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Demystifying International
Macroeconomics 2nd Edition
Marthinsen Solutions Manual
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Chapter
The Power of Financial Institutions to Create Money
8
Review Questions
1. Is it accurate to say that, as banks lend money in the form of
checking accounts, the M1 and M2 money supplies rise when the
loan is made and then fall when the loan is spent? Explain.
▪ No. The money supply rises when the loan is made and falls when it is
repaid. When the checking account is spent, the purchasing power is
simply transferred from one individual to another.
2. Is it accurate to say that, as banks lend money in the form of
checking accounts, that the M1 and M2 money supplies rise when
the loan is made and then fall when the loan is paid back? Explain.
▪ Yes. This is an accurate statement.
3. Suppose the required reserve ratio is 15%, and a Japanese bank
has the following assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity:
reserves = ¥85 million, checking accounts = ¥500 million, loans =
¥400 million, borrowings from the Bank of Japan = ¥80 million,
stockholders’ equity = ¥75 million, securities = ¥150 million, and
other assets = ¥20 million. Given this information, calculate the
amount of excess reserves or the reserve deficiency for this bank.
▪ Total Reserves = ¥85 million
– Required Reserves = 15% × ¥500 million = ¥75 million
Excess Reserves = ¥10 million
4. If $1,000 is deposited in a bank with reserve requirements equal to
100%, explain how much the bank can lend. In general, how do
banks with 100% reserve requirements increase their loans?
Explain.
▪ The bank can lend nothing from the deposit because the change
in total reserves ($1,000) is exactly equal to the change in
required reserves ($1,000), which means the change in excess
reserves equal zero.
▪ The bank could lend by increasing its stockholder’s equity
and/or increasing its nondeposit liabilities, such as borrowing
from other financial institutions. The bank could also lend the
proceeds of liquidated or maturing assets, such as notes and
bonds, and any profits that are earned.
5. Suppose a bank has $2 million in excess reserves and $8 million in
required reserves. A required reserve ratio of 10% is applicable to
Sovereign Bank
Federal funds loans 20,000 Borrowing from the central bank 80,000
10. Suppose the required reserve ratio for the banking system is 25%.
Answer the following questions based on the balance sheet of
Lafayette Bank:
Deposits at the central bank 100,000 Borrowing from the central bank 70,000
Lafayette Bank
500,000
Cash in the vault 60,000 Deposits
+35,000
Deposits at the central bank 100,000 Borrowing from the central bank 70,000
800,000
Loans Borrowing from other banks 400,000
+35,000
d. Show the entire balance sheet after the loan has been spent
and cleared.
Lafayette Bank
100,000
Deposits at the central bank -35,000 Borrowing from the central bank 70,000
65,000
800,000
Loans +35,000 Borrowing from other banks 400,000
835,000
11. Suppose the banking system’s only deposit liabilities are checking
accounts, and the reserve requirement on them is 10%. If the
banking system has excess reserves of $30 million and checking
deposits of $500 million, calculate the banking system’s total
reserves.
▪ Total Reserves ≡ Excess Reserves + Required Reserves.
Therefore, total reserves equal $80 million ($80 million = $30
million + [10% $500]).
12. If interest rates fall, what, if anything, should happen to the M2
multiplier? Briefly explain.
▪ The M2 money multiplier should fall because (Cc/D) and (U/D)
rise, and (N/D) falls. This occurs because the opportunity cost
of holding (non-interest-earning) cash relative to checking
deposits and holding (non-interest earning or low-interest-
earning) customary reserves relative to checking deposits falls;
so people hold more cash and banks hold more customary
reserves relative to checking accounts. Similarly, the cost of
holding checking accounts instead of holding higher-interest-
earning near money falls; so people hold relatively less near
money compared to checking accounts.
13. What happens to the M2 money multiplier, if anything, after
holidays, when people withdraw less cash from banks to pay for
presents?
Discussion Questions
18. Japan suffered throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s from the
after-effects of an asset price bubble that burst in 1990. The asset
price bubble was caused by excessive money growth in the late
1980s that drove up the price of real estate. Explain how
plummeting real estate prices put severe pressure on Japan’s
domestic banking system.
▪ Plummeting asset prices caused many borrowers to
default on their loans, which meant that banks ended up
owning the depreciated assets of borrowers (e.g.,
houses). When banks sold these assets, the losses
reduced their, already low, stockholders’ equity and put
them at risk of insolvency.
19. It is the end of the banking day. You are the money trader at a
bank that has $50 million of excess reserves, but there are no
customers walking through the doors to borrow. What do you do?
▪ Usually, the trader will lend the funds overnight on the
interbank market. He or she could also purchase short-term
securities.