Sas-Iadc and Iwcf - 2018

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved.
WELCOME TO
IWCF / IADC
WELL INTERVENTION COURSE
(Coiled Tubing, Slickline, Wireline & Snubbing)
(Well servicing)

Safety Moment
© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 3

Value Moment

SUGGESTED AGENDA
Start time 8:00
Lunch 11:30-12:30
End time 5:00
Breaks as needed!

COURSE EXPECTATIONS
▪ Manage cell phones, laptops

& Tablets put it a way.
▪ Limit side conversations.
▪ Punctuality is important and

Be Prompt.
▪ Participate and learn! So As

Questions

WHO ARE YOU?
1. Your name
2. Describe your Designation
3. Why do you attend this course?
4. How can you contribute towards the SUCCESS of this course?
5. Your knowledge of Well Intervention could fill a _____________

WELL CONTROL
COURSE INTRODUCTION

AIMS & OBJECTIVES
By the end of this course, delegate must be able to:
▪ Define the difference between Workover & Well Intervention.
▪ List the necessary parameters to enable a safe operation of well kill
▪ List the well kill types, associated advantages & disadvantages.
▪ Select appropriate type of well kill required for a particular situation.
▪ List the necessary well kill equipment.
▪ Prepare well kill solutions kill charts for each type of kill operation.
▪ Discuss Workover problems & distinguish well kill operations.

Oilfield Life Cycle
Exploration Drilling Completions Production Abandonment

WELL INTERVENTION COURSE
Course content:
1. Completion Operation : ( Well Control, Risk Assessment,
Formation Damage, Hydrated & Well Killing, Pressure Basic
& Basis)
2. Completion Equipment ( Well Completion, Wellhead &

Xmas Tree)
3. Well Interventions
A- Coiled Tubing B-Wireline C-Snubbing

Well Control Event/ Incident
Impact of a Well Control Incident:
•Human Impact
•Environmental Impact
•Asset impact
•Over regulations
•Business disruptions
•Local and Public Image Impact
Attending the IWCF Well Control course will help to:
•Deepen theoretical and practical understanding of how to manage well site

operations and maintain well control at all times.
•Maintain trust of stack holders
•Avoid over regulations
•Raising the competence
•Act as an induction for new recruited staff and giving them the information they need
to work in the different positions.

PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT
TO MAXIMISE WELL CONTROL WITHOUT COMPROMISING SAFETY &
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD”
Three factors govern the Success of Well Control:

1. Human
2. Equipment 3- Plans & Procedures( well plan, Backup plan,..)
1. HUMAN
2. EQUIPMENT
• Fitness
(Physical & Mentally) • Full Inventory
• ASK
(Attitude, Skill & Knowledge) • Independent Inspection
• Team Effort
• Function and/or Pressure Test
• Democratic approach
• Back-up & Spares
• Communications & Coordination
• Preventive maintenance
• Responsibility
Mathematic of life
A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 E-5 F-6 G-7 H-8 I-9
J-10 K-11 L-12 M-13 N-14 O-15 P-16 Q-17 R-18
S-19 T-20 U-21 V-22 W-23 X-24 Y-25 Z-26
ATTITUDE
1+20+20+9+20+21+4+5 = 100%
BARRIER
What Kind of well service disaster could happen caused by Pressure?

Blow-Out
What Causes Blow-Out?

Barrier failure
What is the equipment used to control a well from blow-out?

Barrier
What is Barrier ?
Barrier is any device, fluid or substance that prevents flow of wellbore fluids.

•Barriers
• ➢Sequence of Barrier Operation (Snubbing)

Barrier Classification:
1. Primary Barrier -1st line of defense system
2. Secondary Barrier -2nd line of defense system
3. Tertiary Barrier- 3rd line of defense system when 1st & 2nd system failed or
been compromised. Must have the ability to shear pipe/line
Barrier Requirement : Worldwide petroleum industrial acceptance

1. Drilling & Workover – Double Barriers Protection
2. Well Intervention – Triple Barriers Protection

▪ Note:A low pressure and high pressure leak test are normally performed for
component that is to be or may be exposed to well pressure. (pressure drop)
The acceptance criteria should be found in relevant documentation
(well program, API, NORSOK, or manufacturer recommendations).
WORLDWIDE PETROLEUM INDUSTRIAL
ACCEPTANCE.

WELL CONTROL THEORY
BARRIER ENVELOPES
Barrier envelope is a group of individual barrier elements.
Examples:
Stuffing Box is part of Lubricator Envelope.
Xmas Tree is part of Packer Tubing Envelope.
Casing is part of Production Casing Envelope &Etc

WELL CONTROL THEORY
Example of Barrier Envelope :
STUFFING BOX/LUBRICATOR ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:
• BOP
• Lubricators
• Stuffing Box

WELL CONTROL THEORY
Example of Barrier Envelope :
PACKER/TUBING ENVELOPE
▪ Packer
▪ Tubing
▪ Tubing Accessories
▪ Tubing Hanger
▪ Xmas Tree

WELL CONTROL THEORY
PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE
▪ Production Casing
▪ Side Outlets Valves
▪ Tubing Hanger
▪ Tubing Head
▪ Casing Head Housing

WELL CONTROL THEORY
PACKER/TUBING/DHSV ENVELOPE
▪ Packer
▪ Tubing
▪ Tubing Accessories
▪ DHSV

BARRIER ELEMENT(WELL & ANNULUS)

WELL CONTROL THEORY
Barrier Type: Barrier Integrity:
1. Mechanical Barrier Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”
1.1 Closed Type Closed through out operations & Must be “Leak Tight”
1.2 Closeable Type Close when required & API leakage criteria.
Must be diligently monitored for a period of time

2. Hydrostatic Barrier
to Ensure Thermal Expansion & Contraction
 Liquids with circa 200 psi
Effects Have Ceased.
 Must be observable from surface. (If possible, use a plug to segregate kill
fluids from the formation.)

BARRIER TYPE STUFFING BOX
1. Mechanical Barrier Lubricator
Advantage:
- Reduces formation potential
damage & cost efficient.
BOP
Disadvantage: XMAS TREE

MUD
- Working under pressure.
Tubing
Casing
2. Hydrostatic Barrier DHSV
Advantage:
-Working in dead well. FORMATION FLUID
Disadvantage:
- High potential of formation PACKER
WL PLUG
damage.
▪ What items are required for barrier (BOP) tested
verification documents : (select 3 Answer)
▪ 1- Pressure Rating .
▪ 2- Sign Off.
▪ 3- Kick of Depth.
▪ 4- Fluid Weight.
▪ 5- Max BOP Hydraulic Pressure.
▪ 6- Deviation Survey.

•✓Who shuts in the well and is responsible for safe working if a problem occurs during an
intervention operation?
• ▪ The operator of the intervention equipment
✓For smooth and safe-running of a job;
• Hold a pre-job safety meeting with all personnel involved
• Make sure that all personnel know what to do if a problem should arise
• Only use tested, inspected and well-maintained equipment
•✓If a well-control incident occurs;
• The well-team, well foreman (operator’s representative) and foreman hold a pre-job
meeting to allocate roles and responsibilities for the shut-in and for controlling the
well if an incident should occur.
•✓For good kick-off (toolbox) meeting;
• ▪Get everyone involved to attend the meeting and go through plans, ask for feedback and
comments, modify the plan if necessary and make sure that everyone understands in properly
• ✓If a problem has occurred with a well and it has been shut in;
• ▪State the problem on paper, give possible causes, and hold a meeting with all
parties involved. State the action to be taken (draw up a plan) if any, and then ask
the onshore support team to comment on your conclusion or intended action
• ✓What are the reasons for holding meeting prior to any operation?
• ▪Define rules and responsibilities
• §Discuss well control incident detail
• §Well control actions and the forward plan are fully discussed by all involved in the
operation
WELL CONTROL THEORY
Example of Barriers:
MECHANICAL BARRIER
CLOSED TYPE CLOSABLE TYPE
Stuffing Box BOP
Grease Injection Head Annular Preventer
Stripper Xmas Tree
BHA Check Valve Subsurface Safety Valve
HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
Drilling Fluids Fresh Water
Completion Fluid Salt Water
OTHER BARRIER EXAMPLES
WL Plugs Ice Plugs
Bridge Plugs Overbalanced Fluid
WELL CONTROL THEORY
•Well barriers: are envelopes of one or more dependent well barrier elements
to prevent fluids or gases from flowing unintentionally from a formation, into
another formation or back to surface.
•Well Barrier Element: is defined as a component part of a well designed to

prevent fluids or gases from flowing unintentionally from a formation, into
another formation or to escape at surface.
•Independent barriers: means each barrier shall be able to be closed and

contain the well bore fluids by its own control system irrespective of any power
failure.
A "Well Barrier Envelope" is defined as a combination of one or more Well

Barrier Elements that together constitute a method of containment of fluids
within a well that prevents uncontrolled flow of fluids into another formation, or,
to escape at surface.
•➢Principles of Fluid barriers
•✓For a fluid to be suitable for use as a barrier, the following conditions must be
satisfied:
• •Correct specification
• •Testing
• •Observation.
•✓Correct specification means that the fluid has the correct specific gravity.
•✓Testing refers to monitoring the specifications when the fluid is being

weighed and pumped.
•✓Observation means that the well should be monitored for a period in order to
satisfy ourselves that the pumped fluid is stabilizing it.
•✓Simply, we should select the correct kill fluid (weight and specifications) to
minimize formation overpressure & ensure formation fluid compatibility
•Barrier Theory
•➢Minimum Barrier Requirements
•A.A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall be available at all times
to prevent flow to the environment.
•B.As far as possible the barriers should be tested in the direction of flow of the
well.
•C.The barriers must be capable of being operated independently of each other.
•D.If one barrier fails it must be possible to put compensatory measures into effect
immediately. During this phase, efforts to re-establish the barrier and return the
well to double barrier protection, are the only type of work permitted.
•E.In principle, tested and approved barriers shall not have a leak rate greater than
0, before any work is conducted.
•F.The owner of the well may accept deviation of the test from this requirement in
certain circumstances.
WELL CONTROL THEORY
Definition
▪ Overbalance : Greater pressure than formation pressure
▪ Underbalance : Less pressure than formation pressure
▪ Barrier : Device, Fluid or Substance that prevent flow of hydrocarbon
 Inflow Test : Bleed pressure from ▲ & monitor build-up
 Positive Plug : Hold pressure from ▼ & ▲
 Formation Fracture Pressure : Maximum pressure applied to the formation

before it breaks.
 Double barrier principle : There is must always be two barrier elements between
the well and the external environment. One barrier element is a back-up for the
other.

➢Maximum Allowed Annular Surface Pressure - MAASP
•MAASP: The applied surface pressure at which leak-off occurred
that can be tolerated before the formation break at the shoe fractures.
•MAASP= Formation breakdown pressure at shoe – hydrostatic

pressure of mud in use in the casing shoe.

Tubing Plugs
Tubing plugs can be divided into four categories:
•Plugs which hold pressure from below - pump through plug (check valves)
•Plugs which hold pressure from above - test plug (standing valve)
•Plugs which hold pressure from both directions (positive plug)
•Plugs which hold pressure to set values - pump out plugs (shear plugs)
You should
• Check that the pressure ratting is correct.

• Check that the contingency exists if solids might settle on the plug top.
• Check that the plug is holding pressure after setting.

