A New Approach to Calculate the Decaying AC Contributions to Short Circuit: The “Characteristic” Currents Method Giuseppe Parise, Member, IEEE Absract—For the near to generator short-cireit analy, it {s well known that a rigorous calculation procedare requires the tse of complex dynamie models of power system components. In ‘most practical cases, however its suficient to adopt simplified fd standard haved calculation methods. For these cases the paper suggests a new approach of the short-circuit models of power system components based on the “characteristie™ currents ‘method [1 "The paper, at fist, presents a short overview of the LEC ‘Standard 908, assumed as reference for the proposed approach. ‘The ealeulation assumptions and the simplifications of the IEC ‘Standard are pointed out in order to evidence bow the new ap- ‘roach proposed allows to obtain conservative, but more accurate resus “The “characteristic” currents procedure fs successively applied toa sample network with external feder and internal generation tnd with motor load, The same network is analyzed by means of ‘the IEC procedure and by means ofa computer program able to ‘consider dynamic models of eectrical equipment ‘A comparison among these approaches is carried out inorder to validate the “characteristic” currents method. Comparisons between the proposed method and recognized TEEEJANSI standards have not been performed in the paper. 1. bxrRopucTion HE “characteristic” currents method has been proposed as 8 new approach of the ohmic method forthe short-circuit analysis in industrial and commercial power systems [1 Tn that paper (1), assuming as reference the IEC Stan- ard 909 [2], the proposed approach is limited t© modify the calculations of the initial fault curents. The paper {11 considers balanced and unbalanced faults and, in both cases, the caleutation of the maximum and the minimum values of the short-circuit curens For the systems with decaying ac short circuit component, ‘the breaking and steady-state short-circuit currents are eval: ated in accordance with the IEC Standard. Fo these systems, the present paper suggests a new approach ofthe shor- 0.25 5 (except LV machines) A = 0.56, B = 0.94 b= 038. If I,/Jno < 2,apply «= 1 at every minimum time delay. The values Zand Tea related to the same voltage Factor q = C + D-In(m) depends on tryin and on rm, the rated active power (MW) pe pair of poles of the asynchronous motor, if present; otherwise q = 1. The constant C, D of q can C= 103.8 01125 for tn 51, D = 0.12; f0 tn 2 0.25 8 C= 026, D — shor circuit fed from meshed network; Jy may be conservatively set equal (0 Z, (or more comely computed by formula (60) ofthe TEC 909 ‘The asymmetrical breaking curentcoresponding to difer- cat value of tain can be compute as: fein = c 1 ayn = YUH +e) 6 The aperioie component ic i en by foe = 2H exp(-2n/t8/X), © For nonmeshed networks f/X isto be computed as shown {or i, For meshed networks, the methods of Sub-clause 9.1.32 and Clause 5 of the TEC 909 are to be followed. ‘The maximum and minimum steady-state short circuit cur- rents can be respectively written as Temas = aac walic where Iris the rated generator current, and the parameters ra Main ATE obtained from figures reported in TEC 909 Suibclavse 122.14, o Tein TIL, Propose CALCULATION METHOD A. The Characteristic Current as Calculation Parameter For the short circuit analysis in the classical procedure each component ft of a power system is characterized by its Impedance Za, with phase-angle . = arcig X/R. Tn the proposed method each component is characterized instead by is corespondent current vector T defined by polar coordinates:—absolute value is T= U/Zu,, where U is the EVS. U = cUn/ /3 with a phase-angle ¢, (generally assumed equal (0 zer0); power factor cos dn is equal to the ower factor cos, of the impedance of the component itself (the function cosine is obviously independent of the sign of the angle din = —Gey)- In the following, it willbe generally indicated as cos an. ‘Such current, that would flow in impedance Zi, of a given ‘component, when fed diecdy and singularly from the E.V.S. U = eUiy/,/3, is defined as the component's “characteristic short circuit current at voltage U." In other words, the short circuit current at the short circuit location F is the “characteristic shor circuit current” of the circuit impedance at the fault location FP. While