The differential association provides the context in

which learning occurs. According to the theory, the Lesson Summary

most important contexts for learning criminal
behavior include peer groups and family units, Dr. Edwin Sutherland created the differential
though varying entities such as schools, neighbors, association theory. The theory was an aid in
understanding deviant behavior. Criminology has used this
and media also provide alternative settings where
theory to aid in understanding deviant behavior since
some learning of criminal behavior may ensue. 1939. The theory has nine key principles:
There are two fundamental aspects of differential
association, namely the behavioral-interactional 1. Deviant behavior is learned.
and normative dimensions. The behavioral- 2. One is influenced by communicating with friends.
One follows the steps of their close friend.
interactional dimension refers to the direct and 3.
4. Learned criminal behavior is two parts: committing
indirect interactions and associations with the crime and justifying the crime.
individuals that engage in delinquent activities. 5. Deviants commit crimes because their friends do.
6. Legal code motivates criminals to commit crimes.
According to Sutherland, all important forms of 7. Deviants continue criminal activity for praise and
human behavior, including criminal behavior, are status.
learned. Just like you learn how to ride a bike, read, 8. Deviants begin criminal behavior by imitating their
mentor.
or cook, you also learn how to commit a crime. And
9. Deviants commit crimes to meet their basic needs.
so, if we want to understand crime and criminal
behavior, we need to look at how people learn
things. “interaction”
The individual-level hypothesis of differential association theory
A-LIC-SI
can now be stated. According to Matsuda, a person will engage
in criminal behavior if the following three conditions are met:
A- DAPTATION

• 1. The person has learned the requisite skills and

L- EARNING
techniques for committing the crime.
I- NFLUENCE
• 2. The person has learned an excess of definitions
favorable to crime over unfavorable to crime. C- OMMUNCATION

S- OCIALIZATION
• 3. The person has the objective opportunity to
carry out the crime. I- NTERACTION