a.) CIA Intelligence Memorandum No.

296 of June 1950

Context:

The CIA Intelligence Memorandum No. 296 of June 1950, offers a detailed
assessment of the multifaceted challenges facing the Philippines during that time.

In terms of the political situation, the memorandum identifies a transformation in public

sentiment from apathy to active resentment toward the government. President Elpidio Quirino,
despite the historical expectation of strong executive leadership in the Philippines, is criticized
for a disregard for civil rights, an inability to maintain law and order, and toleration of corruption.
The loss of confidence in Quirino's leadership extends even to his inner circle, complicating an
already weak administration. Concerns over abuses of power, both to suppress Communist-
inspired violence and legal opposition, are highlighted, potentially strengthening the
Communist-led Huk movement.

The analysis of economic conditions reveals that while the Republic is nearly self-
sufficient in food, longstanding inequalities in the agrarian system have been exploited by the
Communists. The failure of the governing class to address these issues provides an opening for
the organization of discontented peasantry, particularly in Luzon. The nation's deteriorating
financial position is deemed an immediately critical problem, necessitating drastic measures
such as import controls and proposed tax increases. The resultant sharp price increases in key
imported goods contribute to public doubt about the country's economic future, adding to the
existing political instability.

Regarding the military situation, the Hukbalahap, a Communist-led peasant organization,

emerges as the primary military threat. Confined primarily to Luzon, the Huk movement is
expanding and becoming more intensive. The memorandum estimates Huk strength at 15,000,
with expectations of growth. Despite difficulties in assessing Huk loyalty and morale, the
leadership's ability to retain adherence is noted. Recent Huk activities indicate a shift towards
more coordinated and centralized control. The military forces of the Philippines, numbering
approximately 33,000, are deemed inadequately equipped compared to their Huk adversaries.
Ineffectiveness is attributed to a lack of coordination, difficult terrain, and local sympathy for the
Huks.

b.) Leon O. Ty’s “It’s up to You Now!”

Context

The main objective of the article "It's up to you now" is to present a thorough historical
overview of the political climate in the Philippines in 1953, with a focus on the significant role
Ramon Magsaysay played in this regard. The story proceeds by explaining Magsaysay's increasing
apprehension over President Quirino's controversial choices, which in the end cause him to
resign from the Cabinet.
 The article's notable and surprising development is Magsaysay's quick shift from Liberal
Party membership to being the front-runner for the Nacionalistas' presidential candidacy. The
backing he receives from opposition politicians highlights this sharp change in political allegiance
and adds another level of complexity to the political dynamics of the day.
In addition, the article explores the internal conflicts within the Liberal Party, revealing the
strife that further undermined an administration that was already insecure. It also offers insights
into the larger political landscape, highlighting the public's rising discontent with the
administration due to perceived inefficiencies and corruption.

With the title "It's up to you now," voters are being urged to take decisive action and
make meaningful choices in the approaching election. The article provides a detailed account of
the political scheming, changes in allies, and Magsaysay's rise to prominence as a dynamic
leader who provides an alternative to the administration that many view as corrupt and
incompetent.

b.) Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the US Congress

Context

Corazon Aquino's speech before the U.S. Congress took place on September 18, 1986,
during her official visit to the United States. At the time, prevalent Philippine President
Ferdinand Marcos had been overthrown by the People Power Revolution earlier in the year,
which had resulted in Aquino's ascension to the president.

In the speech, Aquino emphasized the recent People Power Revolution in the
Philippines, which signaled the start of the country's democratic transition and the end of
Ferdinand Marcos' autocratic dictatorship. She reaffirmed her support for human rights,
democracy, and the rule of law.

She also intends to improve the strained diplomatic relations that existed between the
US and the Philippines under Marcos. She sought to establish a positive relationship between
the two nations.

Aquino reaffirmed her dedication to social justice and the welfare of Filipinos. She
discussed the difficulties in dealing with economic inequality, corruption, and the fallout from
years of political unrest.

The speech also emphasized an extreme value on the necessity of maintaining

democratic ideals and values in the Philippines. Aquino expressed her commitment to building a
government that prioritizes accountability, openness, and citizen involvement.

Aquino sought international support and recognition for her government's efforts to
bring about positive change in the Philippines. She portrayed the Philippines as a nation
undergoing a transformative process, and she sought understanding and assistance from the
global community.