Concept Note on Marine Spatial Planning

Title: Mapping the Utilization Patterns and their Effects on the Distribution of Algal Bloom in the eastern
part of Dar es Salaam Coastal Zone.

Submitted by Edward K. Paul

Introduction: Coastal and marine ecosystems are invaluable resources that provide a wide range of
ecosystem services essential for human well-being and environmental sustainability. Marine and coastal
activities are closely interrelated, and conflicts among different sectors can undermine management and
conservation objectives. Governance systems for fisheries, power generation, irrigation, aquaculture,
marine biodiversity conservation, and other coastal and maritime activities are typically organized to
manage conflicts within sectors, rather than across them (Bellanger et al., 2020). Successful sustainable
use and conservation of these ecosystems require effective governance and spatial planning to balance
various users' needs and protect the ecosystem's health (Bansard and Schröder, 2021; Bellanger et al.,
2020; Gilek et al., 2019; Vasseur et al., 2017). This study aimed at mapping the Utilization Patterns and
their Effects on the Distribution of algal bloom in the eastern part of Dar es Salaam Coastal Zone. For
successful management of coastal and marine resources and also to provide a supportive guideline in
marine spatial planning in Tanzania, the study will involve utilizing remoted sensed data, GIS techniques,
vulnerability assessment, and sensitivity analysis to promote sustainable development and ecosystem
conservation.

Statement of the research problem: In the coastal zone of Dar es Salaam, coastal shallow water habitats
are facing various problems ranging from environmental degradation, algal bloom, biodiversity loss, and
deforestation due to lack of proper sea use plans(Gilek et al., 2007). The problems might be attributed by
a lack of detailed and systematic maps showing the spatial extent and patterns of coastal habitats along
the eastern part of Dar Es Salaam, Similarly, the distribution and intensity of human activities along the
coastline of Dar es Salaam and in the near-shore zones are not documented in a systematic manner. The
lack of such spatial information has head off smooth preparation of MSP for managing coastal habitats
and their resources sustainably leading to habitat degradation, resource depletion, and resource-use
conflicts. This study attempts to contribute towards solving such problems that arise, for effective
contribution to marine spatial planning also the study will identify the relationship between the utilization
pattern and their impact on the distribution of algal bloom, whereas the influence of human activity on the
distribution of algal bloom along the coastal zone of Dar es salaam will be determined.

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General objective

i. The overall objective of this study is to map the utilization patterns and their effects on the Algal
bloom distribution in the eastern part of the Dar es Salaam coastal zone.

Specific objective

i. To map the key habitat along the coastal zone of Dar es Salaam
ii. To map the human activity along the coastal zone of Dar es Salaam and their impact on Algal
bloom distribution
iii. To identify sensitive or hotspot areas (risky, underused habitats, as well as regions with
conflicting activities
iv. To determine the relationship between utilization patterns and algal bloom distribution along the
coastal zone of Dar es Salaam
Research questions

i. What and where are the key habitats along the coastal zone of Dar es Salaam?
ii. What and where are the human activities along the coastal zone of Dar es Salaam and their
impact on the distribution of Algal bloom?
iii. Which area requires special management attention (overused, underutilized, and has conflicting
activities)?
iv. Is there a relationship between utilization patterns and the distribution of algal bloom along the
coastal zone of Dar es Salaam?
Methodology

Study area

Coastal habitats, Algal bloom distribution, and human activities mapping in this study will be carried out
along the coastal and near-shore zones of Dar es Salaam region located in the eastern part of Tanzania
(6°48'59.42"S, 39°17'21.97"E), Specific field observations, interviews, and sampling (Algal bloom) are to
be conducted along the coastal district of Dar es Salaam region (Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke).

Data collection methods

Sampling design and data collection techniques in this study will involve three components of data
collection techniques; the remotely-sensed Chl-a data, mapping of coastal habitats, and Mapping of
human activities.

Mapping of coastal habitats

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Mapping of coastal habitats where, ArcGIS pro will be used to create a personal geodatabase
(ArcCatalog) for the purpose of storing spatial data to be gathered, and other spatial data for the mangrove
forests, coral reefs, and bathymetry will be obtained from IMS-GIS database.

Satellite data

Remotely sensed satellite Chl-a data will be used in this study, with the annual mean for 5 years (2015-

2020) with a horizontal resolution of 1km from a satellite sensor, Moderate-resolution Imaging

Spectroradiometer Aqua sensor (MODIS). The images will be recorded in Network Common Data Form

(NetCDF) format and thereafter will be georeferenced. the mean value of 5 years of remote senses Chl-a

of 1km resolution will be used to examine the spatial variations and distribution of Algal bloom within the

research areas to determine the relationship between the utilization pattern and the distribution of Algal

bloom or to determine the influence of human activity to the distribution of Algal bloom along the coastal

zone of dar es salaam.

