MODULE 2 Descriptive Statistics used in Research Lesson 1 Frequency Counts, Percentages and Ranking Lesson 2 Measures of Central Tendency Lesson 3 Measures of Variability Lesson 4 Calculating Descriptive Statistics of a Data Using Excel7 CUINTRODUCTION This module contains the descriptive statistics used in research. It deals with frequency counts, percentages and ranking. Likewise it also includes measures of central tendency and measures of variability. These statistical tools are discussed in a manner that they are used in research. In addition, the discussion of the use of data analysis toolpak in the Microsoft Excel is included. Learning Objectives: At the end of the module, the students are expected to: 1. Complete a research table on frequency count and percentages and interpret; 2. Utilize ranking to describe a set of data 3. Define mean, median, and mode and determine how they are used in research; 4, Calculate the mean, median, and mode for ungrouped data; 5. Apply the weighted arithmetic mean in a distribution with weighted scores; and 6. Perform an authentic assessment methodology on the use of descriptive statistics. 7. Define variability and differentiate the different measures; 8 Compute the range, mean deviation, interquartile range, quartile deviation, standard deviation and variance; and 9. Interpret the dispersion of scores whether homogoneous or heterogeneous; 10. Utilize the microsoft excel to compute for the descriptive statistics of a given set of data. SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II38 Lesson 1 aa Frequency Counts, Percentages and Ranking In the conduct of research, the research questions would already be suggestive of the appropriate statistical tool to use. Given some research questions, let us analyze what statistical tool to use to treat the data. 1. What is the profile of DMMMSU graduates students along IQ level? 2. What is the perceived extent of implementation of policies and guidelines on civil registration? 3. What is the level of performance of pre-service teachers in Statistics? 4. What is the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in parent-teachers collaboration? 5. What is the profile of Grade 9 leamers along age, sex and sibling position in the family? Frequency Counts and Percentages For profile like age, religion and sex, counting is used. We have to determine how many are males and how many are females or tally from the accomplished questionnaire and then compute for the rates in terms of percent. Below is a sample: Sample research question: What is the profile of teachers along highest educational attainment? HEA Frequency Percent AB/BS Graduate 0 0 AB/BS with MA/MS units 5 21.74 MA/MAT/MASE/MS holder 12 52.17 MA/MS with doctoral units 4 17.39 Ed.D/Ph.D holder 2 8.70 Total 23 100.00 Example 1. For instance, for the teachers with units in the masters, they are 12. To compute for the rates, express in terms of percent, divide 12 by the total number of teachers which is 23. SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II39 $2 = 5217 = 52.17% Example 2. For the teachers with the doctoral units, they are 4. Hence, to compute for the rate, divide 4 by 23. A = 1739 = 17.39% B Ranking Data Ranking the data involves putting the values in numerical order and then assigning new values to denote where in the ordered set they fall. The method of allocating ranking numbers to tied individuals in general use is to average the ranks which they cover, Ranking can be done from smallest to greatest or greatest to lowest. Ilustrative Example: Rank the following scores: 9, 12, 7, 18, 9, 9, 12, 25, 20, 18 from highest to lowest. Steps: 1. Arrange the scores from highest to greatest. (to facilitate the ranking) However, ranking can still 2. Rank the highest as rank number 1. Continue with the next score as rank number 2 and so on. 3. If there are ties, get the average of the supposed rank and the resultant will be their rank. 4, If the score is repeated several times, just add the supposed ranks and get the average. The result will be their common rank. 5. To countercheck if ranking is done correctly, add the ranks. It should be equal to the sum of the numbers from 1 to the number of items (1, 2, n) SCORES RANK 25 1 20 2 18 35 8 35 2 55 2 5.5 SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II40 9 8 9 8 9 8 7 10 TOTAL 55 25 and 20 are ranked as 1 and 2. 