FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

WELCOME TO

FST
TRAINING
Human factory
FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

2.6

Well CONTROL
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

PHILOSOPHY

3 factors govern the Success of Well Control:

1. Personnel
2. Equipment
3. Plans & Procedures

1. PERSONNEL 3. PLANS & PROCEDURES

• ASK • Well Plan & Consider All Aspects
• Communications • Back-up Plans & Procedures
• Responsibility • Procedures Tailored to Site

2. EQUIPMENT
• Full Inventory with Spares
• MPT Full Specification
• Function & Pressure Tests
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

IWCF BARRIER DEFINITION:

Barrier is any device, fluid or substance that prevents
flow of wellbore fluids.

IWCF BARRIER CLASSIFICATION:

1. Primary Barrier 1st line of defense system, Close type barrier.
2. Secondary Barrier 2nd line of defense system, Closable type barrier.
3. Tertiary Barrier Last line of defense system, Closable type barrier
with ability to shear tubing/wire & seal pressure.

IWCF BARRIER REQUIREMENT :

1. Drilling & Workover – Double Barriers Protection
2. Well Intervention – Triple Barriers Protection
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

BARRIER TYPE & BARRIER INTEGRITY

1. Mechanical Barrier Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”

1.1 Closed Type Must be “Leak Tight”

1.2 Closeable Type API leakage criteria “400 cc/min or

900 scf/hr”
2. Hydrostatic Barrier Must be diligently monitored for a
Hydrostatic Barrier Criteria: period of time to Ensure Thermal
Expansion & Contraction Effects
• Liquids with circa 200 psi ▲ Pf Have Ceased.
or ▼ Pff

• Must be observable from

surface.
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

STUFFING BOX

Dead Well

1. Mechanical Barrier LUBRICATOR

Advantage:
• Eliminate formation damage
Well Pressure
• Cost effective
BOP

Disadvantage: XMAS TREE

MUD
• Working under pressure.
TUBING
CASING

DHSV

Advantage:
2. Hydrostatic Barrier
• Working in dead well.
FORMATION FLUID

Disadvantage:
• High potential of formation damage.
PACKER
WL PLUG
FORMATION FLUID
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

BARRIER EXAMPLE
MECHANICAL BARRIER
CLOSED TYPE CLOSABLE TYPE
Stuffing Box BOP
Grease Injection Head Annular Preventer
Stripper Xmas Tree
BHA Check Valve Subsurface Safety Valve
HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
Drilling Fluids Fresh Water
Completion Fluid Salt Water
OTHER BARRIER EXAMPLES
WL Plugs Ice Plugs
Bridge Plugs Overbalanced Fluid
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

BARRIER ENVELOPES

Barrier envelope is a group of individual barrier elements.

Examples:
 Stuffing Box is part of Lubricator Envelope.

 Xmas Tree is part of Packer Tubing Envelope.

 Casing is part of Production Casing Envelope etc

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

STUFFING BOX/LUBRICATOR ENVELOPE

Barrier elements include:
• BOP
• Lubricators
• Stuffing Box
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

PACKER/TUBING ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:
• Packer
• Tubing

• Tubing Accessories

• Tubing Hanger

• Xmas Tree
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE

Barrier elements include:

• Production Casing

• Side Outlets Valves

• Tubing Hanger
• Tubing Head
• Casing Head Housing
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

PACKER/TUBING/DHSV ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:

• Packer

• Tubing

• Tubing Accessories
• DHSV
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

WELL INTERVENTION
(Triple Barrier Protection)
Stripper
DRILLING PRIMARY BARRIER
(Double Barrier Protection) Annular BOP

BOP SECONDARY BARRIER

Annular BOP

SECONDARY BARRIER
BOP
Shear & Seal BOP TERTIARY BARRIER

Mud
PRIMARY BARRIER

Formation Fluids Formation Fluids

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

Other Definition
• Overbalance Greater pressure than formation pressure

• Underbalance Less pressure than formation pressure

• Inflow Test Bleed pressure from ▲ & monitor build-up

• Positive Plug Hold pressure from ▼ & ▲

• Barrier Device, Fluid or Substance that prevent flow of hydrocarbon

FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

FORMATION DAMAGE &

WELL KILLING
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

FORMATION DAMAGES
Well Intervention most notably formation damages are;
• Pore or perforations plugging by kill fluid solids, scale or debris.

