escalator moving down, the
shopper does not appear to be moving in either direction; however, the shopper is continuing
to take steps and the escalator is continuing to move. This is similar to chemical equilibrium
where the concentration of reactants and products are not changing once equilibrium is
established, but the forward and reverse reactions are still occurring, just at the same rate.

8.36 a. H2 I2 → 2 HI
colorless gas
+
violet gas ← colorless gas

The color of the gas mixture will stop changing once equilibrium is reached.
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 183
b. solid sugar + water →
← sugar solution

The amount of solid sugar will become constant once the mixture has reached
equilibrium.
c. N2 2 O2 → 2 NO2
colorless gas
+
colorless gas ← red‐brown gas

Both the color and the pressure of the gas mixture will stop changing once equilibrium is
reached.

8.37 a. 2CO O2 → 2 CO2

colorless gas
+
colorless gas ← colorless gas

The pressure of the gas mixture will stop changing once equilibrium is reached.

b. LiOH + CO2 → LiHCO3

colorless solid colorless gas ← colorless solid

The gas pressure and the amount of colorless solid will stop changing once equilibrium is
reached.
c. checking checks to pay
paycheck → →
account bills

The bank balance is constant (usually zero) when equilibrium is established.

;8.38 H 2 (g) + Br2 (g) R 2 HBr (g)

If the sealed container initially contained only H2 and red‐brown Br2, the concentrations of H2
and Br2 would decrease and the intensity of the color would decrease as equilibrium was
established. Consequently, the concentration of HBr would increase as equilibrium was
established. The color of the mixture would be constant once equilibrium was established.

8.39 As colorless N2O4 decomposes into the red‐brown colored NO2, the concentration of N2O4 will
decrease as the concentration of NO2 increases. The red‐brown color within the container will
be constant once equilibrium is established.

THE POSITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (SECTION 8.7)

;8.40 a. 2 CO + O 2 R 2 CO 2 [CO2 ]
2

K eq =
[ CO]2 [ O 2 ]
N 2 O 4 R 2 NO 2 [ NO2 ]
2
b.
K eq =
[ N2 O4 ]
2 C 2 H6 + 7 O 2 R 4 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O [ CO 2 ] [ H 2 O ]
4 6
c.
K eq =
[C2 H6 ] [O2 ]7
2

d. 2 NOCl R 2 NO + Cl 2 [ NO ]2 [Cl 2 ]
K =
[ NOCl ]2
eq

2 Cl 2 O 5 R O 2 + 4 ClO 2 [O2 ][ClO2 ]

4
e.
K eq =
[Cl 2 O5 ]
2
184 Chapter 8
8.41 a. H 2 + Br2 R 2 HBr ⎡ HBr ⎤⎦
2

K eq = ⎣
⎡⎣H 2 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ Br 2 ⎤⎦
2 H 2 S + 3 O 2 R 2 H 2 O + 2 SO 2 [H2 O] [SO2 ]
2 2
b.
K eq =
[H2 S ] [O2 ]
2 3

c. 3 NO 2 R N 2 O 5 + NO
K eq =
[ N2 O5 ][ NO]
[ NO2 ]
3

4 NH 3 + 3 O 2 R 2 N 2 + 6 H 2 O [ N2 ] [H2 O]
2 6
d.
K eq =
[ NH3 ] [O2 ]3
4

2 NO + 2 H 2 R N 2 + 2 H 2 O [ N 2 ][ H 2 O ]
2
e.
K eq =
[ NO]2 [ H2 ]
2

Fe 3 + + 6 CN − R Fe ( CN )6
3−
8.42 a. ⎡Fe ( CN )3 − ⎤
= ⎣
6 ⎦
K eq 6
⎡⎣Fe ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣CN − ⎤⎦
3+

Ag + + 2 NH 3 R Ag ( NH 3 )2
+
b. ⎡ Ag ( NH 3 )+ ⎤
= ⎣ +
2⎦
K eq
⎡⎣ Ag ⎤⎦ [ NH 3 ]
2

c. Au 3 + + 4 Cl − R AuCl 4− ⎡⎣ AuCl −4 ⎤⎦
K eq = 4
⎡⎣ Au 3 + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣Cl − ⎤⎦

Ni 2 + + 6 NH 3 R Ni ( NH 3 )6
2+
8.43 a. ⎡ Ni ( NH 3 )2 + ⎤
= ⎣ 2+
6 ⎦
K eq
⎡⎣ Ni ⎤⎦ [ NH 3 ]
6

b. Sn 2 + + 2 Fe 3 + R Sn 4 + + 2 Fe 2 + ⎡ Sn 4 + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣Fe 2 + ⎤⎦
2