18 is repeated twice and the supposed ranks are 3 and 4, hence get the average of 3 and 4 which is 3.5 and that will be their rank. The next number is 12(repeated twice) and the supposed ranks are 5 and 6. The average is 5.5, hence this is the rank of 12. The next number is 9 (repeated three times). The supposed ranks are 7, 8 and 9. The average is 8. Therefore the rank of 9 is 8. The last number is 7 which has rank 10. To countercheck if the ranks are correct, the sum of numbers from 1 to 10 is 55. Since the sum of the ranks is 55, then the ranking is correct. Example 2. Rank the following classroom management skills along motivation according to the level of manifestation of teachers Classroom Management Skills WH [_DR_| Rank ‘K. MOTIVATION Provides encouragement and support to the learners in doing their assigned task/work. 3.48 | HM | 6 Uses numerous visual aids to arouse the interests of learners 3.99 | HM | 2 Says “wrong” to learner whose answer isnot correct. | 2.32 | SM 10 Introduces learning activities through games, play and field trips. 3.75 | HM 4 Uses available visual aids considering their suitability to the learners and to the subject matter. 3.67 | HM | 5 Encourages participation and cooperation from learners. 4.15 HM 1 Regards mistakes as an opportunity for learning. 318M | 7 Exhibits the best work or project of learners in class__| 3.06 | M | 8 Says “good”, “very good” for every correct answer of learners 3.84 | HM | 3 Gives incentives/recognition to outstanding and meritorious performance of learners. 2.93 | M 9 SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II4 Since, none of the of the scores are repeated, just rank them from highest to lowest. ? THINK! Solve the following exercises: 1. Given the table below complete the percent column and discuss the finding. 10 points. Distribution of the Teachers According to Length of Service Years Frequency Percent 15 6 6-10 2 11-15 3 16-20 Z Zi-above 10 Total 2. Below is the distribution of the group respondents along highest educational attainment. Fill in the blanks with the missing figures. HEA frequency percentages College Graduate 10 College Level 18.75% HS Graduate 2 HS Level 25% Elem Graduate 14 Elem Level 75% No schooling 3 Total 80 100% 3. Rank the following scores from highest to lowest. 50 50 48 46 (45 44 44434242. 41 40. 40 36 34 44 «50 32 28 42 36 28 40 50 3835 SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II42 4, Rank the weighted mean of the indicators of financial management skills of teachers in Table 3 and give a brief interpretation. Table 3. Level of Financial Management Skills of Teachers as Perceived by the Teachers Themselves (N=100) Financial Management Skills of Teachers WM_|_DR_| Rank ‘Accepts sideline jobs (e.g. tutoring, selling, etc.) 3.48__|_VS ‘Avoids impulsive buying 332_]_S ‘Avoids unnecessary travels 3.44_|_VS Buys only cheap but nutritious foods 3.97_|_VS Buys only important needs for the family 3.18] _S Conducts income generating activities at home such as hog raising, poultry raising, etc. 4.07_|_vs Practices energy saving at home 3.84_| VS Practices to live within his/her means 3.08] 5 Prepares market list when going to market 3.54_| VS Prepares monthly budget plan 4.17_|_VS Prioritizes to buy only essentials 327_|_S Refrains from barrowing money with high interest rate 297 | s Saves an amount for emergencies 7.88 |S Saves on transportation by walking Wf short distance | _3.65_| VS Wears prescribed uniforms to avoid buying other clothes 3.76_| VS ‘Average Weighted Mean 3.51 _| VS Legend: Numerical Statistical Descriptive Ratings Values Limits (OR) 5 4,.21-5.00 Outstanding (0) 4 3.41-4.20 Very Satisfactory (VS) 3 2.61 - 3.40 Satisfactory (S) 2 1.81 - 2.60 Fair (F) 1 1.00 - 1.80 Poor (P) SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II4B Lesson 2 Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Central Tendency For problems involving level of performance, degree of seriousness of problems encountered, and extent of implementation, the measures of central tendency will be used. -is a single figure that stands for or represents a group of figures, this number can represent all the values in a given distribution ex. average contribution to a fund drive, temperature for the month of February, salary of a Filipino in the Philippines, size of shoes of a Filipina