the “characteristic short circuit curent” of a given component is the short circuit curent of the circuit formed exclusively by the same component. ‘The correspondence between impedance and inverse of the characterisic curent of impedance at voltage U, permits the application of the inverse of the currents the impedance prop- emis either in series or parallel circuits, and in connections from delta to star and vice versa. Knowing the short circuit current IJ;,cos) at voltage U ata poiat i ofthe single fed system and the characteristic ccutent Ty(Zi,c08¢) atthe same voltage U of the element included from i-point and the j-point (se Fig. 1(0)), the short L0Z/2" (0) ‘Adopting the (Sits possible o eva Tings, The steady state short crit current Ty; remains defined on the basis of the Ty(t) at time t — oo IV. Case Srupy The system, shown in Fig. 2, has been analyzed by means of the IEC procedure, by means of the characteristic current method (CCM) and by means of @ computer program able to consider dynamic models of electrical equipment. The transient simulation program, used as bench mark for the Fig. 2. Spt seglese gram forte cation exp comparison, i version ofthe Atmatve Transient Program for 3851486 PC (AT). "Te at ofthe network are reported in Table The switch ing device SD ofthe feeder LS tan oper the connection 1 another network, assuned wth components ental thse Ones ofthe networkin Fig. 2 "Ate fst the shot ie clelation has bee cried ot bos acconting to TEC and CCM 3) The short circuit at lcation FL is fe from tree non- meshed sources. The paral shor cizcuit caret iy {ahvolute valve and phve-angle) have been calulted 3 follows Ip of the network feeder through transformer, acconding to expressions (21), (15), (16) and (8) — Teg of the generator through the cable LG, ac- cording o expressions (19), (20), (14) and (8): — Tiyg of the motor, according to expressions (17) and (8). = Considering that [yp = fury using the TEC method, fOr tin Wal t0 20, 50, and 100 ms, the breaking currents ic, Texy and the peak ‘currents ipa, ipar for generator and motor have been computed according to expressions (4) and 6). According to Sub-clause 12.233 ofthe IEC Std, the breaking current Isr and the peak current jr. at fault location FI, are obtained by using the algebraic ations: Top + hie + Innit = 0.0250.05;0.1 5) for inc + ipa hes Using the COM, for the same values of tain the currents Tic, far and tye ipa have een caloulated aeconiing to expressions (22), (28), fand (32). The breaking curent Jor and the peak arent jpn at fault loeation Fare obtained by Using the expressions (11) and (32). {iy The short circuit a locaton F2is fe from the meshed. network upstream the bus 1 Using the IEC method, it has been necestary 10 compute the [pps According to Sub-clac 12.2443, the Ipra as been assumed equal 0 Mya f0F all valves Of fnig aNd iyr> has evaluated with (3)Disa ce Nerwouk Comores Se ee ese spo oe [ retrmae toa Fae cata Wa FE Rt Rtg RE ar jo loor ose tis ocr cam et i ogee TABLE Past. Soe Cacir Cnsenr Sumces (Q. G80) so he Cut Cuan xe Laas Fi, Accom 10 1H TEC 909 (IE), o Cuuaacrenie Cabs Meme (CCR) Aso 0 Teak Soy Prcka (ATP) fae er ae es 26 aa a Sas ee es eee yb stn ec 0 cn poston Using the CCM, forthe above mentioned ales of a he currents Jor have een calelated according to (8), aplied tothe curens /aer and Ju. ofthe load fine Lt. The peak correntiga is obtained by Using 32). Tecan be observed tha, ithe svicing device SD of the feeder LS is closed to connect anther network, the paral short crit cuenta the end location mast be computed wih the same procedure of the short circuit at location F2. Inthe same manner, the para shor site ue frm the other network mst be computed and consequently the shot Cie currents at locations and F2 most be evaluated “The CCM procedire hasbeen elaborated using a PC math ematical program. Hence, the sume system has heen slated z tie © tr » tine : Saecaeae eee «UL ____ — : rs [AP Spat, (b) CCM simaaoe Watlorn f tepals cet ‘Serra he moto (0) AMP simulation {@) COM suaaon sng {©'CCH sitaion wing 2) an 29 ‘with the transient program ATP. Considering thatthe function cosine has been adopted fr the voltage, the partial short circuit currents and the short circuits FI-F2 have been forced to‘tel © © i. 4 Cotes o— so ‘occur each at the instant when the analyzed phase voltage waveforms have value equal to ys(0) + /2 = ogy + 2/2, thus determining the zero aperiodic component offset In Figs. 3 and 4, the waveforms of the paral shor circuit ‘currents and ofthe short circuits FI-F2 are showin, The values the shor cc caren ae collected Tate I. 2 ! At a temak tthe conparton of te rely cna - be obsered that eer the IEC method or the CCM gree % = conserve cvltions of caret with respect tthe ATP. im bar te CCM appears moe ace, ® V. ConcLusion i The new approach proposed forthe neat-to-generator short circuit analysis appears more suitable than the TEC proce: dure, 1 directly allows the determination of the short circuit Z © waveforms ofthe decaying ac component and ofthe periodic component; in any ease it allows the obtaining of conserva- tive, but more accurate results than those ones available with the TEC method, iy see For all practical cases for which it is sufficient to adopt . wo = simplified and standard based calculation methods, the “char- tira acteristic” curents method is useful to evaluate in a speedy © and simple approximate manner, the shor circuit currents of &@ -—— the system. : APPENDIX—SYMBOLS AND SUBSCRIPTS a: Ee5 ‘Symbols of complex quantities are printed in boldface. He Symbols: | © Voltage factor * Un) svat voz sure (om) (EV 8) ale - ‘Short-crcut absolute value . we i 1 Syma shor ect breaking cient om (tmsyimterrupting, ANSI curent) ® Ty Steady-state short circuit current (ms) Fg. 4 Waveforms of he sh cet F(a) ATP simon, (by CCM (ime delayed ANSI curent) Staion Walon ofthe short cai Fc) AUP silat, (6) CCM 1, Transient short creat curren (ms) eas 1, Initial symmeiical short circuit current (rms) (frst eyele ANSI current) fy Decaying ac component of the sc. Jem Locked-rotor current of an asynchronous motor ic __‘Decaying aperiodic component of the s.c. iy Peak short circuit curren (closing-atching Tvaoym Asymmetical short circuit breaking curent. [ANSI current) "Correction factor for impedanceson Tectia constant Factor for the calculation of breaking currents of asynchronous motors Correction factors for time constants “Mullipie factor for the highest cexcitation-voltage Rated active power (MW) per pur of poles of the asynchronous motor Nominal cross section ‘HE respsr Resistance, absolute respectively relative (12/2) value @ Subs » k ous resiance of «synchronous machine wen clclsting snd ip Int! symmetrial shore cireit power (apparent power) Rated apparent power of elects equipment Rated ative power of elericl equipment Rated tnafomation ratio ap changer in main poston Nominal system voltage, lne-tone (ms) Rated voltage line t-ine (rms) Red sho eieit voltage in percent Rte ohmic vtiape in percent Reactance, absolute espectively ave (x/2) valve Subransientressance ofa synchrmach (caurval) ‘Transient reactance of a synchr:mach (saturval) Directais reactance of synth, (aural) Swbtansiom shor ict ime constant “Teasint shor cic time constant Impedance, absolute respectively relative (X/Z) value Shortetcuit impedance of a three-phase ac system Factor for the calculation ofthe peak Sc iy Factor for the calcul.of the steady sate $<. Jk Factor forthe calcul. of the symm. sc. breaking ely Phase angle. vipts System component ‘Three-phase short circuit Maximum Minimum Ww 0 er i 1 8) o 1 8 [Nominal value (Intemational Electrotechnical Vocabulary IEV 151-0401) Rated valve (EV 151-04-03) “Transformed value Voltage source Busbar Fault, short circuit location Generator High-voltage, high-volge winding of a transformer Low-voltage, low-vollage winding of 2 transformer Line Locked rotor Asynchronous motor or group of asynchy. ‘motors Feeder connection point Switching device Transformer. REFERENCES 6. Pre, “Sto csp in dust and commercial per ‘stem the “shen caret aproach”IEEBIAS JACPS Teck int Bre. FL, 195. Te ibe Pahicaos 903, Sbon Crit Cent Caleisin in Tre IANSUIPEE STD 41-1085, Recomended rcs or lcs Power Ditton for Indus at AANSUIEEE SD 9-109, Reomende Pract fo Indl and ‘VDE 10%: Recs fr te clin of short cei Roeper, Shor-Cireut Curens in Three Phase System. 2d ed. F [RTE Fzger Kingsley and A Ksk, Elec Machinery Now ‘en Mei 197 Giwseppe Pars (M2) brn in Liza (C3) Tryon Sepember 3198) In 1972 be eed the dee elnechncl engineering. fom he Universy of Rome, ly rom 1999191939, he wae Resecher aed ‘st aces cover eter of ein, psig Sale sc, sa ener) manage! of pee System Since 185. be has been 2 ember Of Siperioe Cosi of Minty of Plc Wr sexpert ot power sens