K eq = ⎣ 2
⎡⎣Sn 2 + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ Fe 3 + ⎤⎦
c. F2 + 2 Cl − R 2 F− + Cl 2 ⎡⎣F − ⎤⎦ [ Cl 2 ]
2

K eq =
[F2 ] ⎡⎣Cl− ⎤⎦
2

[CO2 ][H2 O] CH 4 + 2 O 2 R CO 2 + 2 H 2 O
2
8.44 a.
K=
[CH4 ][O2 ]
2

b.
K=
[CH4 ][H2 O] 3 H 2 + CO R CH 4 + H 2 O
[H2 ] [CO]
3

[ O2 ] 2 O3 R 3 O2
3
c.
K=
[O3 ]
2

d. [ NH3 ] [O2 ]7
4 4 NO 2 + 6 H 2 O R 4 NH 3 + 7 O 2
K=
[ NO2 ] [H2 O]
4 6

8.45 a.
K=
[PH3 ][F2 ]3 3 HF + PF3 R PH 3 + 3 F2
[HF]3 [ PF3 ]
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 185
b. [O2 ] [ NH3 ]
7 4 4 NO 2 + 6 H 2 O R 7 O 2 + 4 NH 3
K=
[ NO2 ] [H2 O]
4 6

[O ][ClO2 ] 2 Cl 2 O 5 R O 2 + 4 ClO 2
4
c.
K= 2
[Cl 2 O5 ]
2

[ N2 ][H2 O] 2 NO + 2 H 2 R N 2 + 2 H 2 O
2
d.
K=
[ NO]2 [ H2 ]
2

;8.46
K eq =
[ Br2 ][Cl2 ] = ⎡⎣0.26 M ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣0.26 M ⎤⎦ = 0.47
[ BrCl ]2 ⎡⎣ 0.38 M ⎤⎦
2

8.47 ⎯⎯
→ COCl2
CO + Cl2 ←⎯
⎯
Initial Equilibrium Change
CO 0.79 M 0.25 M 0.25 M ‐ 0.79 M = ‐0.54 M
Cl2 0.69 M 0.15 M 0.15 M ‐ 0.69 M = ‐0.54 M
COCl2 0 M 0.54 M +0.54 M*
For every molecule of CO and Cl2 that react, one molecule of COCl2 is produced; therefore,
the decrease in concentration of both the CO and Cl2 of 0.54 M corresponds to an increase in
concentration of 0.54 M for the COCl2.

K eq =
[COCl2 ] = ⎣⎡ 0.54 M ⎦⎤ = 14
[ CO][ Cl 2 ] ⎣⎡0.25 M ⎦⎤ ⎣⎡0.15 M ⎦⎤

[ NO]2 [Cl 2 ] ⎡⎣0.92 M ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣0.20 M ⎤⎦

2
8.48
K eq = = = 0.099
[ NOCl]2 ⎡⎣1.31 M ⎤⎦
2

8.49 a. K = 2.1 x 10‐6 [reactants] larger than [products]

b. K = 0.15 [reactants] larger than [products]
c. K = 1.2 x 108 [reactants] smaller than [products]
d. K = 0.00036 [reactants] larger than [products]

8.50 a. K = 5.9 [reactants] smaller than [products]

b. K = 3.3 x 106 [reactants] smaller than [products]
c. K = 2.7 x 10‐4 [reactants] larger than [products]
d. K = 0.0000558 [reactants] larger than [products]

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EQUILIBRIUM POSITION (SECTION 8.8)

8.51 a. 2A + B + heat R D ; some B is removed. shift to the left
b. 2A + B + heat R C + D ; the system is heated. shift to the right
c. N 2 O 4 (g) R 2 NO 2 ; some NO2 is added. shift to the left

;8.52 a. Ag + (aq) + Cl − (aq) R AgCl (s) ; some Ag is removed.