Tubing Plugs
•1.Blanking Plugs (wire line plugs): run on wire line & set in a nipple. They seal off in
a nipple & hold pressure from both directions (positive plug). Either one trip or two trips.
•2.Pump Open Plug: The inside of the plug shears when pre-determined pressure is
applied from top of the plug (positive plugs with a limited pressure rating.)
•3.Pump Out Plug: Similar in principle to pump open plugs but shears off & drops
down hole
•4.Pressure cycle plug: Require pressure above the plug to be cycled a fixed no. of
times before the plug opens.
•5.Ice Plug: Wrapping the equipment to be frozen in a coil through which chemicals
like glycol are passed after being cooled to a predetermined temperature by liquid
nitrogen.
•6.Bridge Plug: Used to shut-off water producing zones by setting in casing and
capping it with cement (expandable plug).
•7.Pump-through Plugs: Hold pressure from below but allow pumping if the need
arises.
•8.Back Pressure Valves (one-way or two-way valve): It is a check valve where fluid
can pass through it with 1 psi ∆P and it is set in tubing hanger threaded profile.
Causes of Unplanned Well Inflow
▪ •Wells inflow when the reservoir pressure exceeds the

wellbore (bottomhole) pressure.
▪ •Some of the most common causes of kicks include:
▪ –Not keeping the hole full (Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure)

▪ –Lost circulation
▪ –Swabbing
▪ –Underbalanced pressures

•➢Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure
•Hydrostatic pressure is the number one defense against kicks.
•When tripping out of the hole, a volume (of steel) is being

removed from the well.
•As the steel is removed, the fluid level & hydrostatic pressure in
the well drops.
•If the hydrostatic pressure drops below the reservoir pressure, the
exposed zone will flow. Therefore it is extremely important to fill
the hole with fluid while tripping out of the hole.
•The volume of fluid needed to fill the well should be equivalent

to the volume of steel (tubing) pulled out of the well.
•➢Losses
•Loss of circulation leads to a drop of both the fluid level and hydrostatic pressure in a well
•Losses can occur in any formation zone.

•Losses can occur in one zone while another zone is producing
•Three main causes of lost circulation are:
• 1.Excessive pressure overbalance
• −when wellbore pressures exceed the fracture pressure
• 2.Excessive surge pressure
• −increase in bottomhole pressure caused by the downward movement of the work string
• −minimized by monitoring trip speed and return fluid volumes while running in the well
• 3.Poor formation integrity
• −use of a bridging agent to plug off the troublesome formation

•➢Swabbing
•Swabbing is caused by the upward movement of pipe in a well and
results in a decrease in bottomhole pressure

A Xmas tree is to be changed out on a production well. A deep-set positive plug has
been set in the tailpipe below the packer. A second plug will be set in the tubing
hanger before the tree can be removed. What is the correct first action to take before
setting the second plug?
• a.Inflow test the deep-set plug

• b.Pressure up on the tubing to test the deep-set plug.
• c.Pressure up on the annulus to test the deep-set plug from below.
• d.If the wellhead pressure is not rising, the second plug can be run immediately.
•A newly completed well has a sliding sleeve (SSD) just above the packer. The sleeve
has just been closed with the tubing full of diesel and the annulus full of brine. The
tubing is open to the perforation. How should the SSD be tested to ensure it is closed?\
• a.Flow the well

• b.Pressure up the annulus
• c.Bleed down the annulus
• d.Bleed down the tubing

What item of equipment should be pressure tested before we rig up
intervention equipment?
• a.Xmas tree
• b.Tubing hanger
• c.Packer
• d.Annulus
•Tree gate valves can be primary barrier?

• a.True
• b.False
•A low pressure and high pressure leak test are normally performed for
component that is to be or may be exposed to well pressure. Which one of the
following statement is correct?
• a.If no leaks are visible on the equipment, the test is OK.
• b.The acceptance criteria should be found in relevant documentation (well program, API,
NORSOK, or manufacturer recommendations).
• c.10% pressure drop is inside the acceptance criteria.
• d.25% pressure drop is inside the acceptance criteria.
• e.5% pressure drop is inside the acceptance criteria.

•Which of the following indicates that a gas cap may be forming in a live well that has
just been shut in at the tree?
• a.Initial SIWHP slowly falls.

• b.Initial SIWHP slowly rises.
• c.Initial SIWHP remains steady.
• d.Annulus pressure slowly falls.
• e.Annulus pressure slowly rises.
• f.Annulus pressure remains steady.
•When shutting in a producing well, there will be rapid increase in pressure

displayed on X/T gauge. Which one of the following is correct?
• a.The increase is mainly caused by gas migration.

• b.The increase is mainly caused by temperature increase.
• c.The increase is mainly caused by cross flow in the reservoir.
• d.The increase is mainly caused by temperature decrease.
• e.The increase is mainly caused by pressure build-up from the reservoir.

•Shutting-in Xmas Trees
• ✓When we open a valve that is pressurized on only one side;
• ▪The valve may suffer damage

• ▪The valve will suffer a strong hydraulic shock
• ▪There will be high probability of pressure lock
• ▪The mechanical force required to turn handle can damage or break the stem
• ▪The high differential pressure disables the gate movement when opening
• ▪The sudden pressure surge on opening can damage piping equipment downstream.
• ✓When we shut down a well at the Xmas tree;

• ▪Close the Swab valve while counting turns if you need to shut in after pulling out of the
hole with the intervention tool string
• ▪Counting the turns as the valve is opened or closed can show any obstructions in front of
the valve.
• ▪The lower master valve is normally not in use
• ▪The wing valve closes off all flow from the well
• ▪The valves may be damaged if they are closed against a wireline, tubing, etc.
• ▪The upper master valve is normally utilized
• ▪Swab valve can be used to cut Slickline & Some master valves can be used to cut
Slickline
• ▪After closing, a manual valve handle should be backed out by part of a turn
FORMATION DAMAGE
&
WELL KILLING

FORMATION DAMAGE
Well Intervention most notably formation damages are;
 Exceeding formation fracture pressure.

• Pore or fracture plugging by circulating or kill fluid solids.
• Permeability reduction by circulating or kill fluid filtrate invasion.
• Permeability reduction due to insoluble precipitates formed during
acid stimulation with hydrofluoric acid.
• Sand face/cement breakdown due to acid stimulation effects.
• Clay swelling from incompatible brine or water contamination.
• Pore or perforations plugging due to bull heading with scale or
debris in the tubing.

PREVENTION
Thorough planning is compulsory to minimize or eliminate formation, human
& environment damages.
1 Fluids Isolation
• Always isolate fluids from formation by setting a mechanical barrier (only
possible if no work to be done below it).
2 Well Plug Recovery
• Use long neck fishing neck plugs for better recovery due to scale/debris
accumulation.
3 Fluids Cleanliness 4 Human

• Filtration unit or Centrifuge • MSDS
• PPE
4 Fluids Selection
• Procedures
• Compatible
• Crystallization or Freezing Free fluids 5 Environmental Control
• Maintain pH • Legislative requirements
• Consider Inhibitors • Retain leakage or spillage
• Close monitor & recorded.
•Risk Assessment (All involved parties)
• RA process involves:
• Identifying and ranking risk events, developing mitigation options to

minimize probability and severity of outcome, and providing
contingency procedures that can be implemented if the events occur.
• The risk events are then re-ranked assuming that mitigations and
contingencies (M &C) have been applied, which will show whether the
M&C have changed these risks to an acceptable level.
• Role of Risk Assessment

• ✓Occurrence of well control events is an ever-present risk in oil industry.
• ✓In many cases, it is not possible to completely eliminate these risks, so

they must be managed to an acceptable level in terms of HSE impact and
financial losses.
WORKING FLUIDS
▪ Clear brine are used to prevent formation damage providing the

following points are considered:
 Compatibility of the brine with the formation.
 Weight required.
 Preparation of the brine.
 Cleanliness.
 Health & Safety aspects.
 Pollution control measures.

WELL KILLING
Well Intervention well Kill Method:
1. Bullhead: The Most preferable method in case of emergency.
2. Forward Circulation: Minimize formation damage.
3. Reverse Circulation: Best Planned Kill method
4. Lubricate & Bleed : Last resort Alternative method.

INFORMATION REQUIRED
1.Fluid Levels In Tubing.
2.Wellhead Pressure Rating.
3.Formation Pressure.
4.Formation Fracture Pressure.
5.Casing & Tubing Strengths.
6.Injectivity Pressure.
7.Maximum Allowable Surface Pressure(MASP).

PUMP EQUIPMENT
1. Pump
2. Surface
3. Choke Manifold
4. Isolation Valves
5. Pressure Gauges
6. Fluid Disposal System
7. Mixing Tanks
8. Reserve tanks 9. Fluid & Chemicals.

1 Bullhead:
• Fill CT below Quad BOP with kill fluids through Quad BOP Kill Port
• Pump 1½ - 2 volumes of seawater with high pumping rate (faster than
freefall) to push hydrocarbon into formation via Xmas Tree.
• Followed by pumping kill fluids at high pumping rate (e.g. 1000 lpm) &
reduce pumping rate before the kill fluids reaches formation (e.g. 200
lpm)
• Squeezed kill fluids into formation at given overpressure (lower than
formation fracturing pressure).
• The pump is stopped & killing is completed when the rate of pressure
reduction is lower than 1.5 bar/min.
• If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue squeezing &
monitor pressure bleed off.

1- BULLHEAD
Pump Kill fluid thru tubing and squeeze influx into formation, we use this method in EMERGENCY.
Must apply infectivity test.
Advantages:
- Quick & easy methods especially in smaller tubing.
- No Hydrocarbons brought to surface.
- Lower cost & Easy to perform with less personal.
- No Casing pressure increase
▪ Disadvantage:
•Scales or contaminants in the tubing are pumped into
formations.
•Low formation pressures may be exceeded causing
accidental fractures.
•Gas may slip up the tubing if the pump rate is not sufficient for larger tubing size.
Bull Heading Limitations:
-Formation Fracture Pressure.

-Tubing burst Pressure.
-Max. Pressure of surface equipment .
-Formation damage.
-Cannot Kill all well (especially tight formation and some gas
well).

•✓Method involves pumping kill fluid directly into tubing to force
tubing contents back into formation.
•✓Preferred when reverse circulation is not possible (stuck closed
sliding sleeve or insufficient information is available to calculate a
reverse-circulation kill).
•✓Used only if there is no sand or scale (perforations open)
•✓Used only if it does not causes any appreciable damage to
formation (it is likely to have formation damage)
•✓Cannot be used if there is blockage (stuck plug in tail pipe or
severely collapsed casing above perforations) or tight formation
preventing bull heading.
Note: DHSV with serious leak in control line is not a blockage
•✓Calculation must be made for Max allowable surface pressure and
tubing burst pressure.
•✓ Pump rates must be restricted to keep pressure below fracture
point.

✓A live well is to be killed by bull heading. Which of these factors limit the
maximum allowable surface pressure?
• a.Completion size.
• b.Maximum pump speed.
• c.SIWHP.
• d.Maximum safe working pressure of the surface equipment.
• e.Completion burst limits.
• f.DHSV operating pressure.
• g.Possible formation fracture.
• ✓The stack configuration is 5000 psi working pressure. The wellhead

pressure during a test is 4860 psi. the well needs to be killed using bullheading
method. The formation is tight. Is the stack pressure rating sufficient?
• a.The bullheading can’t be performed with this stack pressure rating

• b.The stack is sufficient within 10% overpressure limit
• c.The stack is sufficient within 5000 psi working pressure
• d.The stack pressure rating is irrelevant for the situation

WELL KILLING
2 Forward Circulation
• Prepare kill fluids circa 200 psi overbalance.
• Pump down kill fluids through CT & returns up the tubing.
• The pump is stopped & killing is completed when the rate

of pressure reduction is lower than 1.5 bar/min.
• If the rate of pressure reduction is higher, continue

• pumping
& monitor return pressure.
Disadvantages:
1- Large Volume pumped (Tubing + Annulus).
2- High surface Pressure.
3- Influx will be beneath completion fluid.
4- Less safe as hydrocarbons will be brought to surface through hanger spool
outlets and disposal may be more difficult.
5- Slow pump speed. 6- No advantage over reverse circulation.
WELL KILLING
3- Reverse Circulation
Pump kill fluids through Casing & return thru the tubing.
Advantages:
1- small volume pumped (Tubing)
2-Low surface pressure
3-Influx will not enter Annulus.
4-Fast and PLANNED.
5- can Kill all wells ( if the mechanical condition of
the tubing and casing is appropriate).
6-Formation may be protected from damage
Disadvantage:
•Slower than Bull heading method

WELL KILLING
4- LUBRICATE & BLEED:

Pump a small amount of kill fluid & bleed a small amount
Of gas while keeping constant BHP until well is dead.
- It is the Alternative method of Bull Heading.