The mode is used with nominal data or any distribution when haste is necessary. The median is used with ordinal data or higher especially when data depart from normal or the distribution is badly skewed. The mean is used with interval or ratio data. It is associated with a symmetrical or normal distribution. Mean The arithmetic mean or simply mean (popularly called the average) is the sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores. The formula is ix N where x is the sum of all the scores N is the number of scores Example: Solve for the mean of the ff numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 50 Using the formula z= >, start solving for Ix = 2+4+6+8+10+15+20+25+30+45+50=215 the number of score is 11, thus, N=11 then, the mean is ¥ = 42° = 19.55 SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II44 Example 2: In solving for the mean of data expressed in the table below, use x= ie where Efx is the sum of the product of the frequency and each score. Note that frequency is the number of times the score appears in the data. Step 1: Complete the column fx by multiplying each score and frequency Step 2: Add the products in the column fx. Score Xx) Frequency (f) i 30 z 60 20 3 0 2% 3 78 ye] 20 500 23 18 414 a é 126 9 3 37 78 z 36 Total N= 57 TK = 1331 Step 3: Use the formula x == to solve for the mean. Hence, z= -73.35 37 Example 3: Weighted Mean In research, sometimes there are several groups of respondents. The mean for each group is computed and then the weight of each group is considered. The formula is: Mana + Mamay Mansy nyt nytny + where: M, is the mean of the first group M, is the mean of the second group My is the mean of the third group n, is the number of respondents in the first group n,_ is the number of respondents in the second group n_ is the number of respondents in the third group Research Question: What is the perceived level of instructional competence along teaching skills of Mathematics Instructors in the HEI's of La Union Level of Instructional Competence | Student | Teacher] Head | Weighted | DE ny =345 | np =23 | ny Mean =15 _[(use_the SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II45 formula to complete this column) 7, Substantiality of teaching 383 [429-454 3.89 VG Z. Quality of faculty member's [3.71 [4.15 [4.42 3.76 VG explanation 3, Receptivity to students’ ideas |3.68/3.95 [4.18 3.72 VG and contribution 4. Quality of questioning [3.70 [410 [4433.75 VG procedure 5, Selection of teaching methods [3.56 [4.41 [4.15 3.62 VG 6. Quality of information and|2.70 [3.20 [3.01 2.74 c communication technology utilized ‘Mean 353 [397 [4.12 [3.58 VG Step 1. Find the mean of the responses of each group in each indicator. Step 2. Use the formula for the weighted mean to compute for the weighted mean. Median The median is the midpoint of the distribution. Half of the value in the distribution fall below the median and the other half above it. For distributions having an even number of arrayed observed values, the median is the average of the two middlemost values. But for odd number of arrayed observations, it is the middlemost value. Example 1. Find the median of the following set of observations: 8,4, 1, 3and7 To find the median, arrange the scores from lowest to greatest 1,3, 4,7, 8 The median is the middlemost item which is 4. =4 Example 2. Compute the median of the following data: 12, 9, 6, 10, 7, 14 Arrange the scores from lowest to greatest such as 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, Since the number of scores is even, there are two middlemost scores. The median is the average of the two middlemost scores. SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module Il46 = 910 19_ Bae 95 The Mode The mode of a given set of data is the value that appears with the highest (greatest) frequency. That is, the value that appears most often. The symbol for mode is 2. Example 1. Find the mode of the following distribution: 5, 8, 10, 5, 3, 5,2, 5,7 First arrange the scores 2, 3, 5,5,5, 5, 7, 8, 10 Then identify the scores which occurs most often. The mode is 5. It is unimodal ( there is only one mode). Example 2. Find the mode of the following: 20, 15, 10, 9, 17, 20, 10, 10, 20, 8 Arrange the scores 8,9, 10, 10, 10, 15, 17, 20, 20, 20 Identify the score/s which occur/s most often. Notice that 10 and 20 appear three times. The modes are 10 