+
shift to the left
b. 2 HI (g) + heat R H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) ; the system is heated. shift to the right
c. 6 Cu (s) + N 2 (g) + heat R 2 Cu 3 N (s) ; the system is cooled and some
N2 is removed. shift to the left
186 Chapter 8
8.53 a. 2+
Co (aq) 4 Cl‐ (aq) 2‐
CoCl4 (aq)
heat + + →
←
pink colorless blue
the equilibrium mixture is cooled.
The equilibrium will shift to the left and the reaction will be less blue and more pink. The
reaction will generate heat and the container will become warmer.
b. 2+
Co (aq) 4 Cl‐ (aq) 2‐
CoCl4 (aq)
heat + + →
←
pink colorless blue
Cl is added to the equilibrium mixture.
‐

The equilibrium will shift to the right and the reaction will be less pink and more blue.
The reaction will use heat to make products; therefore, the container will become cooler to
the touch.
c. 3+
Fe (aq) 6 SCN‐ (aq) 3‐
Fe(SCN)6 (aq);
+ →
←
brown colorless red
3+
Fe is added to the equilibrium mixture.
The equilibrium will shift to the right and the mixture will become less brown and more
red.

d. 2+
Pb (aq) 2 Cl‐ (aq) PbCl2 (s)
+ →
← + heat;
colorless colorless white solid
Cl‐ is added to the equilibrium mixture.
The equilibrium will shift to the right and more precipitate will form. Heat will also be
generated and the temperature of the container will increase.

e. C2H4 I2 → C2H4I2
colorless gas
+
violet gas ← colorless gas
+ heat;

a catalyst is added to the equilibrium mixture.

The catalyst does not have any effect on the equilibrium. The intensity of the color will
not change. No other physical changes will be observed.

8.54 a. 2+
Cu (aq) 4 NH3 (aq) 2+
Cu(NH3)4 (aq);
+ →
←
blue colorless dark purple
some NH3 is added to the equilibrium mixture.
The equilibrium will shift to the right and the mixture will become less blue and more
purple.

b. 2+
Pb (aq) 2 Cl‐ (aq) PbCl2 (s)
+ →
← + heat;
colorless colorless white solid
the equilibrium mixture is cooled.
The equilibrium will shift to the right and more precipitate will form. Heat will also be
generated and the temperature of the container will increase.

c. C2H4 I2 → C2H4I2
colorless gas
+
violet gas ← colorless gas
+ heat;

some C2H4I2 is removed from the equilibrium mixture.

The equilibrium will shift to the right and the mixture will become less violet and more
heat will be produced.
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 187
d. C2H4 I2 → C2H4I2
colorless gas
+
violet gas ← colorless gas
+ heat;

the equilibrium mixture is cooled.

The equilibrium will shift to the right and the mixture will become less violet and more
heat will be produced.

e. 4 NO2 6 H2O → 7 O2 4 NH3;

heat +
brown gas
+
colorless gas ← colorless gas
+
colorless gas
a catalyst is added, and NH3 is added to the equilibrium mixture.
The catalyst does not have any effect on the equilibrium; however, adding NH3 shifts the
equilibrium to the left and this produces heat, lowers the pressure because there will be
fewer moles of gas present, and increases the brown color of the equilibrium mixture.

8.55 a. H + (aq) + HCO 3− (aq) R H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g); HCO3− is added.

‐
The equilibrium will shift to the right. The amounts of H+ and HCO3 will decrease, while
the amounts of H2O and CO2 will increase. The concentration of the water will not be
significantly changed because this reaction is occurring in an aqueous environment.

b. CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) R H 2 CO 3 (aq) + heat; CO 2 is removed.

The equilibrium will shift to the left. The amount of CO2 and H2O will increase, while the
amount of H2CO3 and the heat decrease. The concentration of the water will not be
significantly changed because this reaction is occurring in an aqueous environment.

c. CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) R H 2 CO 3 (aq) + heat; the system is cooled.

The equilibrium will shift to the right. The amount of CO2 and H2O will decrease, while
the amount of H2CO3 and heat increase. The concentration of the water will not be
significantly changed because this reaction is occurring in an aqueous environment.

8.56 a. 2 N 2 O (g) + 3 O 2 (g) R 4 NO 2 (g) + heat; O 2 is added

The equilibrium will shift to the right. During the shift to the right, the concentrations of
N2O and O2 will decrease and the concentration of NO2 will increase. (Note: The O2
equilibrium concentration will be higher than the initial O2 concentration because the
stress to the system was adding more O2 and not all of the “new” O2 will be used in the
shift to the right.)

b. 2 SO 3 (g) + heat R 2 SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g); the system is heated

The equilibrium will shift to the right. The concentration of SO3 will decrease and the
concentrations of SO2 and O2 will increase.

c. 2 CO (g) + O 2 (g) R 2 CO 2 (g) + heat; the system is cooled

The equilibrium will shift to the right. The concentrations of CO and O2 will decrease and
the concentration of CO2 will increase.