Advantages:
1-The only method that can be used in certain circumstances.
Disadvantages:
1- Very slow
2-Requires higher surface pressure than circulating methods.
3-Pressures equalization across tubing is difficult to achieve.

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
Well Intervention Common Challenges are:
• Surge Pressure • Hydrates

• Swab Pressure • Equipment Failure and/or Defect
• Blockages • Human Error
1. Surge Pressure
Piston Power arises from running of tubing in hole & caused by:
• Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces ▲pressures
Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than oil/gas).
• ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• May activate pressure-activated equipment downhole.
e.g. Entering 2⅞” tubing with 250 m/h speed will results injection rate
of 1.05 m3/h =17.5 l/m. This can be compensated by bleeding of
via choke to separator while
69
RIH.
2. Swab Pressure
Piston Effect occurs when downhole equipment is being pulled from the well &
caused by following conditions:
• Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces ▲pressures.
• Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than oil/gas).
• ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• Greater effect when downhole tools closer to reservoir & causes
hydrocarbon to be drawn out from reservoir.

3. Blockages
• Formation sand
• Scale
• Collapsed casing, liners or jammed valves etc.
Removing Blockages
• Mechanical methods
• Chemical methods

4. Hydrates
Crystalline water structures filled with small molecules. 1 m3 of hydrates
contains approximately 0.8 m3 water & 180 m3 gas.
• Presence of free water
• Presence of light gas molecules
• Relatively high pressure
• Relatively low temperature
Removing Hydrates
• Reduce pressure
(Risk: hydrate plug slips & gas above it, the plug may blow up).
• Raise temperature
• Use inhibitor (glycol, methanol72 or salt).
5 Equipment Failure and/or Defect
Equipment failures lead to disastrous tragedy.
Certified independent inspection body, pre-job function & pressure tests,

good equipment handling, effective maintenance program, sufficient
spares & back-up equipment are essential in achieving maximum
safety standard & high rate of operation success.

6 Human Error
Qualified, well trained competent personnel are essential in achieving

maximum safety standard & high rate of operation success.
Two ways communication is vital to this dynamic WI operations. Well

developed intra-personnel relationship is essentially important.

▪ Which of the following is an active barrier during completion
the well?
A. BOP
B. Overbalance brine/fluid
C. Cement Plug.
▪ Which one of the following is considered as a secondary

barrier during a well intervention operations?
A. BOP
B. Hydrostatic Bottom Hole Pressure.
C. X-mass Tree

▪ While completing a producing well, why should a fluid barrier be
clean?
2 Answers
A. To prevent formation damage.
B. To prevent debris settling at the top of the packer.
C. To reduce the bottom hole pressure while pumping.
D. To provide a homogeneous fluid system for completion.
▪ Which of the following fluids are common fluid barriers?
3 Answers
A. Seawater
B. Diesel oil
C. Packer fluid
D. Nitrogen
E. Condensate
F. Drilling fluid.

▪ What impact can blowouts have? 3Answers
A. Blowouts can damage rig equipment.
B. Blowouts identify where hydrocarbons exist.
C. Blowouts are acceptable as society needs soil.
D. Blowouts have no environmental impact as they are contained at the rig site.
E. Blowouts have potential to kill and injure personnel.
F. Blowouts can damage a company's reputation and result in lost contracts.
▪ What are consequences of having a blow-out? 5 Answers

A. Environmental damage
B. Competitors shall gain an advantage.
C. Loss of human life.
D. Loss of equipment
E. The responsible person will be fired and will not find a job easily.
F. Loss of reputation
G. If the blow is controlled before it catches fire, no real consequences are expected.
H. Financial damages.
•A live production well has a lot of sand and scale in the casing below the perforation s.
There are several hundred feet of open perforations and zones are at a much lower
pressure than the others are. A work string is to be run through the completion to clean
out the well to TD. Which of the following statement is true?
• a.The Thief zone (S) may stop proper circulation back to surface.
• b.Reverse circulation is best when there is a thief zone.
• c.A high pump rate will be required to overcome any losses into the thief zone (S)
• d.It may be necessary to use a fluid containing LCM (lost circulation material). Such as sized
salt particles, to stop the losses into the thief zone
• e.The circulation system will have to permit pumping down the work string/completion annulus
and the completion/casing annulus at the same time to have enough flow rates to overcome any
losses into the thief zone

•Testing Barriers
• QDocumentation of leak and function testing of well barriers
• •All well integrity tests shall be documented and accepted by an authorized

person.
• •The chart and the test documentation should contain:
• type of test,
• test pressure,
• test fluid,
• system or components tested,
• estimated volume of system pressurized,
• volume pumped and bled back,
• time and date.

PRESSURE BASIC
&
BASIS

PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
Conversion Factors
1 Bar = 14.5 psi
1 kPa = 0.1461 psi
1 Atmosphere = 14.7 psi
1 kg/sq m = 0.20 lb/sq ft
1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 foot = 0.30 meter
1 cu ft = 7.481 US Gallon
1 US Gallon = 231 cu ins
1 US Barrel = 5.6146 cu ft
1 US Barrel = 42 US Gallon

1 Fundamentals of Fluids & Pressure

Pressure is defined as Force per unit area exerted by fluid i.e.
Pressure = Force ÷ Area

Using  concept, the formula can be changed:
Force = Pressure × Area
Area = Force ÷ Pressure
2 Basic laws of physics concerning fluids & gas

• Liquids are not compressible
• Gases are compressible
• Liquids & gases are both FLUIDS
• Pressure in a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
3 Fresh Water
Fresh water weighs the same per unit volume anywhere in the world that is why
it’s called “Universal Fluid”& used as STANDARD for comparison with
other fluid.
Fresh Water Facts:
• Density of 62.4 lbs/ft3 PG = Force (Density/ft3) ÷ Area (ins2)
• Density of 8.33 lbs/gal = 7.48 gal/ft3 ÷ 144 ins2 = 0.052
• Density of 7.48 US gal/ft3 psi/ft
• PG of 0.433 psi/ft = 62.4 lb/ft3 ÷ 144 ins2 = 0.433
psi/ft
• SG of 1
Relationship between Density (ppg) & PG (psi/ft) is
• API 10º always the same  0.052 is used as constant for
any calculation between them.
Formula of Density (ppg) = Density (lb/ft3)  Density (US gal/ft3)
 Density (ppg) = 62.4 ÷ 7.48 = 8.33 ppg
Formula of fresh water PG if density in ppg is given,
PG = Density (ppg) × Constant = 8.33 ppg × 0.052 (constant) = 0.433 psi/ft
4 Specific Gravity (SG)
The ratio of the density of a substance compared to density of another substance

which is used as the standard (Fresh Water).
Many fluids in petroleum industry is expressed in SG as well as in wt ppg. It’s

necessary to convert SG to PG to find HP.
To find SG of fluid simply divide fluid wt by fresh water wt.

E.g. Salt water wt is 10 ppg.
 Salt water SG = 10 ppg ÷ 8.33 ppg = 1.2
To find PG of fluid simply multiply fresh water PG by fluid SG
E.g. Find the HP of brine at 5000 ft TVD with brine SG of 1.17.

HP of brine = 1.17 × 0.433 psi/ft × 5000 ft = 2533 psi
5 API Gravity
API gravity is another value used to express relative wt of fluids & was introduced
by American Petroleum Institute to standardized the wt of fluids at base
temperature of 60º F. Water as standard fluid had been assigned the value of 10º
API gravity.
To convert API gravity to SG, the following formula is used.

SG = 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + APIº)
E.g. Find the SG of 30º API oil

SG = 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + 30º)
= 141.5 ÷ 161.5 = 0.875

6 Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)
HP is the pressure developed by column of fluid at given TVD. “Hydro” means fluid
& “static” means stationary.  HP is pressure created by stationary column of fluid.
Anon moving column of fluid in the well bore creating pressure at any given true
vertical depth .
To calculate HP in psi of any fluid simply multiply TVD in ft by PG of fluid.
E.g. Find HP in psi of fresh water at 500 ft TVD.

HP = 500 ft × 0.433 psi/ft
= 216.5 psi
To find BHA of 2 fluid column or more simply add the HP of the fluid column of the
same unit of measurement together.
7 Gas Correction Factor
During prolong S/I in oil well, the gas will break out under static conditions & form a
“gas cap” in the tubing. The hydrostatic effects of this gas cap must be considered
when calculating hydrostatic pressure further down the well.
Refer to “Gas Correction Factor” table. To find the GCF of 0.6 gravity at 7500 ft
simply look down at 7500 ft column & move horizontal to 0.6 gravity column & find
the CGF.
To calculate HP of gas column simply multiply CITHP by GCF
E.g. Calculate the HP of 0.8 gas gravity at 8500 ft with 500 psi CITHP
HP = CGF × 500 psi
= 1.266 × 500 psi
= 633 psi
8 Case Study
What is the differential pressure in psi exists between the tubing & annulus at
the SSD assembly located at 8960 ft MD (8200 ft TVD) in the tubing?
Available Information:
» The annulus is filled with 9.2 ppg brine full.
» The well is S/I at surface with SITHP of 600 psi.
» There is a gas cap of 0.6 SG gas down to 4000 ft fluid level
» 32° API oil from fluid level’ to 12000 ft.
Steps:
1 Sketch your information.
2 Calculate HP @ 8200 ft TVD brine in annulus
3 Calculate HP of gas cap @ 4000’
4 Calculate HP of oil column from 4000 ft to 8200 ft
5 BHP of tubing @ SSD, Gas HP + 32° API oil HP
6 Calculate the differential pressure at 8200 ft.

STEP 1 Always draw a sketch with all relevant information
CITHP 600 psi
0.6 Gravity Gas
4000 ft Fluid Level
9.2 ppg brine
SSD @ 8200’ TVD
32º API Oil

Case Study
1 HP of brine in annulus; = SG × WPG × TVD

HP = 9.2  8.33 × 0.433 × 8200
= 3919.6 psi
2 HP of gas = CITHP × GCF

GCF from table = 1.087
CITHP x GCF = 600 × 1.087 = 652.2 psi
3 HP of oil column; = SG × WPG × TVD

HP = 141.5  (131.5 + 32° API) × 0.433 × 4200
= 1573.9 psi
4 BHP in tubing @ SSD = 652.2 + 1573.9 = 2226.1 psi
5  Differential Pressure @ SSD = Annulus HP – Tubing BHP

= 3919.6 - 2226.1
= 1693.5 psi
Direction of flow is from Annulus to Tubing.

