TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Subject Finite a. That the computer revolution is in its infancy frequently escapes comment.
(nominal Cl) Clause b. Whether it is caused by rain or wind is unknown.
That c. How they managed to survive is a mystery.
Wh d. The fact that the problems are immense is obvious.
Whether/if e. It surprised nobody that he failed to turn up. (Anticipatory ‘it’)
(who/what) Non-finite a. Sam having to go back for the tickets was a nuisance.
clause b. [E] To take such a risk was rather foolish. (to-inf. clause)
c. Where [E] to leave the dog is the problem. (Wh− + to-inf. clause)
d. [E] Run for President is what he may do. (bare inf. clause)
Direct Finite a. Do you understand why I do that?
Object Clause b. I don’t know if/whether he has done it yet.
c. Nobody knows whether it is caused by rain or wind.
Non-finite a. The class doesn’t know what time [E] to be in school.
clause b. Bill discovered who [E] to give the money to.
c. Bill likes ∅ [E] to arrive early for meetings.
d. Peter enjoys ∅ [E] playing football.
e. The teacher wants ∅ her class/them to finish the job by Friday.
f. We anticipated ∅ her/Mary(s) taking over the business.
g. The porter heard ∅ someone slam(ming) the door.
Indirect Finite a. Give whatever you think best priority.
Object Clause b. She gave whomever she met a warm greeting.
Non-finite a. I’m giving ∅ [E] reading magazines much less time.
clause b. He did not give ∅ [E] finding the cat a second thought.
Subject Finite a. This is how you should do it.
Complement Clause b. Ken’s belief is that things can’t get any worse.
Non-finite a. The best plan is for you to go by train.
clause b. What most people prefer is ∅ others doing the work.
c. The only thing I did was ∅ [E] tell him to go away.
Object Finite a. They made him what he had always wanted [E] to be.
Complement Clause b. We will name the baby whatever his grandfather wishes.
Non-finite a. The authorities ordered hundreds of demonstrators ∅ [E] placed under the
clause house arrest.
b. We left the children ∅ [E] watching TV in the living room.
c. Stephen helped us ∅ [E] (to) organise the party.
Preposition Finite a. I strongly object to what you’s just said.
Complement Clause b. He has no ideas of how it should be done.
Non-finite a. They are all arguing about how much [E] to charge admittance.
clause b. I thought of ∅ [E] paying cash.
c. You can count on ∅ Jane to help make the sandwiches.
Practice: Distinguish the differences between the syntactic structure of the following sentences.

1. He tasted the strange meat with great care.

S V (monotrans) dO A

2. The meat tasted salty and spicy

S V (intens) sC

3. His favourite pastime is swimming.

S V (intens) sC

4. He likes swimming in his leisure time.

S V (monotrans) dO A

5. We were reluctant to leave.

S V (intens) sC

6. We were reluctant, to tell the truth.

S V (intens) sC Disjunct

7. My brother stayed an outstanding student.

S V (intens) sC

8. The government stayed the execution.

S V (monotrans) dO

9. She turned red at the thought.

S V (intens) sC A (Cause)

10. She turned right at the corner.

S V (intrans) A (Direction) A (Location)

11. She turned right at the corner.

S V (intrans) A (Degree) A (Location)

12. He returned a slightly different umbrella.

S V (monotrans) dO

13. He returned home several hours later.

 S V (monotrans) dO A

14. Mark got a scheme to win Kathy’s heart.

S V (monotrans) dO

15. Mark got a job to earn money for his holiday.

S V (monotrans) dO A

16. I ran across my old friend.

S V (monotrans) dO

17. I ran across a field.

S V (intrans) A

18. Leave the cooking to me.

V (ditrans) dO iO

19. Leave the door open.

V (comp.trans) dO oC

20. Several women moved to help her.

S V (intrans) A

21. Several women offered to help her.

S V (monotrans) dO

22. We asked some questions.

S V (monotrans) dO

23. We asked three times.

S V (monotrans) A

24. I loved her the instant I saw her.

S V (monotrans) dO A

25. I gave her the ticket she asked.

S V(ditrans) iO dO

26. I never hold that man my friend.

S A V (com.trans) dO oC
 27. My friend can't hold so much information.
S V (monotrans) dO

SENTENCES
Simple Sentence a. Tom disappeared.
b. He crept into a cave.
c. My father is going to buy a car.
d. The flight to Tokyo took 21 hours.
e. We will allow everyone a ten-minute break.
Compound a. Karen assembled the new grill and Joe cooked the hot dogs.
Sentence b. She is rich and famous but I don’t find her talented.
FANBOYS c. You should try to work hard or you’ll get fired.
d. Roses are red but violets are blue and sugar is sweet and so are you.
Complex sentence Nominal clause
a. The police reported that Sharon’s car had broken down. (Direct Object)
b. That Sharon’s car had broken down astonished the mechanic. (Subject)
c. They were hopeful that the weather would change. (Adjective Modifier)
d. John is doubtful if he can pass the test.
e. The tree is safe ∅ [E] to climb up.
Adverbial clause
a. The family returned to the villa after Sharon’s car had broken down.
b. Pavlova found the children where Sharon’s car had broken down.
Adjectival clause
a. The boy who was sleeping was dreaming.
b. The place where I first met my husband is not far from here.
Compound- a. Sally said she saw a ghost and Dan believed her.
Complex sentence b. I did not want to leave my bed but the wind blew so strong that I was at last
compelled to get up to shut the window.
S+ conjuntion+s
S+ conplementizer
Practice: Analyze the syntactic strusctures of the following sentences.
1. The teacher assured us that she is in no danger.
2. I bet you that no one will accept the offer.
3. Experience has taught them that a back-up copy is essential.
4. No one has ever told me that I am beautiful.
5. ∅ Remind me when [E] to switch it off.
6. Tom will show you where you can send it.
7. Tell the children ∅ [E] to keep quiet!
8. He urged his friend ∅ [E] to give up drug.
9. He confessed to me that he was extremely alarmed.
 10. He gestured to the students ∅ [E] to stand up.
11. I find it strange that he refuses to come.
12. Lend whoever calls the bicycle pump in the shed.
13. She gave whomever she met a warm greeting.
14. I’m giving ∅ [E] reading magazines much less time.
15. That was what I thought too.
16. What most people prefer is ∅ others doing the work.
17. You made me what I am.
18. This remark set everyone ∅ [E] thinking.
19. The policeman got the traffic ∅ [E] moving.
20. Mother won’t let you ∅ [E] play in the road.
21. The situation forced me ∅ [E] to give up.
22. You must do the best with what you have.
23. We have received no news as yet of when the boat leaves.
24. They are all arguing about how much [E] to charge admittance.
25. You can count on ∅ Jane to help make the sandwiches.
26. The news that the enemy were near alarmed everybody.
27. No one can deny the fact that fire burns.
28. The place where I first met my husband is not far from here.
29. Andrew seemed angry that the dog had not been fed.
30. John is doubtful if he can pass the test.
31. ∅ feel free (∅ [E] to ask questions!
32. If you wash the sweater, it will stretch.