8.57 2 HBr (g) + heat R H 2 (g) + Br2 (g)

a. Some H2 is removed. to the right
188 Chapter 8
b. The temperature is decreased. to the left
c. Some Br2 is added. to the left
d. A catalyst is added. no shift
e. Some HBr is added. to the right
f. The temperature is decreased, and some HBr is removed. to the left

8.58 N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) R 2 NH 3 (g) + heat

a. Some N2 is added. to the right
b. The temperature is increased. to the left
c. Some NH3 is removed. to the right
d. Some H2 is removed. to the left
e. A catalyst is added. no shift
f. The temperature is increased, and some H2 is removed. to the left

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
8.59 H2 (g) + F2 (g) → 2 HF (g) should be a faster reaction than H2 (g) + I2 (g) → 2 HI (g) because at
the same temperature, F2 and I2 have the same kinetic energy; however, the F2 molecules have
a faster velocity because they are much less massive than the I2 molecules. The faster velocity
of the F2 molecules allows them to have more collisions with the H2 molecules, and
consequently, a faster reaction rate.

8.60 A (g) + B (g) → C (s)

If gases A and B are used to fill a balloon, the concentration of A and B could be increased by
decreasing the volume of the balloon or increasing the pressure on the balloon. Increasing the
concentration of A and B will speed up the reaction.

8.61 As temperature increases, the solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases. In a lake, the amount of
oxygen in water will decrease as the temperature increases. Bacteria require oxygen to
metabolize organic contaminants and use them as a food source, and as the temperature
increases, the metabolic rate of bacteria as well as their demand for oxygen increases. As a
result of the decrease of dissolved oxygen, the bacteria die. Dead bacteria do not require food
and the contaminants are not metabolized; therefore, the rate of chemical decontamination
decreases.

8.62 a. Evaporation of a liquid The energy is increasing and the entropy is

increasing. Since this is spontaneous, the
entropy increase must be enough to compensate
for the energy increase.
b. Condensation of a gas to a liquid The entropy is decreasing and the energy is
decreasing. Since this is spontaneous, the energy
decrease must be enough to compensate for the
entropy decrease.
c. Sublimation of a solid to a gas The energy is increasing and the entropy is
increasing. Since this is spontaneous, the
entropy increase must be enough to compensate
for the energy increase.
d. Liquefaction of a gas to a liquid The entropy is decreasing and the energy is
decreasing. Since this is spontaneous, the energy
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 189
decrease must be enough to compensate for the
entropy decrease.
e. Crystallization of a liquid to a solid The entropy is decreasing and the energy is
decreasing. Since this is spontaneous, the energy
decrease must be enough to compensate for the
entropy decrease.

ALLIED HEALTH EXAM CONNECTION

8.63 (c) The powdered magnesium reacts faster because it has a greater surface area and more
collisions are possible since more points of contact exist between the reactants.

8.64 If the reaction A + B → C + D is designated as first order, the rate depends on (a) the
concentration of only one reactant.

8.65 Reaction kinetics deals with (b) reaction rates.

8.66 A book is held six feet above the floor and then dropped. (a) The potential energy of the book
is converted to kinetic energy.

8.67 When a crane at a building site lifts a beam to its top height, the beam has high (b) potential
energy.

8.68 Stored energy is referred to as (c) potential energy.

8.69 In exergonic reactions, the energy is (c) released.

8.70 An example of an exothermic change is (b) condensation.

8.71 (d) Exothermic reactions release heat energy.

8.72 The best example of potential energy changing to kinetic energy is (a) pushing a rock off a
cliff.

8.73 (c) Freezing is not an endothermic change.

8.74 (a) Ice melting is endothermic.

8.75 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O (l) + heat

(c) It is a synthesis reaction that is also exothermic.

8.76 A catalyst operates by (a) decreasing the activation energy barrier for a reaction.

8.77 It is not true for reversible chemical reactions that (c) when the reaction is finished, both
reactants and products are present in equal amounts.

8.78 When there is an increase in pressure to the system of 2 CO (g) + O 2 (g) R 2 CO 2 (g) , one
would expect (a) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide.
190 Chapter 8
8.79 If the temperature is increased for an exothermic reaction, then (b) equilibrium will shift to the
left.

8.80 For N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) R 2 NH 3 (g) + heat , it is incorrect that (a) an increase in temperature
will shift the equilibrium to the right.

8.81 (b) The concentrations of the reactants and products are constant.

8.82 The effect of the addition of a catalyst to a reaction in equilibrium is (c) there is no change in
composition of the reaction.