9 Volume
r
To calculate the volume of a cylinder, use the following formula;

h
Volume of a cylinder = d2h ÷ 4 or r2h
E.g. Find the volume of 8500 ft by 3½” tubing fluid. d

1st standardized all unit of measurements
Volume = 3.14 × 0.29’ × 0.29’ × 8500’ ÷ 4
= 561 ft3 ÷ 5.614 = 100 bbl
To calculate the volume of an annulus, use the following formula; d h

Volume of annulus = h(D2 – d2) ÷ 4
D
E.g. Find the annulus volume of 2500 m by 9⅝” casing &
5½” tubing kill mud.
Always standardized all unit of measurements
Volume = 3.14 × 8200’ × (0.8’2 – 0.46’2) ÷ 4
= 2757.6 ft3 × 985.614 = 491 bbl
10 Gradient (DENGUE = Multiply by constant )
To convert DENSITY into GRADIENT in psi/ft simply MULTIPLY mud

density in ppg by constant of 0.052
E.g. Convert 13.5 ppg brine into PG

13.5 ppg × 0.052 = 0.702 psi/ft
11 Density (GREEDY = Divide by constant)
To convert GRADIENT in psi/ft into DENSITY in ppg simply DIVIDE PG by

constant of 0.052
E.G Convert 0.806 psi/ft fluid into mud density

0.806 psi/ft ÷ 0.052 = 15.5 ppg

12 Volume
Find annular volume above packer in bbl of the following well.
Tubing: 3½”, 9.2 ppf
Casing: 9⅝”, 47 ppf
Packer: 9750 ft MD (9120 ft TVD)
Casing ppf ft3/Lin.ft Lin.ft/ft3 Bbl/Lin.ft Lin.ft/Bbl
3
9⅝” 29.30 0.3607 2.7723 0.0642 15.5763

9⅝” 36.00 0.3468 2.8835 0.0618 16.1812
9⅝” 43.50 0.3308 3.0229 0.0589 16.9779
9⅝” 47.00 0.3237 3.0892 0.0577 17.3310
9⅝” 53.50 0.3100 3.2258 0.0552 18.1159
Formula:
= 0.0577 x 9750
Bbl/ft x MD
= 562.5 bbls

13 Well Pressure
Well Data: Well Depth: 9150 ft MD (7900 ft TVD)
Formation PG: 0.570 psi/ft
Gas PG: 0.08 psi/ft
1 Find Well BHP:

0.570  7900 = 4503 psi
2 Find Maximum Surface Pressure: Formula: BHP  Gas HP

Gas HP = 0.08  7900 = 632 psi
Max Surface Pressure = 4503  632 = 3871 psi
3 Working Pressure for Wellhead Equipment:
2000 psi or 3000 psi or 5000 psi
4 Find the Kill Fluid Density: Formula: Formation PG  Constant = ppg

0.570  0.052 = 10.95 ppg
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS
14 Pumping
Given Data: Casing Capacity:
0.04049 bbl/ft
Tubing Displ. Cap: 0.00829 bbl/ft
Tubing Capacity : 0.01190 bbl/ft
Pump Displacement: 0.0899 bb/stroke
Tubing Shoe @: 9000 ft MD (7800 ft TVD)
1 How many strokes to displace Tubing String?
Formula: Volume (bbl)  Pump Displacement
 Volume = Tubing Capacity  MD  0.01190  9000 = 107.1 bbl
 Convert bbl into strokes = 107.1  0.0899 = 1191.3 strokes
2- How many strokes to displace the Entire Wellbore?
Formula: Csg Vol (strokes)  Tbg Displacement Vol (strokes)
 Csg Vol = Csg Capacity  MD 0.04049  9000 = 364.41 bbl
Convert bbl into strokes = 364.41  0.0899 = 4053.5 strokes
 Tbg Displ Vol = Tbg Displ Cap  MD 0.00829  9000 = 74.61 bbl
Convert bbl into strokes = 74.61  0.0899 = 829.9 strokes
 Volume of Entire Wellbore (Strokes) = 4053.5  829.9 = 3223.6 strokes
15 Pumping Time
Given Data: Tubing Depth: 8750 ft MD (8125 ft TVD)
Tubing Capacity: 0.00387 bbl/ft
Annular Capacity: 0.00970 bbl/ft
Pump Rate:1.25 bpm
1 Calculate the time to pump bottoms up.
Formula: Annular Volume (bbl)  Pump Rate

Annular Volume = Annular Capacity  MD 0.00970  8750 = 84.88 bbl
Convert bbl into min = 84.88  1.25 = 67.9 minutes
2 Calculate the time for complete circulation
Formula: Annular Volume (bpm) + Tubing Volume (bpm)

Tubing Volume = Annular Capacity  MD
Convert bbl into min = 33.86  1.25 = 27.1 minutes
Time taken for complete circulation = 67.9 + 27.1 = 95 minutes

Well
COMPLETION
Objective:
Provide general knowledge of design philosophy,
types, functional requirements & accessories.

WELL COMPLETION
WC is the “hardware” of the outflow system & final stage of a drilled well.
The design philosophy of WC is to “Maximize Profitability”.

▪ by maximizing well hydrocarbon recovery.
▪ by considering the full hydrocarbon resource life cycle.
Quality concepts for WC is;
“A Quality Well is a well which contributes, over its life cycle, maximum
monetary value, without compromising safety & environmental
standards”

WELL COMPLETION TYPE
1. PRODUCER Well
2. INJECTOR Well
3. Observation Well
4. KILL Well
The well is either Vertically & Horizontally completed.
▪ Open Hole Completion
▪ Uncemented Liner Completion
▪ Gravel Pack / WWS Completion
▪ Tubingless Completion
▪ Cemented & Perforated Completion
▪ Single String or Multiple String Completion

▪ Convectional or Monobore Completion
WELL COMPLETION
1. Conventional Completion (Longer Duration)
2. Mono-bore Completion (Shorter Duration)

“Completion with fullbore access across the payzone without diameter
restrictions”.
CONVENTIONAL Same tubing ID CONVENTIONAL
WRSV Use full bore slimline tubing run SSSV

TRSV
SSD Omit, use CT well servicing
Minimize annular “waste” (swedge ▼or run Liner)
SPM Omit or use slimline SPM
Bottle Neck ▪▪
◦◦◦◦
No Restriction
Use TCP or CT run guns

Int Segregation
3 PRODUCING ZONES
Concentric String
Multiple String
MULTIPLE
Single String
Co-Mingling Int
SINGLE
Standard
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Sub-Pump
Plunger Rod
2 OUTFLOW
SEC RECOVERY Gas Lift

Rod
WELL COMPLETION
115
High Rate Liner
PRI RECOVERY High Pressure
Simple, Low Cost
Tubing-less
HORIZONTAL
Internal GP
PERFORATED CASING
Standard
1 INFLOW
PERFORATED LINER
Ext GP
P//Pack Screen
UNCEMENTED LINER
WWS

VERTICAL
Slotted Pipe
OPENHOLE
1 INFLOW 2 OUTLOW 3 PRODUCING ZONE
ZONE 1 ZONE 1
ZONE 2 ZONE 2
PRODUCING PRODUCING
WELLBORE
ZONE ZONE ZONE 3
ZONE 3
Interface between Producing Interface between Wellbore No of Zones

Zones & Wellbore & Surface Facility
VERTICAL VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTAL Gas Cap

GOC
Hits multiple
fractures
Oil Rim
Coning WOC Limited Drawdown
Hits few
fractures

1. Inflow system - VERTICAL
Technological advances allow boosting of the well inflow to a considerable
extent – albeit at a cost.
WWS or
SLOTTED PREPACK
OPEN HOLE LINER GRAVEL PACK
SCREEN
1. Inflow system - VERTICAL
STD CEMENTED & INTERNAL GRAVEL

PERF PROD CASING PACK
1. Inflow system -Horizontal
OPEN HOLE SLOTTED LINER PRE-PACK SCREEN
Production
Casing
Cement Sheath Slotted Liner Pre-Pack Screen

Open Hole Section
◦◦ ◦◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦◦ ◦◦
GRAVEL PACK CMT & PERF LINER
Graded Gravel
Gravel Pack Screen Perforations
• •••••••••••••••••••
•
••• •••• •••• ••••
2. OUTFLOW – PRI RECOVERY
It’s essentially a conduit with flow controls & where necessary artificial lift or
pressure boosting facilities.
TUBINGLESS HIGH PRESSURE MONOBORE

With out tubing. Cemented, perforated & With high rate liner
completed with tubing &
accessories.
Low pressure gas reservoir Restriction Free

Susceptible for WI
2. OUTFLOW – SEC RECOVERY
ROD PUMPING
Pumping Unit
HYDRAULIC PUMPING
Production Casing
Tubing
Sucker Rod String
Gas
Operating Fluid Level
Oil
Tubing Anchor
Plunger
Pump Barrel
Travelling Valve
Stationary Valve
Gas Anchor
Perforations
© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. Sump 130
2. OUTFLOW – SEC RECOVERY
GAS LIFT
Compression
Manifold Gas
Surge
Tank
Water Oil
Motorised
Flowline Valve
Continuous Intermittent
Gas Lift Gas Lift
Gas Supply
Unloading Unloading
Control And
Valves Valves
Metering System
Operating
Gas Lift
Valve (OGLV)
Standing Valve

3. PRODUCING ZONES – SINGLE
Single Single Single
Single
Selective Selective Commingle
Completion
Interval Interval

3. Producing Zones – Multiple Multiple Multiple
Multiple Concentric
Completion Commingle Selective
Completion
Completion Completion

WELL COMPLETION
Well Completion design is dictated by the type of well to be completed.

1. Producer
2. Injector
3. Kill
4. observation
The 3 considerations of designing well completions are;
1. Inflow system
2. Outflow system
3. Number of zones to be produced

Well COMPLETION
It is the hardware of the outflow system.
There many different types & functions of downhole accessories

installed in a the outflow system depending on the type of a well.
It is essentially important to understand these accessories prior doing

Well Intervention operations.

COMPLETION DESIGN EXAMPLE-1

COMPLETION DESIGN EXAMPLE-2

Well COMPLETION Tubing Hanger
Control Line
Flow Coupling
COMPLETION ACCESSORY: SCSSV Landing Nipple
1 Anchoring Device
• Landing Nipples Top No-Go Nipple
2 Circulation Device
• SSD SPM
• SPM Top No-Go Nipple

3 Isolation Device
SSD
• Packer Top Packer
• Tubing Seal Assembly, PBR SSD
4 Anti-Erosion Device
Producing Zone 2
• Blast Joint Blast Joint
• Flow Coupling Btm Packer

5 Others Bottom No-Go Nipple
Perforated Joint
• WLEG WL Entry Guide
• Perforated Joint Producing Zone 1
• Control Line
• Tubing Hanger
PRODUCER COMPLETION SCHEMATIC
Well COMPLETION
1. ANCHORING DEVICE
1.1 Ported Nipple
▪ Provides communication & receptacle.
1.2 Top No-Go

▪ Receptacle for selective locks.
1.3 Bottom No-Go

▪ Receptacle for No-Go locks & prevent
WL tools drop into rat-hole.
1.4 SV Nipple
▪ Provides receptacle for SV locks &
hydraulic fluid.

DHSV
SSSV Objective:
•Prevent uncontrollable hydrocarbon flow possible cause by surface impact or explosion.
•Set below crater depth & above CL hydraulic fluid hydrostatic head.

DHSV
WRSV TRSV
1. PASSV
(Pressure Activated Subsurface Control Safety Valve)
-Ambient Pressure
-Differential Pressure
2. SCSSV
(Surface Control Subsurface Safety Valve)
- WRSV
- TRSV
All Works by Pressure
Two Closure mechanism
-Ball Type - Flapper Type
DHSV

Well COMPLETION
Orienting Sleeve
2. CIRCULATION DEVICE
Profile
2.1 Sliding Side Door (SSD) Seal Bore

▪ Provide communication between tubing & annulus.
▪ Incorporate nipple profile. inner sleeve with Inner Sleeve
packing, & seal bores. 3 Positions
▪ Advantage & Disadvantage Discriminator
Ports
2.2 Side Pocket Mandrel
▪ Provide communication between tubing & annulus.
▪ Incorporate orienting sleeve, discriminator, Receptacle
receptacle with profile & seal bores for 1” or 11/2”
valves. Releasing
▪ Advantage & Disadvantage Shoulder

SSD ACCESSORIES
Straddle Tool
• Blank off top zone & allows bottom zone to
flow.
Tool Construction:
• Lock Mandrel
• Equalizing Sub
• Mandrel Extension
• Lower packing Assembly
Separation Tool
• Blank off bottom zone & allows top zone to
flow.
Tool Construction:
• Lock Mandrel
• Separation Sub
• Mandrel Extension
• Lower Packing Assembly
SPM ACCESSORIES
Dummy Valve
• Blank off the communication port
Gas Lift Valve

• Annulus injection pressure activated
• Production pressure activated
Latches
• Lock in receptacle profile
Locking & Releasing Mechanism

Well COMPLETION
3. ISOLATION DEVICE
Designed to provide seal between casing & tubing. It allows reservoir fluid to be contained
within the tubing up to surface facility. This isolates production casing from being
exposed to reservoir pressure & corrosion from well effluents or injection fluids
PRODUCTION PACKER
Hold-Down Buttons
3.1 Permanent Packer
» Integral casing part & run independently.
» Tubing run with connector & seal elements.
» Remove by milling.
» Electrically WL set. Elements
3.2 Retrievable Packer
» Integral part of tubing & run on production tubing.
» Hydraulically set. Slips
3.3 Inflatable Packer
» Well Intervention applications

- Tubing pressure enters the setting
chamber through a port in the mandrel.
- Setting pressure shears the primary

shear pins, which frees the lock rings.
- The lower piston sets the lower slips.
- The upper piston sets the upper slips

and packs off the rubber system.
- The mandrel lock holds the packer in the

set position.