• Permeability reduction by kill fluid filtrate invasion or insoluble

precipitates formed during acid stimulation with hydrofluoric acid.

• Sand face/cement breakdown due to acid stimulation effects.

• Clay swelling from incompatible brine or water contamination..

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

∆ PRESSURE
To prevent formation damage there is a minimum drawdown between
the bottomhole pressure where a well is able to flow or be injected:

∆P = P Bottom Hole – P Reservoir

P < 0 for a well to flow.
P > 0 for injection into reservoir.

 for a particular formation P should be determined to minimise flow

from or into the reservoir.

In general, during a well kill against the formation the bottomhole

pressure should be kept as follows:

∆P = < P Bottom Hole < P Injection

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

WORKING FLUIDS

Clear brines are used to prevent formation damage providing the

following points are considered:

• Compatibility of the brine with the formation

• Weight required

• Preparation of the brine

• Cleanliness

• Health & safety aspects

• Pollution control measures

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

BRINES COMPOSITION
Potassium Chloride KCl 8.3-9.7 lbs/gal

Sodium Chloride NaCl 8.3-10.0 lbs/gal

Calcium Chloride CaCl 8.3-11.8 lbs/gal

Calcium Chloride/
Calcium Bromide CaCl /CaBr2 11.8-15.2 lbs/gal

Calcium Chloride/
Calcium Bromide/
Zinc Bromide CaCl /CaBr2 /ZnBr2 14.5-19.2 lbs/gal

Zinc Bromide ZnBr2 13.5-21.0 lbs/gal

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

DAMAGE PREVENTION
Clean fluids is the most essential prevention of formation damages.

1 Fluids Isolation
• If possible always isolate fluids from formation by setting a
mechanical barrier.

2 Fluids Cleanliness
• Filtration unit or Centrifuge

3 Fluids Selection
• Compatible
• Crystallization or Freezing Free fluids
• Maintain pH
• Consider Inhibitors
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

WELL KILLING

Well Intervention Well Kill Method:

1. Bullhead The most preferable method in case of emergency.

2. Forward Circulation Minimize formation damage.

3. Reverse Circulation Best planned kill method.

4. Lubricate & Bleed Last resort & under extreme case only.
FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

IN

BULLHEAD
Pump fluid thru tubing with 2 volume of sea
water & followed by kill fluids at high rate &
squeeze into formation at given overpressure
(< Pff) Casing

Advantages: Tubing
• Quick & easy methods especially in smaller tubing
• No hydrocarbons brought to surface.

Disadvantage:
• Scales or contaminants in the tubing are pumped
into formations. SSD

• Low formation pressures may be exceeded

causing accidental fractures. Packer

• Gas may slip up the tubing if the pump rate is not

sufficient for larger tubing size. Perforations
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

BULLHEAD KILL CHART

Tubing Volume
Tubing Head Pressure
plus Injectivity Pressure
Tubing Surface Pressure

Strokes
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

IN

FORWARD CIRCULATION
OUT

Pump fluid thru tubing & return thru casing.

Casing

Advantage:
• Little or no damage to formation by foreign fluids or
contaminants from tubing or annulus. Casing Tubing

Disadvantages:
• Risky of flowing hydrocarbons through section “C”
annulus & disposal is difficult.
• Gas & oil will mix with packer fluid due to gravitation
& requires special handling equipment.
SSD
• High circulation pressure on the annulus.
Packer
WL Plug

Perforations Oil
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

FORWARD CIRCULATION KILL CHART

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

OUT

REVERSE CIRCULATION
IN

Pump fluid thru casing & return thru tubing. Casing

Advantages:
• Hydrocarbons flow through Xmas Tree facilities.
Tubing
• Gas & oil remain segregated through out.
• Low circulation pressure on the annulus.
• Little or no damage to formation by foreign fluids
or contaminants from tubing or annulus.
• Little risks of accidentally fracturing formations.
SSD

Disadvantage:
Packer
• Slower than Bullheading method
WL Plug

Perforations
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

REVERSE CIRCULATION KILL CHART

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

ALTERNATE
CYCLING
IN & OUT
LUBRICATE & BLEED

Pump & bleed alternately fluid thru tubing until Casing

well is dead.