8.83 For the reaction: H2 (g) + Br2 (g) → 2HBr (g), the reaction can be driven to the left by (c)
increasing hydrogen bromide.

[SO3 ] .
2

8.84 The equilibrium constant for 2 SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) R 2 SO 3 (g) is (d) K c =

[SO2 ] [O2 ]
2

CHEMISTRY FOR THOUGHT

8.85 The light stick in the ice water will glow for the longest time because it is the least intense of
the light sticks. Each light stick contains the same amount of reactants; therefore, the total
energy released as light for each light stick when they have stopped glowing will be the same.
The only difference in the reactions is the rate at which they occur, which in turn impacts the
intensity of the light observed. The rate of reaction is slowed as the temperature decreases;
therefore, the coldest light stick will last the longest.

8.86 2 NOCl (g) R 2 NO (g) + Cl 2 (g)

2
[ NO ]2 [Cl 2 ] ⎡⎣ ⎤ ⎡ 0.35 ⎤
0.70 mole mole

Kc = =
1.50 L ⎦ ⎣ 1.50 L ⎦ = 0.035
[ NOCl ]2 ⎡ 1.80 mole 2
⎣ 1.50 L ⎦
⎤

8.87 PCl 5 (g) R PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) K eq = 0.0245

K eq =
[PCl 3 ][Cl 2 ]
[PCl 5 ]
⎡0.250 M ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣0.250 M ⎤⎦
0.0245 = ⎣
[PCl5 ]
[PCl5 ] = 2.55 M

8.88 H 2 + I 2 R 2 HI K eq = 50.5
[ HI ]2

K eq =
[H2 ][I 2 ]
2
⎡ 0.500 M ⎤⎦
50.5 = ⎣
[ 0.050][I 2 ]
[I 2 ] = 0.099 M
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 191
8.89 The other reactant in the lycopodium powder reaction shown in Figure 8.10 is oxygen gas.
The oxygen gas exists as individual molecules that react faster with the cloud of lycopodium
powder than with the pile of lycopodium powder because the surface area of lycopodium
powder exposed to oxygen is greater in the cloud of lycopodium powder than in the pile of
lycopodium powder.

A crushed Alka‐Seltzer tablet should dissolve faster than a whole tablet because the surface
area of a crushed tablet is greater than the surface area of a whole tablet; therefore, the
crushed tablet has greater interaction with the solvent than the whole tablet does.

8.90 In the equation N 2 O 4 R 2 NO 2 , heat is a reactant because the system favors the reactants
when the system is cooled and favors the products when the system is heated. LeChatelier’s
principle states that the equilibrium will shift to counteract the stress added to the system;
therefore, if the system is cooled and shifts toward the reactants, that means heat is a reactant
that could counteract the stress of cooling. If the system is heated and shifts toward the
products, that means heat is a reactant that needs to be used in order to counteract the stress
of heating. Heat is a reactant; therefore, the system is endothermic. The presence of a catalyst
in the tube would not influence the equilibrium concentrations of the two gases, it would
merely allow equilibrium to be reached sooner. The catalyst lowers the activation energy for
both the forward and reverse reactions equally, and therefore, only increases reaction rates.

8.91 HbCO + O 2 R HbO 2 + CO

By administering pure oxygen to victims of CO poisoning, the equilibrium shifts to the right
so that the CO is flushed from the hemoglobin and replaced with oxygen.

8.92 Smoking is dangerous in the presence of oxygen gas. The abundance of oxygen (an oxidizing
agent) would increase the reaction rate for a redox reaction occurring between any reducing
agent and the oxygen gas. A lit cigarette or even a small amount of ash containing an ember
could provide the activation energy needed for an explosive redox reaction.

8.93 liquid (l) + CO 2 (g) R carbonated beverage (l)

While under pressure, the carbon dioxide remains dissolved in the carbonated beverage. The
layer of carbon dioxide above the carbonated beverage in the sealed container escapes once
the pressure is released; therefore, the reaction shifts to the left as more CO2 is liberated as
bubbles in an attempt to reestablish equilibrium. Once the pressure is released, some of the
carbon dioxide bubbles out of the solution because the reaction shifts to the left.