Retrievable Hydraulic Packers
CN053
49
G-77 RH PHL RDH BHD RHD AHC HPH HGO

PACKERS
▪ What is an oilfield packer?
A mechanism to create a pressure barrier between the tubing and casing. The pressure
barrier created by a packer helps with zonal isolation during production or isolation
procedures.
▪ What is the main difference between a retrievable packer and a permanent

packer?
Historically permanent packers have been used under higher pressures and
temperatures than retrievable packers. Permanent packers are used only once when the
packer is set and are milled over for removal and can’t be used again. A retrievable
packer can be set on depth, later retrieved, and rebuilt again for future use.
▪
▪ What are 3 main components that you will find on most packers and what are
their purposes?
▪ 1- Slips- Bite on the ID of the casing wall to help position the packer once it is set
▪ 2- Elements-Create a pressure barrier in the annulus between the casing and the tubing
▪ 3- Drag Blocks/Springs- Create friction on the casing to operate jay slots/lugs on the packer

▪ How would a typical mechanical packer be set?
Through a system of tubing rotation either in clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation.

After the tubing is rotated so the packer is in an unlocked position, compression or
tension is applied to the packer compressing the elements.
▪ How would a typical hydraulic packer be set?
A device such as a plug is set below the packer and pressure is applied on the tubing /
setting chamber in the packer. The hydraulic packer is set within a certain pressure
range (force) and is commonly used on wells that are highly deviated.
▪ Holds down buttons are used similar to mechanical slips to prevent the packer
from moving up when set. Under what circumstance would the hold down
buttons activate?
Differential pressure under the packer.
▪ What is the purpose of the Equalizing Bypass on a packer?
▪ The equalizing feature will allow the differential pressure between the tubing and
annulus to communicate / equalize. The bypass feature allows for faster running and
pulling speeds giving fluid an additional flow channel.

▪ Which type of packer would you only find the following components (Drag
Blocks, J Pins and J Slots) and why?
Mechanical packer - the J pins / J-slots are held in run/pull position by the drag block
housing. Tubing rotation combined with pipe movement is required to unlock, set,
and release the packer.
▪ What is the difference between a Compression Set packer and a Tension Set
packer?
The elements are expanded on a compression set packer (utilizing the lower slips as
the anchor) by applying tubing weight down on the packer. The elements are
expanded on a tension set packer (utilizing the upper slips as an anchor) by applying
over-pull on the packer.
▪ What does the term “durometer” mean when discussing packer elements?
It is the hardness of the packing element. Higher temperatures require a harder

element (higher number i.e. 95 duro) which requires more weight to compress. Softer
elements can be used for lower temperatures (lower number i.e. 70 duro) which
requires less weight to compress.

Well COMPLETION
4. ANTI-EROSION DEVICE
4.1 Blast Joint
▪ Designed to withstand external corrosion caused by flow turbulence.
▪ Short tubular with SS heavy wall.
▪ Installed opposite perforations (non-gravel
pack) where abrasive action & external cutting
occurs caused by formation fluids or sand.
▪ High velocity & high pressures wells installed
both US & DS.
4.2 Flow Coupling
▪ Designed to withstand internal abrasive action
from formation fluids.
▪ Medium length (20’) with SS heavy-wall.
▪ Installed opposite perforations (non-gravel pack
completion).

Well COMPLETION
5. OTHERS
5.1 Wireline Entry Guide (WLEG)

» Bottom most tubing accessories.
» Provide easy access for WL tools into tubing.
5.2 Perforated Joint

» Eliminate flow restrictions.
» Provide true downhole flow readings.
5.3 Control Line

» Transport hydraulic fluid to SCSSV
» Continuous length & securely clamped on
tubing wall.
5.4 Tubing Hanger

» Set in THS , suspend tubing weight & provide
sealing BPV Receptacle
Well COMPLETION
COMPLETION ACCESSORY DEPTH RATIONALIZATION 6
1 DHSV
1
» HP of control line fluid
» Earth crater depth
2
2 Landing Nipple
» Below kick off point for deviation. 3
» Check well integrity
» Hanging depth for FCD. 2
4
3 SPM 5
» Hydrostatic head of hydrocarbon & communication 4
4 SSD 6
» Depth of required communication
5
5 Packer 2
» Determined by reservoir depths.
6 Anti-Erosion Device
» Determined by reservoirs & flow characteristics
WELLHEAD
&
XMAS TREE
Objective:
Provide general knowledge of types,

functional requirements & accessories.

Wellhead
Provides the following functions:
Anchor & connections for each individual casing

Pressure isolation of individual casing
Connection for Xmas tree
Connections for completion string
Isolation of production annulus
Access to annulus for pressure monitoring and/or pumping.
Types of Wellheads:
Compact Wellhead (sub-sea)
Conventional Wellhead

Type of Casing
1. Conductor Pipe
2. Surface Casing
3. Intermediate Casing
4. Production Casing
5. Liner
1 CONDUCTOR PIPE
 Prevents unconsolidated formations being

eroded.
 Provides flow path for drilling fluids.
 Cemented in pre-drilled hole or pile driven.
 Sizes ranging from 16” – 30” OD.
 Depth varies from surface to 40’ – 400’.
Surface Casing
 Protection in case of blowout & Acts as

wellhead foundation.
 Isolates shallow consolidated & fresh water

formations.
 Cemented along its whole length.
 Sizes ranging from 13 3/8” – 20” OD.
 Setting depth up to 1 500’ below surface.

Intermediate Casing
 Seals off problem zones, loss circulation

zones, high pressure gas pockets & soft
formations encountered.
 Protects production casing from corrosive

fluids.
 Cemented up to surface casing shoe.
 Sizes ranging from 7” – 13 3/8” OD.
 Depth depends on total well depth &

conditions encountered, shallow wells not
necessary to set this.

Production Casing
 Set above or through producing formations.
 Isolates reservoir from other fluid bearing

formations.
 Cemented from intermediate casing shoe

to its bottom.
 Sizes ranging from 5” – 9 5/8” OD.

Liner
 Shortened casing hangs from bottom of

previous casing through producing
formations.
 Used when geological & pressure

conditions make it hazardous to penetrate
the producing formation without the hole
being protected by casing.
 Cemented along its length.
 Cost effective

WELLHEAD & XMAS TREE
COMPACT WELLHEAD
It’s positioned on the seabed. During drilling sub-sea BOP is installed

above it.

CONVENTIONAL WELLHEAD
It’s a built up of modules. During drilling BOP is installed above it.
It must be removed each time a new module to be installed & replaced
the BOP on top of it before commence drilling.
Features:
1 Starter Spool (Conductor Pipe)

2 Surface Casing Head
3 Surface Casing Hanger
4 Production Casing Head
5 Production Casing Hanger
6 Tubing Head
7 Tubing Hanger

XMAS TREE
Surface valves manifold to control flow of well fluids & access for well intervention activities.
Features:
1 LMV
Manual, NOT working valve optimum conditions.
2 UMV
Emergency valve (Hyd/Pneu) & cut wire.
3 FWV
Permits passage of well fluids to CV.
4 CHOKE VALVE (CV)

Restrict, control or regulate flow of well fluids.
5 KWV
Permits entry of kill fluids into tubing or equalize.
6 SV/CV Permits entry of well interventions.
Wellhead Connection Types;
Screwed type (low press <1 000psi).
API Flanged type (high press <5
000psi).
API Flanged type are mostly used by
OPCO – because it’s less susceptible
& easier oriented.
Example of API Flange specification:

9⅛” – 5000 psi API Flange.
9⅛” is the ID of the flange & 5000 psi is the

working pressure.
TYPE OF Completion INCLUDE:
▪ Natural Completions
Natural completions are those in which little or no stimulation is required
for production. Sandstone and carbonate systems with good
permeability and mechanical stability are ideal for natural completions.
▪ Stimulated Completions
These completions are generally applied to improve the natural drainage
patterns of hard, low-permeability formations. It is used to remove
barriers that prevent easy passage of fluids into the wellbore.
▪ Sand-Control Completions
Sand-control completions support the formation while allowing the flow
of fluids. They are performed in young, unconsolidated or less
mechanically competent sandstones

Subsea Completion
▪ Subsea production systems are wells located on the sea

floor, as opposed to at the surface. The safety equipment
are installed underwater on the seabed.
▪ They enable early production from deepwater, remote,

and marginal fields.
▪ The evolution of subsea well completions has attracted

a lot of attention because they offer a means of producing
field extremities not reachable by directional drilling from
existing platforms.
▪ They also offer production options where field economics do

not justify the installation of one or more additional platforms.

Intelligent Wells
•Intelligent Wells
•Automatic Surface Interaction/Continuous
•Monitoring/Automatic Flow control/Extensive
•Downhole communication
•Semi Intelligent Wells

•Manual Surface Interaction/Limited
•Downhole communication
•Conventional
•Limited Interaction

Smart Wells
•Smart wells offer the possibility to respond to changing conditions.
•Smart wells combine existing state-of-the-art technologies such as wireless

technologies, remote sensing capabilities, remote control mechanism and
robotic tools.
•Remote sensors can immediately show what is going on in the down hole.
•Valves down the hole can be adjusted, controlling flow or shutting off
production at one level and increasing it from another.
•Fluid processing can take place down the hole with gas and liquids being
separated by devices such as hydro-cyclones
Drivers
▪ Improved Reliability
▪ Optimum Production leading to longer well and reservoir life.
▪ Optimization of reservoir drainage
▪ No mechanical intervention is required freeing up resources.
▪ Lower Operating Cost
▪ Less number of work overs
▪ Decrease Water Production
▪ Better sand control
▪ Increase Reservoir Knowledge
▪ Monitoring of fluid/gas contact zone movements
▪ Improved reservoir characterization (saturation, structure,
pressure, temperature)

Smart Well
•Packers
•Hydraulic or Electrical Control Lines
•Sensors
•Inflow Control Valves ICV
•Surface Control Unit (Monitoring and Remote
Operation)

Examples of Controls in Intelligent Wells
Controlling Commingled production
Controlling Down Hole Water Separation
Controlling Down Hole Gas Separation and Re-injection
Application for Intelligent Wells
▪ Marginal Reserves
▪ Highly Deviated. Horizontal and MLW
▪ Deepwater Wells
▪ High Volume Wells
One of its showcase pieces is a well in the North Sea’s Brent field.
The well produces oil but also has a perforated gas zone up hole that’s
opened for a short period each year to meet a gas contract.

Data Extract Interpret
Partners,Agencies
Data Clean Data Store Analyze
Oilfields
Data Transform Data Warehouse Communicate Operation
Management
Data Load Decide
Devise Process
Modeling Control Methodologies
Processes
Requiring
Real time
Management
Reservoir Management Team
Monitor Dynamic
Production Data
Down hole
Life Cycle
Equipment
Cost and
Design
Benefits
WELL
INTERVENTION
(Coiled Tubing, Slickline, Wireline & Snubbing)
(Well servicing)

WELL INTERVENTION
IADC Definition:
Well Intervention is a well service operation conducted on live wells.