and 20. It is bimodal (two modes) A distribution with more than two modes is multimodal. It is also possible that a distribution may not have any mode at all. When the median and mean of a distribution are known, the mode can be computed using the formula: Mo= 3(Median)- 2(Mean) (Grouped Data) & THINK! Solve the following exercises: Exercises: 1. Twenty families of Barangay Cabaroan gave the following data on the number of children per family: 0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 2,2, 3, 5, 6 7, 5, 6,5, 3, 3, 4, 5, 01 Find the mean, median and mode SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II47 2. A sample of 20 supermarkets reported the following prices of sugar per kilo: P54, 54.50, 55, 54.50, 53.50, 54.25, 54,50 54, 52.75, 53, 53.50, 53.25, 53.75, 54.25, 54 Find the average price of sugar per kilo. 3. Given the raw data scores of pupils in a test, compute for the mean, the median and the mode. Score Frequency 6 3 7 70 2 3 4 5 NJ ur] 09] 02] or} | 4, Below is the table of Level of instructional Competence of Teachers along Selection of Teaching Methods. There were 110 students, 23 teachers and 23 administrators who gave their perceptions. Compute for the weighted means and sub means and interpret using the scale below. Instructional Students | Teachers | Administrators | Weighted | Descriptive Competence Mean | Equivalent along Selection of Teaching Methods 1. Variety of | 3.57 4.17 4.3 teaching methods are used 2. Method is [3.54 | 4.09 397 determined by purpose and content 3. Emphasis is [3.51 A097 46 given to student- centered learning 4.Cooperative- [3.6 409 a3 collaborative methods are used Sub Mean SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module I!Ranges Descriptive Equivalent 4,51-5.00 Excellent 3.51-4.50 Very Good 2.51-3.50 Good 1.51-2.50 Fair 1.00-1.50 Poor/ Needs Improvement SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics 48 Module II49 Lesson 3 aa Measures of Variability Measures of Variability Descriptive measures that are used to indicate the amount of variation in a data set are called measures of variability, dispersion, or spread. They indicate the extent to which value in a distribution are spread around the central tendency. These measures describe how item values cluster or scatter in a distribution. Range, Mean Absolute Deviation, Interquartile Range, Standard Deviation, Variance Quartile Deviation To interpret, the greater the computed value, the more varied the scores are. The greater the value of the tool for variability the more varied the group is. The Range The range of a data set is defined to be the difference between the highest and lowest values in the data set. It emphasizes the extreme values. However, it is the most unstable or unreliable measure because its value easily changes or fluctuates with the change in the extreme values. Range=Highest Score- Lowest Score lustrative Example: Find the range in sets A, B, and C. Set A: 81, 82, 85, 91, 94 Set B: 84, 86, 88, 88, 90 Set C: 85, 87, 87, 88, 89 Solution: Set A: Range Set B: Range = 90 - 84 6 Set C: Range = 89 - 85 SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II50 Based on the computed range for sets A, B and C, it can be concluded that A has a greater variability as compared to B and C. The Mean Absolute Deviation The mean deviation measures the average deviation of the values from the arithmetic mean. It gives equal weight to the deviation of every observation. MAD= Ix (for a sample) Where MAD. = mean deviation x ach score ample mean ‘otal number of observations x n || = absolute vatue Illustrative Example: Consider the scores of students in a particular exam, and find the mean deviation. 77, 84, 91, 91, 91, 98, 105 Step 1. Compute the for the mean using the formula ze OX ay Ex = 77+ 84 + 91+ 91+ 91 + 98 + 105 = 637 E20 X xe 7 “14 14 84 7 7 7 0 0 aw 0 0 wn 0 0 8 7 7 105 4 14 De 637 z SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module Il51 The mean deviation for these data of seven items is 6. This would mean that on the average, the values deviate from the mean of 91 by 6. Standard Deviation and Variance The variance of a population is equal to the sum of the squared deviations about the mean divided by the number of scores. It is an indicator of how much variability there is in an entire distribution of scores The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the