8.94 An unscrambled egg has less entropy than a scrambled egg.

EXAM QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In an exergonic process, the system:
a. gains energy. c. neither gains nor loses energy.
b. loses energy. d. more than one response is correct
Answer: B
192 Chapter 8
2. At 20˚C, a sample of solid spontaneously sublimes to a gas. This change in state is accompanied by
which of the following changes in the solid sample?
a. entropy & energy decrease c. entropy decreases & energy increases
b. entropy & energy increase d. energy decreases & entropy increases
Answer: B

3. The concept of entropy:

a. is employed to explain how energy can be stored.
b. is employed to explain how an exothermic reaction can become endothermic.
c. is employed as an indicator of disorder in a system.
d. explains why most chemical reactions are endothermic.
Answer: C

4. Which of the following interpretations of the spontaneous chemical reaction is correct?

V + W + heat → Y + Z
a. V is written first because it contains more energy than W, Y, or Z.
b. The entropy on the left of the equation is greater than that on the right.
c. The entropy on the right of the equation is greater than that on the left.
d. Entropy has nothing to do with this chemical equation.
Answer: C

5. Most automobiles function by burning gasoline by a process similar to the equation in which octane
is burned: C8H18 + O2→CO2 + H2O + heat (not balanced)
Interpret the implications of this reaction.
a. It goes to the right because it is spontaneous after a spark is supplied.
b. It explains why a car stops running when there is no gas in the fuel tank.
c. Gasoline can be made commercially because the reaction can run backwards if the energy
is returned to the CO2 and H2O.
d. All of these responses are correct.
Answer: B

6. Which of the following states of matter generally has the lowest entropy?
a. a crystalline solid
b. a liquid
c. a gas
d. two of the three have virtually the same entropy
Answer: A

7. Which of the conditions given is necessary for a chemical reaction to occur?

a. The molecules of the reacting chemicals must be in motion.
b. The molecules of the reacting chemicals must bump into each other.
c. The molecules of the reacting chemicals must be of opposite charges.
d. The molecules of the reacting chemicals must be at different charges.
Answer: B
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 193
8. The reactants are mixed with the correct reaction conditions for a specific reaction,
BCD + HA ⇔ ABCDH, but the reaction does not occur. What could be the reason?
a. There are no collisions between the molecules.
b. The collisions of the particles with the container walls remove the required energy
because it is transferred to the container molecules.
c. The orientation of the molecules with respect to each other is not correct for the reaction to
occur.
d. There is more than one answer.
Answer: C

9. Which is an incorrect statement when discussing molecular collisions leading to the chemical
reaction, AB + CD→AD + CB?
a. The faster the motion of the molecules, the more likely they are to collide.
b. The faster the motion of the molecules, the greater the probability that a chemical reaction
will occur.
c. The slower the motion of the molecules, the more likely that this reaction will become an
equilibrium reaction favoring the left side of the equation.
d. The relationship between molecular collisions and reaction rate is direct.
Answer: C

10. Which of the following is most closely related to the term ʺreaction rateʺ?
a. the temperature needed to initiate a reaction
b. the position of equilibrium when a reaction stops
c. the speed of a reaction
d. more than one response is correct
Answer: C

11. A reaction is spontaneous when:

a. the conditions are present for that reaction to progress and it does.
b. the conditions are at STP.
c. the conditions are such for an exothermic reaction that there is less energy in the
reactants than in the products.
d. There is more than one correct response.
Answer: A

12. Which of the following is an endergonic process?

a. exothermic reactions c. equilibrium reactions
b. endothermic reactions d. proposed reactions that do not proceed
Answer: B

13. Which is assumed to be true in most explanations of how reactions occur?

a. reactant particles must collide with each other
b. catalysts must be present
c. energy must be absorbed as the reaction proceeds
d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A
194 Chapter 8
14. What is the direct cause of a chemical reaction of the type E + F→EF?
a. Catalysts are the direct cause of chemical reactions of this type.
b. The energy in the environment at room temperature causes the reaction.
c. The electromagnetic attraction between E and F draw them together.
d. Effective collisions occurring between E and F lead to reaction.
Answer: D

15. Catalytic action is:

a. responsible for speeding up and slowing down chemical reactions.
b. directly opposed by inhibitors.
c. much more effective at room temperature than higher temperature.
d. There is more than one correct response.
Answer: B

16. Sulfur reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide, but only if the high activation energy is
supplied. Which condition will lower the activation energy the most?
a. stirring the mixture
b. heating the mixture
c. using a catalyst
d. the activation energy cannot be lowered
Answer: C

17. The energy required to start some spontaneous processes is called:

a. internal energy. c. free energy.
b. collision energy. d. activation energy.
Answer: D

18. Which of the following will influence all reaction rates?

a. the presence of catalysts c. the concentration of reactants
b. the temperature of reactants d. more than one response is correct
Answer: D

19. Homogeneous catalysts are thought to function by:

a. raising the temperature.
b. lowering activation energy of a reaction.
c. removing a reacting molecule.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: B

