Professional Documents
Culture Documents
* % + $ 2011
539.3
:
§ Vx W xy W xz · § V xx V xy V xz · z Mz 4
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ yz
¨ W yx Vy W yz ¸ '8' ¨ V yx V yy V yz ¸
¨W W zy V z ¸¹ ¨V V zy V zz ¸¹
4xz 4zy
© zx © zx 4z x
4yx My
Mx 4x y
#$+/!/';A' #$+/+!*'; (=#$+/!/';A' $+:!) +
6!#'' =(#=B*6' /$>E+$F6 =#$+/!/';, +E#$D$F'! y
)$%6 #$+/+!*'; I8!A!/6$#/B L!A$, +E!8!//B x
'> 6!8$:
'*.1.1
wV x wW xy wW xz
° X 0,
° wx wy wz
°° wW yx wV y wW yz
® Y 0, (1.1)
° wx wy wz
° wW wW zy wV z
° zx Z 0.
°¯ wx wy wz
I6'7 =#$+/!/';7 X, Y, Z – (#!%&'' L!A/E7 *'8 /$ *' %#'/$6.
#$+/!/'; #$+/+!*'; =*6$/$+8'+$F6 >$%/A!#/*6' '>A!/!/'; /$(#;D!/'"
(#' (!#!7! 6 6-%' % 6-%! (%A(/!/6E /$(#;D!/';, 'A!F'! '/$%+E!
'/!%*E, #$+/E. $(#'A!#, W zy W yz . N6' #$+!/*6+$ /$>E+$F6*; >$%/A ($#/-
*6' %$*$6!8:/E7 /$(#;D!/'").
#'A!# 1.1
#+!#%$ =+8!6+#!/'; =*8+'" #$+/+!*'; 8; %A(/!/6 6!/>#$ /$-
(#;D!/'", (8=-!//E7 '> #!<!/'; >$$-' '>B'! $8%' + *(#6'+8!/'' A$-
6!#'$8+.
=*6: 'A!!6*; $8%$ /$ +=7 (#$7 (#;A=B8:/B ((!#-!//B *!-!/';,
>$B#=D!//$; #$+/A!#/ #$*(#!!8!//" /$B#=>%" (#'*. 1.2). #+!#'6:, ==6
8' %A(/!/6E 6!/>#$ /$(#;D!/'", (8=-!//E! + %=#*! *(#6'+8!/'; A$6!-
#'$8+, =+8!6+#;6: =#$+/!/';A #$+/+!*';.
3
q Mz
Vx y;
Jz
x
l Q z S z
W xy ;
y J zb
h Vy Vz W xz W zy 0.
z
b !<!/'!
y *6$+'+ +E#$D!/'; 8; '>B'$F!B
'*. 1.2 AA!/6$, ((!#!-/" *'8E ' *6$6'-!*%B A-
A!/6$ 6*!-!//" -$*6' ((!#!-/B *!-!/';
§h ·§ h ·
b¨ y ¸¨ y ¸
qx(l x) l © 2 ¹© 2 ¹
Mz ; Q z q ( x); S z6*
2 2 2
+ )#A=8E 8; %A(/!/6 V x , W xy , (8=-'A:
§l ·§ h ·§ h ·
q¨ x ¸¨ y ¸¨ y ¸
qx(l x) © 2 ¹© 2 ¹© 2 ¹.
Vx y; W xy
2J z 2J z
*6$/+%$ I6'7 %A(/!/6+ + (!#+! =#$+/!/'! #$+/+!*'; (1.1) (%$>E-
+$!6, -6 I6 =#$+/!/'! 6D!*6+!// =+8!6+#;!6*;, $/$8B'-/EA #$>A
6D!*6+!// =+8!6+#;!6*; ' 6#!6:! =#$+/!/'! (1.1), $ +6#! =#$+/!/'! /!
=+8!6+#;!6*;.
N66 )$%6 '/6!#!*!/ 6!A, -6 / (%$>E+$!6 (#'8'D!//*6: /!%6#E7 #!-
<!/'", (8=-!//E7 + %=#*! *(#6'+8!/'; A$6!#'$8+.
4
G
A' +!%6#$ Q . #'+!!//E! *6/<!/'; =*6$/$+8'+$F6 >$%/A!#/*6' '>A!-
/!/'; /$(#;D!/'" (#' (+#6! (8$%'.
5
wu wv ww
Hx ; Hy ; Hz ; (1.5)
wx wy wz
wu wv wv ww ww wu
J xy ; J yz ; J zx .
wy wx wz wy wx wz
6/<!/'; <' (%$>E+$F6, -6 8; %A(/!/6 6!/>#$ !)#A$&'",
6$% D!, %$% ' 8; %A(/!/6 6!/>#$ /$(#;D!/'", +E(8/;F6*; *6/<!/';
+>$'A/*6'
J xy J yx ; J zx J xz ; J zy J yz .
1.3. * + - %
6
1
U (V x H x V y H y V z H z W xy J xy W yz J yz J zx W zx ). (1.8)
2
/B$ +A!*6 (8/" =!8:/" (6!/&'$8:/" I/!#B'' !)#A'#+$/';
(#!!8;F6 =!8:/=F (6!/&'$8:/=F I/!#B'F )#A'>A!/!/'; U :
U U U0,
1
B! U 0 (H x H y H z )(V x V y V z ) (#!*6$+8;!6 *" =!8:/=F (6!/&'-
6
$8:/=F I/!#B'F, *+;>$//=F * '>A!/!/'!A L!A$.