Advantage: SSD
• Only method which can be employed under
extremes circumstances.

Disadvantages:
• Very slow.
• Pressures equalization across tubing is difficult SSD
to achieve.
Packer
• Requires higher surface pressure than
circulation methods.
Perforations
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

LUBRICATE & BLEED KILL CHART

Tubing Volume
MASP
Tubing Surface Pressure

Minimum
Surface Pressure
to Prevent Influx

Strokes
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

PREPARATION FOR WELL KILL

1. Well must be closed in to stabilise bottomhole pressure.

2. Inspect & service Xmas tree.

3. Check whether SSSV needs to be locked open or pulled

(WRSV).

4. Isolate well from Production Control System & ESD if

necessary.

5. Ensure all Well Intervention Equipment has been organised

including pumping equipment.
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

INFORMATION REQUIRED
1. Fluid Levels In Tubing

2. Wellhead Pressure Rating

3. Formation Pressure

4. Formation Fracture Pressure

4. Casing & Tubing Sizes

5. Casing & Tubing Strengths

6. Injectivity Pressure

7. Maximum Allowable Surface Pressure (MASP)

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

PUMP EQUIPMENT
MIXING
1. Pump TANK

2. Surface Pump Lines

3. Choke Manifold
4. Isolation Valves
5. Pressure Gauges PUMP LINE
PUMPING STORAGE
UNIT
6. Fluid Disposal System TANK

7. Mixing Tanks
8. Reserve Tanks
9. Fluid CIRCULATING LINE

10. Chemicals
RETURN LINE DISPOSAL LINE
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
Well Intervention Common Challenges are:

1. Surge Pressure 4 Deviation

2. Swab Pressure 5 Hydrates

3. Blockages

1. Surge Pressure
Piston Power arises from RIH:
• Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces ▲pressures.
• Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than oil/gas).
• ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• May activate pressure-activated equipment downhole.

Prevention: Slow down while RIH especially at downhole accessories.

 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES - continuation

2. Swab Pressure
Piston Effect occurs when downhole equipment is being POOH:
• Small clearance (between CT OD / tubing ID) produces ▲pressures.
• Completion fluids produces ▲pressure than oil/gas).
• ▲speed produces ▲pressures.
• Longer OD tools produces ▲pressures.
• Greater effect when downhole tools closer to reservoir & causes
hydrocarbon to be drawn out from reservoir.

Prevention:
Slow down while POOH especially at downhole accessories.
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES - continuation

3. Blockages
• Sand Bridge
• Scale
• Paraffin
• Wax
• Hydrates Plug
• Collapsed casing, liners, tubing or jammed valves etc.

Removing Blockages
• Mechanical methods
• Chemical methods
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES - continuation

4. Deviation
• Friction
• Colloidal effect
• Unable to reach desired depth

Solution
• Retry cautiously
• Roller subs
• Tractors or Locomotive
• Alternate well interventions method
 FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES - continuation

5. Hydrates
Crystalline water structures filled with small molecules. These conditions
form hydrates;
• Presence of free water
• Presence of light gas molecules
• Relatively high pressure
• Relatively low temperature

Removing Hydrates
• Reduce pressure
(Risk: hydrate plug slips & gas above it, the plug may blow up).
• Raise temperature
• Use inhibitor (glycol, methanol or salt).
FIELD SERVICE TECHNICIAN TRAINING - HUMAN FACTORY

THE END
&
THANK YOU