20. If the reaction A + B R C occurs and pure A and B were mixed, which of the following would take
place as equilibrium was established?
a. The concentration of C would increase for a time, then remain constant.
b. The concentration of A would increase for a time, then decrease.
c. The concentration of B would increase for a time, then remain constant.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: A
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 195
21. In a system of equilibrium, it is true that:
a. the rate of the forward reaction exceeds that of the reverse.
b. the rate of the forward reaction is lower than that of the reverse reaction.
c. the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: C

22. Which statement applies to a reaction at equilibrium?

a. The energy of activation has been supplied to bring the reaction to equilibrium.
b. The state of the equilibrium can be expressed as a ratio of reactant and product
concentrations.
c. There are equal amounts of matter on either side of the reaction.
d. All of the responses are correct.
Answer: B

23. Which statement applies to equilibria in general?

a. The larger the value of K, the closer the amounts of matter on the right and left will be
equal.
b. The larger the value of K, the greater the amount of matter on the right.
c. The larger the value of K, the greater the amount of matter on the left.
d. None of these responses are correct because reactions at equilibrium have equal amounts
of matter on the left and the right sides of the equation.
Answer: B

Equilibrium. The following questions refer to the following equilibrium in which all reactants and
products are gases: CH4 + H2O R CH3OH + H2 + heat
Indicate the effect of the changing condition on the position of equilibrium.

24. Refer to Equilibrium. Add CH4 to the mixture.

a. shifts left c. no effect
b. shifts right d. can shift to right or left
Answer: B

25. Refer to Equilibrium. Remove H2 from the mixture.

a. shifts left c. no effect
b. shifts right d. can shift to right or left
Answer: B

26. Refer to Equilibrium. Cool the mixture.

a. shifts left c. no effect
b. shifts right d. can shift to right or left
Answer: B

27. Refer to Equilibrium. Add a catalyst to the mixture.

a. shifts left c. no effect
b. shifts right d. can shift to right or left

Answer: C
196 Chapter 8
28. A K is calculated for a reaction that displays an equilibrium position far to the left, such as:
N2 + 3H2 R 2NH3 at 1 atm and 25˚C A possible equilibrium constant for this reaction is:
a. 0.5 c. 1.5
b. 0 d. There is no way to predict a possible K.
Answer: A

29. BrCl is put into a 1.00 liter container. At equilibrium, the molar concentration of BrCl is 0.382, and
that of Br2 is 0.319. Evaluate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction: Br2 + Cl2 R 2 BrCl
(all are gases).
a. 0.457 b. 0.699 c. 1.43 d. 5.74
Answer: C

30. When the equilibrium constant expression is written for the reaction: N2 + 3F2 R 2NF3,
what is the exponent of the concentration of fluorine, F2?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 0
Answer: C

31. Which of the following statements about a K of 3.5 calculated for a specific chemical reaction at
equilibrium is definitely incorrect?
a. It was calculated by dividing the product of the products by that of the reactants.
b. It indicates that one side of the reaction has most of the matter present.
c. It is an evaluation of the extent of the two chemical reactions involved: the forward and the
reverse reactions.
d. A K of 3.5 indicates that a catalyst will push the reaction to the right.
Answer: D

32. Which statement is a correct application of Le Châtelierʹs principle?

a. Addition of a substance to the left side of an equilibrium system shifts it to the right.
b. Any change to the right side of a chemical equilibrium results in a shift to the left to relieve the
change.
c. Heat added or taken away from a chemical equilibrium system will not shift the reaction when
the forward or reverse reaction is exothermic.
d. Responses b and c are correct.
Answer: A

33. Which statement is correct with reference to Le Châtelierʹs principle?

a. In a reaction of the type, Q + 2R R 3T, the addition of one mole of Q results in the tripling of T.
b. If the reaction to the right is exothermic, the reaction to the left must be endothermic.
c. If the reaction rate of the forward reaction is known, then the reaction rate of the reverse reaction
is also known.
d. Responses b and c are correct.
Answer: D

34. Which of the following products is not suitable to timed‐release method for medications that are
desired to have an extended effective level time?
a. appetite control materials c. fluoride compounds in a toothpaste
b. analgesics used for middle‐aged people d. diuretics
Answer: C
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 197
35. Which method can be used to produce a timed‐release medication?
a. The patient is given the medication in small doses over time, rather than one larger dose.
b. The patient is to take the medication two or three times a day.
c. The medication is provided in special capsules that are subdivided into smaller, pulverized
portions of the medicinal compound.
d. The medication compound is produced in very small amounts and each is coated with a material
of varying thickness.
Answer: D