#' I6A U
1 Q
6E
>
(V x V y ) 2 (V y V z ) 2 ( V x V x ) 2 @
1 2
(W xy W 2yz W 2zx ).
2G
/
1.1. %8:% +*!B %A(/!/6 = 6!/>#$ /$(#;D!/'"?
1.2. %8:% '> /'7 /!>$+'*'AE7 (+*(A/'6: >$%/ ($#/*6' %$*$6!8:/E7
/$(#;D!/'")?
1.3. %$>$6: /$ B#$/;7 I8!A!/6$#/B ($#$88!8!('(!$ *8!=F'! %A(-
/!/6E 6!/>#$ /$(#;D!/'":
V x 5 $; V y 3 $; V z 0; W xy 2 $;
W yz 4 $; W zx 1 $
((#'/;6: + +/'A$/'!, -6 /$ #'*. 1.1 (%$>$/E (8D'6!8:/E! %A(/!/6E).
1.4. #!(8D'+, -6 L!A/E! *'8E #$+/E /=8F, (#+!#'6:, ==6 8' +E-
(8/;6:*; =*8+'; #$+/+!*'; 8; *8!=F'7 %A(/!/6 6!/>#$ /$(#;D!/'":
1 3
V x ax 2 y; W xy axy 2 ; W zx 0; V y ay ; W yz 0; V z 0.
3
1.5. (#!!8'6! %A(/!/6E +!%6#$ p Q + 6-%$7 A, B, C, D /$ B#$/;7 6!-
8$, (%$>$//B /$ #'*.1.4, !*8' %A(/!/6E 6!/>#$ /$(#;D!/'" (*6;//E '
'A!F6 >/$-!/'; z D A 45
Vx 10 M; V y 20 $; V z 0; y C
x B
W xy 5 $; W yz 0; W zx 0.
'*. 1.4
1.6. $% ==6 >$('*$/E '/+$#'$/6E 6!/>#$ /$(#;D!/'" 8; B8$+/" *'*6!-
AE %#'/$6, + %6#" 6!/># /$(#;D!/'" 'A!!6 '$B/$8:/E" +'
§ V1 0·
¨ ¸
¨ V2 ¸.
¨0 V 3 ¸¹
©
7
1.7. >A!/;6*; 8' >/$-!/'; '/+$#'$/6+ I1 , I 2 , I 3 (#' (!#!7! % %$%"-
8' '/" *'*6!A! %#'/$6?
1.8. =*6: 6!/># !)#A$&'" 'A!!6 '$B/$8:/E" +'
§Hx 0·
¨ ¸
¨ Hy ¸,
¨0 H ¸
© z¹
(#'-!A %A(/!/6E I6B 6!/>#$ ;+8;F6*; )=/%&';A' 6 %#'/$6
H x ax 2 ; H y by 3 ; H z cz.
(#!!8'6!, '*(8:>=; *6/<!/'; <', %A(/!/6E +!%6#$ (!#!A!!-
/'" u, v, w . #!(8$B$!6*;, -6 %A(/!/6$ u >$+'*'6 68:% 6 x, v – 68:%
6 y, w – 6 z.
1.9. $('<'6! '/+$#'$/6E I1, I2, I3 8; 6!/>#$ !)#A$&'" ( $/$8B'' *
)#A=8$A' 8; '/+$#'$/6+ 6!/>#$ /$(#;D!/'".
1.10. +8!6+#;F6 8' =*8+';A *+A!*6/*6' !)#A$&'" %A(/!/6E
6!/>#$ !)#A$&'" '> >$$-' 1.8?
1.11. =*6: %A(/!/6E 6!/>#$ !)#A$&'" ;+8;F6*; *8!=F'A' )=/%-
&';A' %#'/$6:
H x H y H z J yz J zx 0,
J xy J yx f ( x, y, z ),
B! f – (#'>+8:/$; )=/%&';, 68'-/$; 6 %/*6$/6E.
§ ·
¨ ¸
$) $('<'6! I66 6!/># + +'! A$6#'&E ¨ ? ¸
¨ ¸
© ¹
(I66 *8=-$" /$>E+$F6 (#*6EA /!#$+/A!#/EA *+'BA).
) +8!6+#;F6*; 8' =#$+/!/'; *+A!*6/*6' !)#A$&'" + I6A *8=-$!?
+) $%" +E+ 6*F$ *8!=!6? (E6$"6!*: (#!*6$+'6: %$#6'/= 6$%B
!)#A'#+$/'; B!A!6#'-!*%'.
1.12. !8'-'/$ e H x H y H z (#!*6$+8;!6 *" L!A/=F !)#A$&'F
I8!A!/6$#/B ($#$88!8!('(!$. *(8:>=; >$%/ =%$ (1.7), /$"'6! >$+'*'-
A*6: e 6 *#!/'7 /$(#;D!/'" V *# ,
1
V *# (V x V y V z ).
3
1.13. 8=-'6! >$%/ =%$ + «#$6/"» )#A!, %B$ %A(/!/6E 6!/>#$
/$(#;D!/'" +E#$D!/E -!#!> !)#A$&''.
1.14. *(8:>=; >$%/ =%$ + )#A!, (8=-!//" + >$$-! 1.13, /$"'6! +E-
#$D!/'; 8; I/!#B'" U , U , U 0 + 6!#A'/$7 68:% !)#A$&'".
8
79
8$'A'# B#!+'-
+B=*6'/$ %+8!+/$
88$ '%6#+/$ u
8!/$ !/'+/$ u
!#B!" 8$'A'#+'-
/#!" '%8$!+'-
#'/$ !#B'!+/$
#'/$ +$/+/$
-!/! (*'!