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 2.3 Elementary Matrices; Finding A-I 125

I,) U 2 n [l : n Id)
17. Which o r the following homogeneous systems luvc a
no ntrivial solution'!
(a) x +2y+3z=O
10. [n\'crt each of the following matrices. if possible: 2),+ 2:=0
2 -3 x + 2)' + 3: =0

la)
[-1
3
0
-3

-2
-i] Ib)
[l n 2
(b) 2x+ y- ;:= 0
x - 2)' - 3;:=0
-3.l - )'+ 2:= 0
,
[~ n
1 (c) 3.\'+ ),+3;:_0
I,)
[: n Id )
0
1

II. Find Ihe inverse. if it exists. of each o f the following:

- 2.r +2)' - 4:= 0
2.r-3),+5:= O
18. Which of thc following homogeneous systems have a
nontrivial solution']

[l i] [!
I (a) x+)'+2:=0
2 - I
I. ) 2 Ih ) - I
3
2
3 1] 2,r+y+ :=0
3x -)'+:=0
(b ) .r - y + ;: = 0

I,)
[j 3
2
9
- I
1
j] Id )
[: iJ
2
3
0
(c)
2,'+ Y
h - 2y+2z= O
2\' -
=0

y + 5;: = 0
3x+ 2,,-3;:=0

n
2
.r- ), +4:=0
I,) 3
[: 19, Find all value(s) of a for which the inverse o f

12. Find Ihe inverse. if il exis ts . of each of the following:

2 I 0]
o
[i
0
-2 0
la) A _ 2 "
2 I
3 2 -jJ exists, What is A- I?

~ [j
I 20. For what va lues of (I docs the homogeneous system

Ib) A
3
2
9
- I j] «(I- I)X+
2.l + (1/ - 1»,
2),=0
=0
III Ererci.rex J3 (lml /4, I,ml'/' 111111 elleh gil'en IIlmrix A i~'
IWII.ri/J !; II/ar (lII(/ II'rile;1 (/J {/ prodllcf oj elemel/fary matrices. have a nontrivinl solution?
(Him: First, wrile the il!l'er.l'11 (IS 1/ I!mduL'l of elemell/ary ma- 21. Provc Ihat
{rices: Ihell /l.I'e '{"/worelll 2.7.)

13. A =[~ ~J 14. A = [~1 0~ 3~] is nonsingular if und only if (ld - be", 0, If this condition
ho lds. show thut

15. If A is a nonsingular malrix whose inverse is [~ ~l d

fi nd A . ad - bc atl -- b be ]
A- I = _{' "
16. IfA-'~ [: _I iJr."dA
.
[ (Id - I)c (/(1 - be
126 Chapler 2 Solving linear Systems

22. Let 26. Let A be an m X II matrix. Show that A is row equil'alent

J toOifandonlyifA=O.
o 27. Let A and B be III x II matrices. Show th;!t A is row
2

Find the elementary matrix that as a postmultiplier of A

perform s the following elementary column operations on
.'.
equivalent to B if and only if A T is column equivalent to

28. Show that a square matrix which has a row or a column

consisting entirely of zeros must be singular.
k 29. (a) [s (A + B) - I = A - I + B - 1?
(a) Mult iplies the third column of A by (-3) . I
(lI ) Is (CA) - I = _A - I?
(b) Interchanges the second and third columns of A. c
30. If A is an /I x II matrix . prove that A is nonsingular if and
(c) Adds (-5) times the first column of A to the third onl y if the linear system Ax = b has a unique sol ution
column of A. for every /I x I matrix b .
23. Prove that two III x II matrices A and B are row equiv- 31. Prove that the inverse of a nonsingular upper (lower) tri -
alent if and onl y if there exists a nonsingular matrix I' angular matrix is upper (lower) triangular.
such that B = P A. (Him: Use Theorems 2.6 and 2.8.)
~ 32. If the software you use has a command for computing re -
24. Let A and B be row equivalelllll XI! matrices. Prove th;!t duced row echelon form. use it to determine whether the
A is non singular if and only if B is nonsingular. matri ces A in Exercises 9, 10. and II have an inverse by
25. Lt:l A <1m] B be II X I! m<llril.:t:s. Shuw lhal if A B is llUIl - J.
operating on the matrix [A i I" (See Example 4.)
singular. then A and B must be nonsingular. (H illt: Use ~ 33. Repeat Exercise 32 on the matrices given in Exercise 63
Theorem 2.9.) of Section 1.5.

m Equivalent Matrices
We have thus L1 r co nside red A to be row (column) equi va le nt to B if B results
from A by a finit e sequence of elementary row (colum n) o perations. A natural
extension of this idea is that of considering B to arise from A by a finite sequence
of elementary row 0/. elementary column operations . Thi s leads to the notion of
e qui va lence of matrices. The material di scussed in this section is used in Section
4.9.

If A and 8 arc two 11/ x /I matrices, then A is equ.ivalent to B if we obtain B from

DEFINITION 2.5
A by a finite seque nce uf elementary row o r elementary column operations.

As we have seen in the case of row equivale nce, we can show (sec Exerci se
I) that (a) every mat ri x is equivalent to itself: (b) if B is equivalent to A, th ~n A
is equivalent to 8; (c) if C is equivalent to 8 , and 8 is e q uivalent to A, then C is
equivalent to A. In view o f (b), both statements "A is equivalent to 8" and " 8 is
equivalent to A" ca n be replaced by "A and B are equivalent." We can also show
that if two matrices arc row equivalent, then they :!re equivalent. (See Exe rcise 4.)

Theorem 2. 12 If A is any nonzero 11/ x /I matrix, the n A is e qui va lent to a partitioned matrix of
the form

[ I,
Om_"
Orn-r
O",_rn_r ]' .

t Here, 0 ,"_, is llle, x ,, - , zero malrix: similarty. 0 .. _" is the m - r X r zero matrix. etc.