(Pressure Control) – 3 Barriers
No guarantee that Well Intervention may succeed to achieve the objectives.
&
Workover is a well service operation conducted on dead wells.

High potential damage to the formation if kill fluids is not properly calculated.
(Well Control) – 2 Barriers

Well intervention
Reasons for Well Intervention:
1. Remove flow obstructions e.g. sand bridge, wax, asphaltene, scale,

paraffin, hydrates etc.
2. Eliminate excessive water or gas production.
3. Repair mechanical failure of completion accessories.
4. Well Stimulation for production enhancement (acid wash, matrix
acidizing and fracturing).
5. Increase production by bring other productive zones on-stream.
6. Maintain control of oil, gas and water production from various zones or
layers in stratified reservoirs.
7. Monitor reservoir characteristics by obtaining reservoir pressure,
temperature, electrical & chemical properties.
8. Isolating zones or wells.
9. Etc.
Well intervention
Well Mechanical Failure:
Some well conduit failures can be repaired by Well Intervention

techniques.
However Workover technique is required, if the failure is serious &

required to pull tubing such as;
• TRSV failure or leak.
• Casing, Tubing & Packer leak.
• Casing, Tubing collapse.
• Serious Cement failure.
• Failure or insufficient system for artificial hydrocarbon recovery.
• Recovery of fish which is unable to be recovered by conventional method.

Well intervention
METHOD
1. Snubbing : Tripping pipe into well against pressure.
2. Coiled Tubing : Technique using continuous thin-walled tube

Into pressurized well by means of a mechanically driven belt.
3. Wireline : Convey tools using wire or cable.
WELL INTERVENTIONS COURSE HANDOUTS

COILED
TUBING
Objective:
Provide general knowledge of CT

operations, CT equipment& its functional
requirements, operational parameters
& well control requirements.

COILED TUBING
Well Intervention technique using continuous length of thin-walled tube into
pressurized well by means of a mechanically driven belt.
Coiled Tubing provides a broad spectrum of well interventions services that

substantially reduce costs for many work over, remedial & specialized drilling
operations formerly requiring a rig.
Common size range from 1” - 1¾” due to current economical changes & CT
advance technology larger size range from 2” - 3½”.
It can be easily transported, rigged – up & unrigged in a shortest period of time.

(Offshore - 3 hrs & Onshore – 2 hrs)
Currently max working depth 25K ft @ 250 ft/min. CT is cheaper & quicker
alternative to perform downhole works compare to conventional methods.

CT String Manufacturing and Construction
The three main manufacturers are:

• QT (Quality Tubing)
• GT (Global Tubing)
• Tenaris
CT is manufactured from flat metal strips, called skelps.

String construction and manufacturing processes depend on:
• Type of assembly weld (butt weld, bias weld)
• Wall thickness configuration (non-tapered, tapered, true taper)
• Special purpose strings (weld bead removal, coated CT)

COILED TUBING
CT WELD
COILED TUBING - History
90s QUALITY TUBING
1965 – REPUBLIC 90s SOUTHWESTERN
TUBING 90s MANNESMAN QT-70 QT-700
Strip length
Joined strips formed

into tubing
250 ft 1000 ft
1700 ft 3500 ft
199
COILED TUBING
COILED TUBING – Manufacturing Process

COILED TUBING IS MANUFACTURED FROM CARBON STEEL
Strips are bias welded end-

to-end to form a continuous
Begins with long flat roll Flat coil passes through
strips of carbon steel rollers
Inspected throughout
Spooled onto service reel Edges are pressed &
or transport drum welded together
Precisely heated and cooled
throughout

Coiled Tubing Manufacturing Summary
Take-up
Spool
O.D & I.D.

Scarfing Air Air
Tube Cool Water Sizing Cool
Forming Bath Rolls
HFI Seam Water

ER Anneal Full Body
Accumulator Bath
Welding Stress Relief
Eddy Current
Testing
Continuous Coiled Tubing Milling Process

COILED TUBING
APPLICATION: LIMITATIONS:
• Casing Cutting, Sand Washing • Life Limits – primarily
• Well Unloading bending stresses.
• Washing Perforations
• Pressure & Tension Limits
• Through Tubing Operations
– Monitor & record tension &
• Tubing De-scaling compression at various
• Cementing. Logging, Fishing pressures.
• Nitrogen Lifting, Perforating
• Diameter & Overall Limits –
• Drilling or Milling Record usage, physical
• Slim-well 2” - 4¾” CT Completion conditions & dimensions.
• Mono-bore Completion Services
• Helicoidal Buckling affect
horizontal well.

CT EQUIPMENT
6
CT components are modular, lightweight, skid mounted design for
ease of lifting & positioning. Basic skid units that make a
standard CT Package: 4
1
• Control Cabin
• CT Reel 7
2
• Power Pack 3
• Injector Head 5
• BOP system
The additional equipment list required for CT operations are:

5
6. Goose Neck
7. Strippers
8. Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)

COMPONENTS OF A COILED TUBING UNIT
Gooseneck
Control console Injector
Service reel BOP
Power pack

Reference A Coiled Tubing Unit
CTU, 95K, 2.0”, QT900, (0.175in) 19000ft
2” 0.175”
Coiled Maximum Tubing OD Tubing yield Wall thickness, Maximum

Tubing Unit injector pull strength so ID is 1.75” length of tubing
(95,000lbs) (90,000psi) available
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

CT EQUIPMENT
1 Control Cabin
• Elevated Location - to provide full view of all activities.
• Control Panel – control valves & gauges (Eye Level)
• Combined Control Cabin & Power Pack to reduce footprint.

Various configuration & design:
•Independent or truck mounted unit
•Elevated Location - to provide full view of all
activities.
Instrument & Control System:

•Primary control: Weight Indicator, Circulating
& Wellhead Pressure
•Secondary control: Depth/Speed, Stripper
Pressure & Chain Tensioner
•Support control: Engine RPM, Drive System,
Air & BOP Pressures
Standby pumps as back-up to operate PCE in

maintaining maximum well security in the
event of major equipment failure.
Gauges are located at operator’s eye level.

CT EQUIPMENT
2 CT Reel

Able to bend CT here
SERVICE REEL
Maintains tension here
Hydraulic motor
Service reel rotation controlled by hydraulic motor
▪ Mounted on the reel shaft

▪ Chain and sprocket
▪ Maintains constant pull on the tubing
CT EQUIPMENT
3 Power Pack

CT EQUIPMENT
4 Gooseneck
• Sets of Rollers: guide CT from Reel & leads
into IH in vertical plane.
• Recommended Radius: 72” for 1¼” OD CT
Main Drive
5 Injector Head
Hydraulic Cylinders
• Profile Gripper Blocks: hydraulic adjustable
Skate Profile
friction grips CT without slippage & crimp CT.
• Hydraulic Drive Chains: 2 hydraulic unison
motors drive chains & disk brakes to hold CT Chain
Tension
weight in stationary position. Sprocket
• Face-to-face Gripper Block backed by Idler Sprocket

hydraulic force Skate Profile grip CT in motion
or stationary position. Accumulator
• Accumulator compensate CT OD
abnormalities.

INJECTOR V95HP
INJECTOR
Protective Crash
Frame
Hydraulic Motors
& Gearboxes
Inner Frame
Chain Lube
Oil Tank
Outer Frame
Hydraulic
Bulkhead
Load Pins

GRIPPERS
‘V’ shape gripper blocks can accommodate various pipe ODs

CT EQUIPMENT
6 Stripper
• Pressure containment device – Primary Barrier in well
control system.
• Installed above BOP & below IH.
• Dual assembly used for extreme well conditions.
• Hydraulic activation from Control Cabin.
• Can be redressed during operation with pressure isolated
1. Conventional Stripper
2. Tandem Stripper
3. Side Door Stripper
4. Radial Stripper

CONVENTIONAL STRIPPER
▪ Hydraulic pressure applied through Pack
Port moves Lower Bushing ▲ &
energize stripping element. De-energize
is achieve through Retract Port.
▪ Well pressure will further energize

stripper.
▪ Seal can be redressed from top of

Stripper within IH frame provided the
well pressure is isolated.
▪ 45 min – 1 hr redressing period.
▪ CT range from 1” - 1½|.

SIDE DOOR STRIPPER
• Mounted closer to IH
• Easy & safer access for Seals inspection.
• Extended Bushing improve guides &

minimizing Seals wear.
• Hydraulic pressure applied Closing Port

moves Upper Bushing ▼& energize stripping
element.
• Well pressure provide gives no impact in

energizing element.
• CT range from 1” - 1¾”
• 5 – 10 min redressing period.

TANDEM STRIPPER
▪ Used in conjunction with fixed Stripper.
▪ Similar in principle with Side Stripper
▪ Back up Stripper system.
▪ Allow operation to continue without delay.
▪ Primary Stripper should be redressed at the
earliest practical opportunity.

RADIAL STRIPPER
• Easy & safer access for Seals inspection.
• Generally used for high pressure well &
back-up system.
• CT range from 1” - 1¾”
• 45 min period redress

CT EQUIPMENT
7 BOP
• It‘s serve to provide a mean of securing the CT & isolate well pressure
during Normal, Unusual or Emergency operating situations.
• It’s a Mechanical Closable Type of Secondary Barrier.
• Function & pressure test is compulsory before used.
• CT BOP configurations & side-port facility allows well control operations

to be conducted under variety of conditions.
• Rams are hydraulically & mechanically activated only during CT in

stationary position.
• CT BOP available in various configurations: SINGLE, COMBI, TRIPLE

COMBI & QUAD BOP.
• Advantage of COMBI BOP assemblies reduces height & weight.

CT EQUIPMENT
8 Shear & Seal BOP

• It‘s serve to provide a Tertiary Barrier. It is mounted directly above the
Xmas Tree.
• Always function test the ram before executing the CT operation & the
blade/cutter is only good for one-time use.
9 Coiled Tubing
• Raw long flat metal strips rolled & folded into long spiral tube & welded.
• The individual length again is welded together to form continuous length.
• Continuously milled tubing has now been introduce but it’s expensive.
• Alloy grade ‘A606’ is the common material use for ductility & combat
bending stresses.
• 2 types – Normal operation constant OD & ID. Abnormal operation
constant OD & variation ID.
• Limitations – Bending Stresses, Internal Pressure Pump & Axial
(tension).
BLOW OUT PREVENTERS
▪ Secondary Well Control

▪ Controlled from operator’s station in CT cab
▪ Most have handles to lock in once closed
▪ Accumulator backup
Blinds
Shear/Cutters
Slips
Tubing Rams
Flow Cross
Safety(Tubing rams)/ Shear Seal.

BOP Stack

QUAD BOP
Solid block equipped with 4 sets of rams.
It’s a Secondary Barrier in well control system.
1. Blind Ram - Seal when no CT in place.
2. Shear Ram - Cut through CT but no seal.
3. Slip Ram
- Hold full CT weight without damage & no seal.
CAUTION: It might induce & premature crack on CT.
4. Pipe Ram - Close & seal around CT when in place.
• Pressure Sensor
• Side Kill Port
• Equalizing Valve
Quad Stacks
Blind Ram
▪ Kill line flange Shear Ram

outlet between
shear and slip Slip Ram
rams
Pipe Ram
▪ Valve rated to
MAWP of the Flow Cross:
BOP stack ✓ 2 Manual Valves
mounted on kill ✓ 2 Rotac Valves
line flange
▪ Additional Single Pipe Ram
through-bore HP For safety
isolation valve
included

Quad Stacks
Blind Rams
Seal the well at surface when well

control is lost

Quad Stacks
Cutter/Shear Rams
Shear the tubing if it gets stuck, or to

cut the pipe to remove surface
equipment

Quad Stacks
Slip Rams
Equipped with bi-directional teeth.

Designed to support the tubing or
prevent it from being blown upward.