variance. It is used to determine how far the data are from the mean. This is the most accurate measure of variability. In computing variance and standard deviation, determine if the data represents a population or a sample. This will be the basis in determining which formula to use. The formulas are similar, however, a denominator of n-1 is used to compute the sample standard deviation and denominator of N for population standard deviation. Formula for population variance (02) and population standard deviation (c) ariance of a population = population standard deviation x = values of observations in the population (each score) 1= population mean Nz total number of observations in the population Formula for sample variance (s?) and population standard deviation (s) 5? DD 5 Pee Where s? = variance of a sample sample standard deviation alues of observations in the sample (each score) ample mean ne total number of observations in the population s \Wlustrative Example: SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II52 Find the standard deviation and sample variance of the scores of seven students taken in a class: 77, 84, 91, 91, 91, 98, 105 x x= (OG BY 77 14 196 84 7 49 By 0 0 W 0 0 1 0 0 98 7 49 105) 14 196 x= 637 Yx— *)* = 490 m1 m1 490 90 = =81.67 S= |"—= VB1.67 = 9.04 6 6 The Short- Cut Formula When there are more items and we would like to minimize the use of deviation, we may use a shorter method with the formula: 2= ROX)-0)" for sample variance for sample standard deviation Illustrative Example: Let us use the short x 77 84 1 71 7 8 105 SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module Il53 Dx= 637 Ex? = 58,457 7.68,457) (637)? 70-a) s?= 81.67 2 jn Ox2)- Ox) nG1) = [2c8asn~ a7? = 7-1) s= 9.04 Quartile Deviation It is a simple way to estimate the spread of a distribution about a measure of central tendency (usually the mean) Quartiles A median divides a given data into two equal halves. Similarly, the quartiles are used to divide a given data into four. The second quartile is equal to the median. Quartile Deviation is the difference between the first quartile and the third quartile divided by two. The formula is: Q~ QD- ~S Where QD is quartile deviation Qz is the third quartile Q, is the first quartile So, to compute Quartile Deviation, we first need to find Q3 ang Q1- Wlustrative Example: Consider the data 50, 60, 65, 67, 69, 30, 72 and 40 Step 1. Arrange the scores in ascending order and determine their position 30, 40, 50, 60, 65, 67, 69, 72 SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II* Pid 3rd 4th = 6th 7th 8th score 30 40 50 60 65 7 oF 72 There are 8 scores. N=8 Step 2. Determine the location/position of Q3 and Qi The location of the two quartiles are computed using the formulas: N8 Q 2, Hence, Q; is the 2" score which is 40 3N _3(8)_24 a4 6, thus, Q; is the 6™ score which is 67. 67-40 _ 27 2, gp - Using the formula gp= & 13.5 , THINK! Solve the following exercises 1. Consider the following data sets: Set A: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Set B: 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7,7, 7,8 Which of the two sets of data is more variable or more spread out? 2. The given data are the number of washing machines sold monthly by 10 appliance stores. 24, 8, 10, 25, 22, 15, 23, 12, 10, 14, 16 Determine the following: a. Range Mean Absolute Deviation Standard Deviation Variance Quartile Deviation poaos SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II55 3. The following data are the scores obtained in an aptitude test of 15 teacher applicants in DMMMSU: 82 85 90 94 92 88 80 78 86 85 68 85 85 91 75 What is the mean? What is the median? What is the mode? Assuming that the scores represent a population, what is ? 