36. Which of the statements is correct when referring to the equation?

H2(g) + I2(g) R 2HI(g)
a. This reaction is reversible because the amount of heat given off by the forward reaction is
the same as the heat given off by the reverse reaction.
b.
The state of the reaction is found by using the formula .
c. Most of the matter is on the right side of the equation.
d. At equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are identical.
Answer: D

37. A catalyzed, aqueous chemical reaction occurs. Which of the following conditions will reach
completion the soonest?
a. a low concentration of catalyst c. a high concentration of catalyst
b. a high concentration of the reactants d. stirring the reaction mixture
Answer: C

38. What effect does an inhibitor have on a reaction?

a. It eliminates reactants. c. It slows the reaction down.
b. It lowers the activation energy. d. It decreases the amount of product produced.
Answer: C

39. If we remove CO2 from the following equation, CO + H2O + heat R CO2 + H2,
which way will the equilibrium shift?
a. to the left c. to the right
b. will have no effect d. not enough information to know
Answer: C

40. If we add a catalyst to the following equation, CO + H2O + heat R CO2 + H2,
which way will the equilibrium shift?
a. to the left c. to the right
b. will have no effect d. not enough information to know
Answer: B

41. A process that gains or accepts energy as it takes place is a(n):

a. exergonic process. c. endergonic process.
b. spontaneous process. d. all of these
Answer: C
198 Chapter 8
42. An elderly person comes to you on a winter day with blue fingers and toes, sluggish movement, and
slurred speech. What condition do they most likely have?
a. hyperthermia c. heat exhaustion
b. hypothermia d. none of the above
Answer: B

43. Ice has a(n) ______ entropy than that of liquid water.
a. lower b. equal c. higher d. cannot tell
Answer: A

44. What would be the effect of doubling the pressure on the following equilibrium system?
N2(g) + 3F2(g) R 2NF3(g)
a. Shift it to the right.
b. Shift it to the left.
c. Have no effect.
d. Impossible to predict.
Answer: A

45. Which of the following would be the equilibrium expression for the following system?
N2(g) + 3F2(g) 2NF3(g)
a. [ N 2 ][ F2 ]3 b. [ 3]
NF c. [ 2 ][F2 ]
N d. [ NF ]
2
3

[ NF3 ]
2
[ N2 ][F2 ] [ NF3 ] [ N2 ][ F2 ]
3

Answer: D

TRUE‐FALSE
1. Enthalpy always increases with increasing randomness.
Answer: F

2. When a spontaneous process is accompanied by an energy increase, then a large entropy increase
must also occur.
Answer: T

3. A spontaneous process accompanied by an entropy decrease must also be accompanied by an energy

decrease.
Answer: T

4. The reaction below does not progress at room temperature, but does at 1100˚C. Therefore, this
reaction is spontaneous at 1100˚C.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Answer: T

5. Chemical reactions always occur once the molecules of two substances collide.
Answer: F
 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 199
6. Butane, C4H10, burning in air, is an example of a substance combining with oxygen to produce CO2
and H2O. If pure oxygen were to be supplied, the rate of combustion would increase significantly;
therefore, more energy is given off when 10 g of butane burns in pure oxygen than when 10 g of
butane burns in air.
Answer: F

7. A reaction rate can be described in terms of the change in concentration of either a reactant or a
product.
Answer: T

8. A reaction rate can be described using any unit of time (seconds, hours, etc.).
Answer: T

9. Reaction rates are determined experimentally.

Answer: T

10. A reaction will occur each time two reactant molecules collide.
Answer: F

11. Activation energy is the total energy released when a reaction takes place.
Answer: F

12. Reactions that have a low energy of activation tend to proceed at a high rate.
Answer: T

13. The products of an exothermic reaction contain less energy than do the reactants.
Answer: T

14. Increasing the concentration of a reactant will increase the number of effective collisions.
Answer: T

15. Decreasing the temperature will decrease the number of effective collisions.
Answer: T

16. The effect of a catalyst is to eliminate the activation energy requirement of chemical reactions.
Answer: F

17. Catalysts may lower the activation energy.

Answer: T

18. A heterogenous catalyst will normally dissolve in the reaction mixture.

Answer: F

19. If heat is absorbed when a compound dissolves in water, the compound should be more soluble at
higher temperatures.
Answer: T

20. If the reaction A + B→C is exothermic, the concentration of C should increase with increasing
temperature.
Answer: F