Quad Stacks
Pipe Rams
▐ Equipped with pre-formed seals

that suit the OD of the tubing
▐ Isolate wellbore annulus
pressure

TRIPLE COMBI BOP
1. Blind Ram
2. Shear Ram or Slip Ram
3. Pipe Ram
• Pressure Sensor
• Side Kill Port

COMBI BOP
1. Blind Ram
2. Slip Ram or Pipe Ram
• Pressure Sensor
• Side Kill Port
Advantage:
Less Height
Less procedure steps
SINGLE RAM BOP
Shear & Seal BOP or Safety BOP (Spacer Spool)
Single Ram generally fitted with rams capable of shearing CT or toolstring

&
sealing to provide well pressure isolation.
It’s a Tertiary Barrier in well control system

SHEAR & SEAL ACTUATOR

ANNULAR BOP
Additional BOP for different OD & long BHA
• Close & seal any size
• Close & seal w/o tubing

HIGH PRESSURE CT STACKS
1
1. Goose Neck
2
2. Injector Head
3. Dual Stripper System

3
4. Hydraulic Connector
4
5. Quad BOP System
5
6. Flow line
6
7. Annular BOP
7
8. Shear & Seal BOP
8
9. Xmas Tree

LOW PRESSURE CT STACKS
1. Goose Neck 1
2. Injector Head
2
3. Stripper
4. Hydraulic Connector
3
5. Flow line 4
5
6. Combi BOP System
6
7. Annular BOP
7
8. Shear & Seal BOP
9. Xmas Tree 8

CT BARRIERS
Primary Barrier
Blind Ram
Shear Ram
Secondary Barrier
Slips Ram
Pipe Ram
Tertiary Barrier Shear & Seal Ram

CT PCE CONNECTIONS
High Pressure Well: Stripper
• Flange type or Hydraulic Connectors
Low Pressure Well: BOP
▪ Screw Type SLUICE LENGTH
Connections between Stripper & BOP is preferable to

use Hydraulic Connector making it possible to
reconfigure Sluice Length.
Riser or
Spacer Spool
Sluice Length is BHA Length

• Length from Stripper to Shear & Seal BOP
• Deployment system – installing Annular BOP or

Spacer Spool (extra Safety BOP)
Shear & Seal BOP
Butt Welds
▪ A high percentage of failures occur in the HAZ of the weld bead.

▪ The material in this area fatigues much more rapidly than the
parent material, especially in a sour gas environment.
Figure 6. Butt-welded CT string showing the HAZ.
Butt weld profile

HAZ (Heat Affected Zone): approximately 3/8” from the
weld

Bias Welds
▪ Fixed angle flat strips are welded and when milled the bias weld
is distributed along a helix in the finished tube.

COILED TUBING STRING DESIGN

CT EQUIPMENT
10 CT Auxiliary Equipment
• Pumping or Nitrogen services equipment.
• Pumps, tanks, hoppers, filtration unit & inter connecting piping into
Swivel Inlet.
• Additional safety barriers such as wood & trays beneath nitrogen tank
if spillage occur & water wash down station for deck cleaning.
11 CT Tooling
BHA = Standard Tooling + Specialist Tooling
Standard Tooling:
Specialist Tooling:
• Tubing Connector.
• Downhole Motors
• Check Valves (Dual Valves) • Jetting Nozzles
• Release Sub • Bull Nose
• Circulating Sub Optional • Bridge Plugs
Tooling
• Swivels • Perforating Guns
© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 255 • Logging Tools
10 . ACCESSORIES AND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
Pumping or Nitrogen services equipment.

• Pumps, tanks, hoppers, filtration unit & inter connecting piping into Swivel Inlet.
• Additional safety barriers such as wood & trays beneath nitrogen tank if spillage
occur & water wash down station for deck cleaning.
Hydraulic Crane Liquid Pump Tanks & CT Drilling

Mixing/Storing Equipment
▐ A means of lifting ▐ Sends fluid to the ▐ Contain fluid for ▐ Similar to
the injector to the tubing circulating equipment found
Xmas tree on a drilling rig
▐ Provides support
and stability
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

FLUID PUMP
▐ Delivers fluids through CT or down

well
▐ Capable of pressures up to 20,000 psi

11 CT Tooling
BHA = Standard Tooling + Specialist Tooling
Standard Tooling: Specialist Tooling:

• Tubing Connector. • Downhole Motors
• Check Valves (Dual Valves) • Jetting Nozzles
• Release Sub • Bull Nose
• Circulating Sub Optional Tooling • Bridge Plugs
• Swivels
• Perforating Guns
• Logging Tools

OPERATION AND RIG-UP DIAGRAM
Circulation Fluid Flow

Hydraulic Power Flow GOOSENECK
RETURN TANK
&
GAS BUSTER INJECTOR
CHOKE
To return tank BOP
CAB REEL
POWER PACK To Injector
Input from cab To BOP’s and stripper
To Reel
PUMP To coiled tubing
To well

CT PCE TESTING - INSURANCE
Compulsory to Pressure Test PCE before opening Xmas Tree or before RIH.
▪ Dual Check Valves to be “on the stump” pressure tested before installing on the BHA.
▪ Pressure test BHA
▪ Pressure test BOP system
▪ Pressure test connections & flanges from bottom upwards.
Kill fluids & Kill Pills & pumps must be ready in hand before RIH.
Extreme care must be taken during RIH with CT while passing trough Xmas Tree & DHSV
& other completion accessories.

CT BHA
1
CT BHA configuration:
1. Coiled Tubing
2
2. Connector
3. Check Valve 3
Standard
BHA
4. Optional
4
5. Specialist Tooling

CT BHA
CONNECTOR - Standard
1. Roll-On Connector
The easiest type & use when no
rotation required (tubing splice) &
same OD w/CT.
2. Grapple Connector
Lager OD than CT & can be used
for rotating.
3. Pinned Connector
Better torque effect than Grapple
type but weak due holes drilled.
4. Electricline Connector
This type of connector grips from
outside CT with conductor wireline
running inside CT. Deploying electronic
logging tools in horizontal wells.
Designs differ from company to
company & quite complicated.
CRIMPING TOOL
4 3 2 1
Crimping Wheel Profile
CT BHA
CHECK VALVE - Standard 3 2 1
1. Ball Check Valve

Metal-to-metal seal & use when no
requirement for ball activated tools.
2. Dart Check Valve

Similar to Ball type.
3. Flapper Check Valve

Full bore design & enables
launching of balls.
4. Spring Return Check Valve

All time close valve & can be pump 5 4
through..
5. Pressure Retaining Check Valve
Similar to Spring Return type &

adjustable by adding or subtracting
washers.

CT BHA
OPTIONAL TOOL
Release Sub, Jar, Accelerator, Swivel etc
RELEASE SUB – Optional

1. Ball Operated Release Sub
Surface pressure activated. Calculate volume of CT
on reel & launch ball by free fall until it seat (CT
under slight compression) then pressure up to
release sub.
2. Pressure Activated Release Sub

Similar to Ball type but pressure differential in CT
can activate sub.
3. Tension Activated Release Sub

Requires over pull from surface to shear screw &
release sub.
3 2 1

CT BHA
SPECIALIST TOOLING
1. Reverse Circulation Bullnose

3
2. Multiple Small Diameter Ports
3. Mule Shoe & Angle Jet

1
4. Drill Motor

CT BHA
SPECIALIST TOOLING
5. Drill Bits 6
6. Blind Box
8 7
7. Casing Cutter
8. Undereamer

CT OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
All procedures to be tailored to site condition.

a) Operational Considerations:
1. Gas Well - Caused undue wear to Stripper Seals therefore additional Stripper required.
2. High Wellhead Pressure - Require thorough checks, pressure rating, back up equipment etc
3. Toolstring Length - Effective RU e.g. Riser length, IH pick-up height, PCE stick-up height
4. Toolstring Deployment System - Extra long TCP may require WL assistance.
b) Working Location:
1. Semi-Sub Rig - Require Heavy Duty Lifting Frame installed between block & Xmas Tree
to support IH & BOP.
2. Drilling Rig - Rig Frame height can be restrictive to IH.
3. Workover Rig - The V-door tend to be smaller than conventional Rig to accommodate IH.
4. Land Operation - Require adjustable stand to support IH holding back against CT pull.

CT OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
c) Working Deck:
1. Sufficient hoisting system to support CT operations.
2. Main access & emergency exits should not be restricted.
d) PCE Considerations:
1. Type of Stripper.
2. Additional Stripper means additional stack-up height.
3. COMBI unit reduces height & weight.
e) Hydraulic Hoses:
1. Different rig requires different lengths.
2. Hoses extensions.
f) Support Stand:
1. Adjustable stand with PRV to accommodate riser contraction during
well production operation with cold liquids.

CT EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Procedures are dependent on combination of toolstring position & wellhead pressure.
a) Platform Shut Down: (suspend CT operation & well made safe)

1. Stop CT.
2. Stop pumping fluids.
3. Close Slips Rams.
4. Close Pipe rams.
5. Await further instruction.
6. A decision should be made to close Shear/Seal above wellhead.
b) Stripper Leaks:
Stripper element should sufficiently energized to contain well pressure BUT not to restrict CT.
1. Stop CT.
2. Close Pipe Rams.
3. Inform Company Man.
4. Form a remedial plan
c) Leak between Xmas Tree & Stripper:

1. Stop CT.
2. Inform Company man.
3. Depending on the severity of the leak, a decision should be taken as
to close the shear/Seal rams.
d) CT Pinhole Leak:
1. Stop CT.
3. Depressurize CT.
4. If the pressure drops & Check Valves are holding,
5. POOH & spool the pinhole CT onto reel.

e) CT Ruptures: (assuming CT rupture at Gooseneck)

1. Stop CT.
2. Inform Company man.
3. Depressurize CT.
4. If the pressure drops & Check Valves are holding,
5. Pull rupture to deck level & splice CT.
6. If it appears that Check Valves are not holding pressure,
7. The Shear & Seal rams should be closed & the well secured.
8. Prepare to fish CT.

f) CT Parted Downhole:
1. Stop CT.
3. Establish the depth of parted CT.
4. No need to consider of killing the well.
5. POOH the parted CT slowly to pre-determine depth.
6. Close Xmas Tree SW slowly & cautiously – count the turns to
establish CT is above Xmas Tree.
7. Once CT is above SV, close Xmas Tree UMV & LMV.
8. Depressurize the riser & pull the end of parted CT to surface.
9. Prepare to fish the lost CT.

g) Cut CT Using Quad BOP:

1. Apply tension on CT.
2. Close slip ram.
3. Close pipe ram.
4. Closing shear ram to cut CT
5. Pull CT above the Quad BOP
6. Close blind ram

Power Pack Failure
Safety Clamp
Close Pipe rams
Close Slip rams
Engage the Reel brake

Circulation
Repair/replace power pack

RUNAWAY COILED TUBING
Runaway CT can quickly become very dangerous.

Immediate response is required to attempt to slow down
the speed of the pipe by applying whatever braking loads
are available.
Although coiled tubing is often “light” when starting in a

live well, it soon becomes heavy and tries to fall in the
hole.

RUNAWAY TUBING - DOWNHOLE
Close and secure pipe rams

once tubing has stopped.
Momentum of tubing, due to weight/depth

Increase traction pressure

Runaway Tubing - DOWNHOLE
Apply brakes on reel…?
…what could happen?