022 Suppose that the same raw scores represent a sample rather than a population, what is the value of s?? s? pang 4, Gather a set of data with more than 10 scores. Solve for the mean, median, mode, range, mean absolute deviation, standard deviation, variance and quartile deviation. SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II56 Lesson 4 aa Calculating Descriptive Statistics of a Data Using Excel For easier computation of the different statistical tools, computer software can be utilized. The Data Analysis Toolpak can be used. Megastat, SPSS and other software can also be used but they need to be installed in the computer. The Data Analysis Toolpak is readily available in the Microsoft Excel but has to be loaded or activated. To do this, follow the different steps. Steps in Loading or Activating the Data Analysis Toolpak 1. Open Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet 2. Click the Microsoft office button. Pome | inset Page Layout Calibri Body) >| Bm eS Paste mE Ite + S| a Arla Clipboard © Font 5 https://www.javatpoint,com/microsot Click Excel Options Select Excel Add Ins Highlight Analysis Toolpak VBA Click Go Check Analysis Toolpak VBA The click ok. Ifyou are prompte click Yes to install it PN aa chat the Analysis ToolPak is not currently installed on your computer, How to use Data Analysis Toolpak 1. Open excel spreadsheet and enter the data in one column 2. Ctick on Data in the toolbars, then choose and double click Data Analysis 3. Select Descriptive Statistics SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II57 Descriptive Statistics You can use the Analysis Toolpak add-in to generate descriptive statistics. For ‘example, you may have the scores of 14 participants for a test. To generate descriptive statistics for these scores, execute the following steps. 1. On the Data tab, in the Analysis group, click Data Analysis. a | so 6h oH (Spas G3 GA G8 8 a S What- Forecast Group Ungroup Subtotal . Anaysis~ Sheet | Forecast outine 5) Anabsis Note: can't find the Data Analysis button? Click here to load the Analysis ToolPak add-in, 2. Select Descriptive Statistics and click OK. SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II58 Data Analysic 2 x Anaysis Tools ee ‘anova: single Factor a nova: Two-Factor With Replication cancel ‘Anova:Two-Factor Without Replication correlation Covariance Help Exponential Smoothing, F-Test Two-Sample for Variances Fourier Analysis Histogram ¥ 3. Select the range A2:A15 as the Input Range. (Or simply highlight the data) 4, Select cell C1 as the Output Range. (Any empty cell can be selected. This is the cell where the answer or output can be reflected.) 5. Make sure Summary statistics is checked. Descriptive Statistics x Input OK Input Range: SAs2sasts Grouped By: @® columns cancel Help CU Labets in first row Output options © outout range scst O New Worksheet Bly: O New Workbook AiSeimmary statistics: Ceomrisenceeretor eons 95 |% Clem araest 7 Cen sates 1 6. Click OK. Result: SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II59 A 8 a D E 1 [scores Column 2| 2 3] 93 Mean 812128571 4) Standard Error 4,085318243 5| 6 Median 85 6| 96 Mode % 7) 6 Standard Deviation 15.13619489 a) 8 Sample Variance _229.1043956 a| 58 kurtosis =1.426053506 10] 59 Skewness -0.492108004 u| 100 Range a2 nl 93 Minimum 58 Blom Maximum 100 4] 78 sum 1137 | 98 Count u 16 | https: //www.excel-easy.com/examples/descriptive-statistics.html In the computer print out, it can be noted that the mean, median, mode, standard deviation and all other statistical tools are already computed. The mean is 81.21, median is 85, mode is 93. The computed standard deviation is 15.14. This is the sample standard deviation. For the population standard deviation, the fx function of excel can be used. To do this, follow the steps below: 1. Open Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet 2. Press the fx function [tee rage tayeuts commuay uate cai = iit (por wa | Esa Ss ror 3. Go to select category, then select statistical 4, Go to select a function, then select STDEVP SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module II60 5. Highlight the encoded data and click ok re [mnt y hes hen ; rete pa |e Lae as 2 Fron eget rx 2 2 | nee 4 = samt as 5 = ea 6 936 7 a ® es a0] 59. cakes stanaradesnon xeon herr poping es gine grr pel le sn). a 100 eres! teen. ae 19255 uber corepndg ts epeton u| 2 Sie Snes rence Sat conan oa 3] n 3a] n 3] Fe ramnvenst = esos 18, Car Tere 7 x8 al Hence, the population standard deviation is 14.59. LC THINK! a Perform the given proble Given the following data are the scores obtained in an aptitude test of 15 teacher applicants in DMMMSU: 82 85 90 94 92 88 80 78 86 85 68 85 85 91 75 Use data analysis toolpak and fx function to compute for the mean, median, mode, sample standard deviation and population standard deviation. Print the computer output and give a brief description of the computed values. SEME 112 - Advanced Statistics Module I