In-situ measurements

In-situ measurements will be taken during two different field campaigns within two months, along pre-
determined cross-shore transects (4 cross-shore transects) with 4 stations on each transect, at the eastern
part of Dar es Salaam Island. Along each transect, the sampling stations will be approximately separated
at a distance of 1 km from each other.

Mapping of human activities

Mapping of the human activities including fishing, shipping, coconut husk retting and tourism activities
will done through community mapping on each site. The community mapping groups mainly comprised;
licensed shipping agents, fishers, tourist guides, and the chairperson of the beach management unit. The
selection of the people for community mapping will be based on their experience in the particular activity
and their ability to use the map for the identification of different areas.

Data analysis

Spatial analysis will be carried out in GIS software ArcMap 10.81 and ArcGIS Pro. GIS-derived maps
showing the boundaries of coastal zone habitats and human activities will be produced, also remote
sensed Chl-a data will be analyzed to find the spatial extent of the averaged Chl-a for a year (2015-2020),

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and the shape files for the mapped habitats will be converted, projected, and useful for the purpose of
calculating areas in hectors (ha)

The area of seagrass meadow, sub-tidal unvegetated sandy substrate, and subtidal hard substrate will be
calculated from the total area covered by shallow water 0-30 m deep based on their percentages covered.
Before calculations, other habitats that are found within 0-30m deep will be clipped out using their
respective shape files (polygon) created. Sensitivity index analyses will be carried out by using AreMap
10.8 or ArcGis pro-3.1. A model will be created whereby the shape files representing the coastal people's
activities (fishing, tourism mariculture, and shipping).

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Budget overview

SN RESEARCH ITEMS UNITS NO OF UNIT TOTAL

UNITS COST COSTS
(TSH) (TSH)
1 Equipment, materials, and reagents
Membrane and glass filter papers Pieces 2 900000 1800000
Reagents 5 100000 500000
GPS Pieces 1 400000 400000
Checklists and questionnaire Pages 100 1000 100000
Digital camera Pieces 1 600000 600000
Voice recorder Pieces 1 300000 300000
2 Field allowances
Student Allowance Days 45 60000 2700000
Lab technician allowance Days 15 100000 1500000
3 Laboratory and Data Analysis
Laboratory analysis 1600000
Data analysis packages Packs 5 200000 1000000
4 Travel expenses
Unguja-dar es salaam-Unguja (boat- Trips 12 30000 360000
student and lab technician)
Taxi Trips 12 20000 240000
Boat hire (rent and fuel) Trips 18 150000 2700000
Car hire Trips 30 20000 600000
Sample transportation Flight 2 150000 300000
5 Consumables
Meetings refreshments Sites 5 200000 1000000
TOTAL 15700000

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Reference

Bansard, J., and Schröder, M. (2021). International Institute for Sustainable Development Photo: NASA
(CC0 1.0) STILL ONLY ONE EARTH: Lessons from 50 years of UN sustainable development
policy The Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: The Governance Challenge Key Messages and
Recommendations.

Bellanger, M., Speir, C., Blanchard, F., Brooks, K., Butler, J. R. A., Crosson, S., Fonner, R., Gourguet, S.,
Holland, D. S., Kuikka, S., Le Gallic, B., Lent, R., Libecap, G. D., Lipton, D. W., Nayak, P. K.,
Reid, D., Scemama, P., Stephenson, R., Thébaud, O., and Young, J. C. (2020). Addressing
Marine and Coastal Governance Conflicts at the Interface of Multiple Sectors and Jurisdictions.
In Frontiers in Marine Science (Vol. 7). Frontiers Media S.A.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.544440

Gilek, M., Saunders, F., and Stalmokaitė, I. (2019). The Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable
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Publications on Ocean Development (Vol. 87, pp. 160–194). Brill Nijhoff.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004389984_007

Gilek, M., Saunders, F., and Stalmokaitė, I. (2007). Tanzania Biodiversity Threats Assessment
Biodiversity threats and management opportunities for SUCCESS in Fumba, Bagamoyo, and
Mkuranga. www.wiomsa.org.

Vasseur, L., Horning, D., Thornbush, M., Cohen-Shacham, E., Andrade, A., Barrow, E., Edwards, S. R.,
Wit, P., and Jones, M. (2017). Complex problems and unchallenged solutions: Bringing
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