CAUTION!
The area around the well, drill floor, and reel must be evacuated. If
the
situation continues out of control, the reel can be pulled from its
mountings toward the injector.
Rapidly falling tubing can create a very hazardous situation. Friction

and heat caused by the falling tubing can cause the stuffing box to
leak well fluids and gases.
Sparks could be created by the falling tubing, increasing the fire

hazard.
All non-essential personnel should be cleared from the wellsite as

the supervisor in charge attempts to stop the tubing.
RUNAWAY TUBING - EJECTED
Tubing light, due to weight/depth and well pressure
Close Pipe Rams
Close Slip Rams
Pipe stops moving

Coiled Tubing Size Considerations

QUALITY TUBING, INC SIZE RANGE
3.500 in
2.875 in
2.375 in
2.000 in
1.750 in
1.500 in
1.250 in
1.000 in
Wall Thickness: .087” to .204”

QUALITY TUBING, INC. PRODUCTS
▪ HO-70 70K Yield Strength

▪ QT-700 70K Yield Strength
Commonly used in
the oilfield

TUBING RECOMMENDATIONS
QT-700 QT-800 QT-900 QT-1000 HO-70
Workstrings (Clean-outs, N2
• • • • 
Jetting, Spotting Fluids, Acidizing,
Cementing, Fishing, Pulling
Bridge Plugs, etc.)
Sour Service • • •  •
Completions (Production Strings, • •   •

Velocity Srings, Plungers, Jet
Pumps, ESP’s)
Drilling • • • • 
Extended Reach   • • 
High Pressure (Fracturing, Scale   • • 

Removal, etc.)
• Recommended  Can use  Not Recommended

CHOOSING THE RIGHT STRING
1. What type of work will the string be used for?

▪ Sand wash jobs
▪ fishing jobs
▪ drilling jobs
▪ high pressure coil
▪ deviated wells
2. What OD string best fits the work needs?
3. What are the minimum working depths?
4. What are the maximum working depths?
5. What is the capability of the injector head?
6. Is there a weight limit

STRING DESIGN
1. What is the average working pressure ?

2. What is the maximum working pressure ?
3. What areas in the string will see the most cycling ?
4. Issues to consider
▪ OD vs wall thickness
▪ collapse rating
▪ overpull throughout the string
▪ test pressure of the minimum wall in the string
▪ number of cycles at average working pressures
5. Will the string be exposed to corrosive environments
▪ H2S
▪ CO2
▪ Acid
▪ Abrasion
STRING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
▪ Design for 10,000lbs. over-pull throughout the string at 80% yield

▪ Design for working pressures not to exceed 80% of thinnest wall
test pressure
▪ Maximize cycle life by having heavy wall in high cycle areas.
▪ Consider corrosion / wall loss issues
▪ Use the grade of pipe that best fits your application

In the diagram below (figure WC27), Which valves need to be opened to
pressure test the stripper in the direction of flow?
All valves are closed to at the start of the test
A. 10. B. 3,4,5,6,7. C. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. D. 1,2,4,5,8,9,10.

WIRELINE

WIRELINE
Well Intervention technique of conveying tools & instrument downhole.

The most efficient & Practical method to diagnose well problems.
Easily junk wells if not properly manage.
Wireline Category:
1. Slickline or Solidline or Pianoline or Measuring line.
2. Braidedline
3. Electricline
Well Intervention Course – WL & CT

SLICKLINE
Single strand wire with wire OD range from 0.105”, 0.108”, 0.125” & 0.190
(0.092”, 0.082”, 0.072” & 0.066”).
• Wire selection depends on the severity of the operation load.
• It’s robust & versatile in service
Slickline Categories:
1- Carbon Steel:
It has high ultimate tensile strength, good ductility, and relatively low cost.
To Protect the wire from the corrosive effect of H2S, it has to be inhibited with
approved chemical.
For IPS wire used in H2s service well the maximum concentration should not be
more than 30 ppm with small percentage of Co2.
2-Stainless Steel
Due to the high H2S content of some wells special material such as 0.108’’ Nitronic
50 of stainless are used.
Although these are not as strong as IPS carbon steel they have an excellent
resistance to H2S corrosion.
Mechanical application;
• Removal of well obstruction
• Repair mechanical failure
• Bringing other zones in-line
• Setting downhole FCD
Advance application by running;

• Recorded Real Time Data
Acquisition Instrument
• Recorded Tubing Caliper
• Perforators
• Tubing Cutter
• Chemical Deployment Tools
• Explosive Jar etc

BRAIDEDLINE
Multi-strands wire cable OD range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”.
• Wire selection depends on the severity of the operation load required.
Application:
• Retrieval of downhole tools with slickline failure.
• Fishing job & Swabbing

ELECTRICLINE
Multi-strands wire cable range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”, 7⁄16” & ¾” OD with
single or multiple conductors.
Application by running;
• SRO Pressure & Temperature Recorder
• SRO Electronic Logging Instrument for open hole & cased hole.
• Coring Services
• Packer setting
• Perforations etc.

Cable or Line Sizes

WIRELINE EQUIPMENT
1 Surface Equipment
1.1 WL Unit
1.2 Power Pack
1.3 Hoisting Unit
2 PCE Optional PCE
2.1 Quick Union 2.6 Tool Trap
2.2 Stuffing Box / GIH 2.7 Tool Catcher
2.3 Lubricator 2.8 Injection Sub
2.4 BOP 2.8 SCU
2.9 Pumping Tee
2.5 Tree Adapter
3 Subsurface Equipment (SSE)
3.6 Shifting Tool
3.1 Primary Tools (Tool string) 3.7 Kick Over Tool
3.2 Service Tools 3.8 Overshot
3.3 Tubing Conditioning Tools 3.9 Spear
3.10 Flow Control Device
3.4 Running Tools 3.5Pulling Tools
Surface EQUIPMENT
1.1 Wireline Unit

• Single Drum or Dual Drum
• Skid Mounted / Containerized / Helicopter Unit
Component
• Operating Panel – Direction Lever, Brake, Hydraulic Valve, Gauges etc
• Measuring Device
• Weighing Device
• Level Wind
1.2 Power Pack
• Diesel or Electrical Powered
• Zoning Classification
Zone 0 – Continuous present of flammable agent.
Zone 1 – Flammable agent likely to occur in normal operation.
Zone
Well Intervention Course – WL2 – Flammable agent not likely to occur in normal operation.
& CT
SURFACE EQUIPMENT
1.3 Hoisting Unit
Hoisting Unit
• Pedestal Crane
• Mast
• ‘A’ Frame
• Derrick
• Gin Pole
• Rig
Operational Considerations:
• Length of Lubricators, Risers & Stack Up.
• Height of Hoisting Unit
• Fishing Job
• Toolstring Length

Surface WIRE LINE Rig Up

Surface SLICK LINE Rig Up

WEIGHT INDICATOR

PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2.1 Quick Union
2.2 Stuffing Box / GIH
2.3 Lubricator
2.4 WL Valve or BOP
2.5 Optional: Tool Trap,
Injection Sub, SCU etc
2.6 Tree Adapter

PCE – QUICK UNION
-Thread Connection:
5 ¾ - 4 ACME Thread
. Hand Tight No Wrench.

. O-Ring Seal.
.To be kept clean at all time.
.Check thread & O-ring before
Make-Up.

Lubricators

Stuffing Box
- The stuffing box is used to provide

a seal around the slickline as it moves
into and out of the well.
- A packing nut compresses, the packing
within the stuffing box to effect the seal.
- A sheave is used to effect a 180 deg bend
and guide the wire into the stuffing box packing.

Manual & Hydraulic Stuffing Box

Wire Line Valve (BOP)

BRAIDEDLINE PCE
GIH
Contaminated
Grease Tank
SCU
Flow Tube, Hand Pump

Cable & Flow Tube Flow Tube
Lubricator
Grease & Cable
Safety Check Grease Injection Skid

Union BOP

BRAIDEDLINE GREASE SYSTEM
316
TOOLSTRING CONFIGURATIONS
Chapter 8
Roller Stem
Rope Socket 3 ft
3 ft
Swivel Joint
4 ft
Accelerator 3 ft 3 ft
6 ft
Knuckle Joint
Stem 4 ft
3 ft 3 ft
Knuckle Joint
6 ft
4 ft 2½ ft 2½ ft
Upstroke Jar
2½ ft 2½ ft 2½ ft
2½ ft
Spang Jar

SSSV
10°-20° Angle 20°-30°323
Angle 30°-50° Angle 50° Angle & Above
WIRELINE PARAMETERS
Five considerations required serious attention prior wireline operations.
1. Job Planning
2. Rig-up & Rig-down
3. Pressure Testing
4. RIH Considerations
5. Emergency Response

WIRELINE PARAMETERS
1 Husband
& 4 Wives
1. Job Planning:
• Obtain Well Information
• Study Well History
• Tools & Equipment Inventory
• Pre-Run Checks on Tools & Equipment
• Personnel Knowledge & Skills
• Safety Devices & Equipment

WIRELINE PARAMETERS
2. Rig Up & Rig Down:

• Effective Communication
• Working Location
• Weather Condition
• Hazardous Environment for Material Selection
• Pre-Run Checks on Tools & Equipment
• Back Up & Spares for Tools & Consumables

WIRELINE PARAMETERS
3 Pressure Testing
• Max CITHP + Safety Factor (500 psi) & apply in stages.
• PT medium; 60:40 ratio by volume of fresh water & glycol respectively.
(This would prevents “Emulsion” formation in oil wells or “Hydrates” if it
would be discharged into wells)
De-Pressurize
• Bleed off through production process venting system.
• If not possible, bleed off with extreme care, no personnel & source of
ignition down wind.
• De-pressurizing must be a Controlled Operation.
• PATIENCE is the virtue of this case & NO ACCELERATION is
permitted. Ensure that equipment is earthed to prevent ignition by
static electricity.

WIRELINE PARAMETERS
4. RIH Considerations
Wireline Philosophy:
“Achieve WL Objective with Minimum Run”

WIRELINE PARAMETERS
5 Emergency Response
5.1 During emergency if toolstring in lubricator
• Close SW on Xmas Tree
• Shut down Power Pack
• Secure wire with Wire Clamp
• Secure work area & make safe
• Refer to Company Man for further instruction.
5.2 During emergency if toolstring is suspended in the well

• Close Blind Ram WL BOP
• Shut down Power Pack
• Secure wire with Wire Clamp
• Secure work area & make safe
• Refer to Company Man for further instruction.


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© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 3

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 4

Start time 8:00

End time 5:00

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 6

▪ Manage cell phones, laptops

▪ Limit side conversations.

▪ Punctuality is important and

▪ Participate and learn! So As

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 7

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 9

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

By the end of this course, delegate must be able to:

▪ Define the difference between Workover & Well Intervention.

▪ List the necessary parameters to enable a safe operation of well kill

▪ List the well kill types, associated advantages & disadvantages.

▪ Select appropriate type of well kill required for a particular situation.

▪ List the necessary well kill equipment.

▪ Discuss Workover problems & distinguish well kill operations.

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 11

Exploration Drilling Completions Production Abandonment

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 12

2. Completion Equipment ( Well Completion, Wellhead &

A- Coiled Tubing B-Wireline C-Snubbing

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 13

Impact of a Well Control Incident:

Attending the IWCF Well Control course will help to:

•Deepen theoretical and practical understanding of how to manage well site

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 14

Three factors govern the Success of Well Control:

A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 E-5 F-6 G-7 H-8 I-9

J-10 K-11 L-12 M-13 N-14 O-15 P-16 Q-17 R-18

S-19 T-20 U-21 V-22 W-23 X-24 Y-25 Z-26

What Kind of well service disaster could happen caused by Pressure?

What Causes Blow-Out?

What is the equipment used to control a well from blow-out?

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 17

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 21

2. Secondary Barrier -2nd line of defense system

Barrier Requirement : Worldwide petroleum industrial acceptance

2. Well Intervention – Triple Barriers Protection

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 23

Barrier envelope is a group of individual barrier elements.

Stuffing Box is part of Lubricator Envelope.

Xmas Tree is part of Packer Tubing Envelope.

Casing is part of Production Casing Envelope &Etc

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 24

STUFFING BOX/LUBRICATOR ENVELOPE

Barrier elements include:

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 25

Example of Barrier Envelope :

Barrier elements include:

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 26

PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE

Barrier elements include:

▪ Side Outlets Valves

▪ Casing Head Housing

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 27

Barrier elements include:

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 28

© 2017 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 29