WHAT IS DISASTER MANGEMENT: -

Disaster management is a process of effectively preparing for and responding to disasters. It involves
strategically organizing resources to lessen the harm that disasters cause. It also involves a systematic
approach to managing the responsibilities of disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and
recovery.

4 COMPONENTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT: -

The 4 components of disaster management are mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.

1. Mitigation: - Mitigation means to reduce the impact of disasters.

2. Preparedness: - Preparedness is a research-based set of actions that are taken as

precautionary measures in the face of potential disasters.

3. Response: - response refers to the actions taken directly before, during or in the
immediate aftermath of a disaster. The objective is to save lives, ensure health and
safety and to meet the subsistence needs of the people affected.

4. Recovery: - recovery is the process of maintaining or reestablishing vital

infrastructure and systems following a natural or human-induced disaster, such as a
storm or battle.

CASE STUDY OF 2 NATURAL OR MAN-MADE DISASTERS IN MANIPUR

1. LANDSLIDES
Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may
include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, shallow or deep-
seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows.
LANDSLIDE IN MANIPUR 2022
A large landslide occurred in NONEY district of the Indian state of Manipur near
the Tupul railway construction site on the night of 30 June 2022. It killed 58 people
and three people were missing. Eighteen people were injured. Twenty-
nine Indian Army personnel and 29 civilians were among the deceased.

LOCATION OF LANDSLIDE HIT

The landslide occurred in the district of Noney, at 107 Territorial Army Camp, near
the Tupul railway construction site of the Jiribam–Imphal line of Indian Railways.

MAJOR CAUSES OF THIS DISASTER

Experts at Manipur University said that nearly all landslides in the region have
been caused by the poor lithology—fractured rocks, steep slopes and unstable
mass were contributing factors. It was likely that the water-clogged soil liquefied
and destabilized, causing the landslide.

RESCUE AND RECOVERY

The government of Manipur mobilized the National Disaster Response Force and
State Disaster Response Force to coordinate rescue missions. Over 250 soldiers,
rescuers and police officers were involved. Bulldozers and excavators were used
to find bodies in the nearby river. Search and rescue operations by the Assam
Rifles and Territorial Army went underway to find between 50 and 72 missing
individuals. Twenty-three to 43 of the missing were Territorial Army soldiers.
By July 20, the total death toll reached 56, with five people still missing. The
deceased included 29 Indian Army personnel and 27 civilians. On 20 July 2022,
the rescue operation was officially called off with five bodies still missing.

RESPONSE
Officials warned residents in Noney district against approaching the Ijei river due
to the possibility of a flood. The Chief Ministers of Manipur, N. Biren Singh, said
that ₹500 thousand would be given to the families of those killed as an ex gratia,
while ₹50 thousand would be given to the injured. Travellers were told to
avoid National Highway 37.
 EARTHQUAKES
An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden
release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.

EARTHQUAKE IN 2016
The 2016 Imphal earthquake struck northeast India in the state of Manipur on
January 4 with a moment magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII
(Very strong). Its epicentre was in the Tamenglong district; about 30 km west of
Imphal. At least 11 people were killed, 200 others were injured and numerous
buildings were damaged.The quake was also strongly felt in Bangladesh. It was also
extensively felt in eastern and north-eastern India.

LOCATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE

The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Tamenglong district; about 30 km west of
Imphal.

MAJOR CAUSES OF THE DISASTER

The Eurasia tectonic plates -- the slabs of planet that created the highest mountains in the world
-- collide.

The two continental plates are coming together at a rate of 40 millimeters to 50 millimeters a
year, producing large numbers of earthquakes that make the region one of the most seismically
volatile on Earth, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

On the surface, the boundary between the plates is marked by the foothills of the Sulaiman
Range in the west, and the Indo-Burmese Arc in the east and the part of the Himalaya Front in
the north of India.

The earthquake generated was is known as a strike-slip fault, where sections of the Earth move
like two blocks rubbing alongside each other at vertical, or nearly vertical, fracture points.

RESCUE AND RECOVERY

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) team from Guwahati, which was
engaged in rescue in Tamenglong district and Imphal besides other parts of state,
cleared the debris and searching if anyone was still trapped. National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA) sources said, "Damage to a few buildings, residential
units and government offices have been reported, including damage to a six-storey
building in Imphal.” 11 people were killed, 200 others were injured, and numerous
buildings were damaged.

RESPONSE
To ensure “physical safety… in view of the earthquake and likely recurrence in
immediate future” the state government ordered week-long closure of all educational
institutions. General holiday was also declared for all government departments,
excluding essential services.