Energy Resources 2023

Mattias Gustafsson
Who am I?
• PhD - Energy efficiency measures in the built environment
• Full time at the University from Oktober 2021
• Municipality owned energy company (Gävle Energi AB) for 10+ years
• Solar PV
• Charging infrastructure for EVs
• Battery storage
• Bio-CCS
• Etc.
Energy resources HT23
Mattias Gustafsson (MG): mattias.gustafsson@hig.se Office: 11:453

Björn Karlsson (BK): bjorn.o.karlsson@hig.se

Diogo Cabral (DC): diogo.cabral@hig.se (course coordinator)
João Gomes (JG): joao.santos.gomes@hig.se
Course topics
1. Global Energy Problems, use of Energy, 5. Biofuels and combustion
Greenhouse Effect and Ozone Depletion
Lecture 6 - Combustion & Biofuel (BK)
Lecture 1 - Energy Course Introduction (MG)
Lecture 3 - The Green House Mechanism (BK) Book: Chapter 5
Book: Chapter 1.2 to 1.5 6. Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
2. Energy Basics Lecture 12 – Basics about Hydrogen as an energy
Lecture 4 - General Energy Knowledge/ carrier (BK)
Thermodynamics (BK),
7. Hydro power
Book: Chapter 1.3 and 2.3
3. Wind power Lecture 13 – Hydro Power (MG)
Lecture 2 – Wind power (DC) Book: Chapter 6 (and some information from chapter
Book: Chapter 8 7 and 9).
4. Solar Thermal and PV systems 8. Winsun
Lecture 5 - Solar Angles and Solar Radiation (BK&DC) Lecture 14 – Presentation of Winsun and assignment
Lecture 7 - Solar Cells and Diodes (BK&DC) (BK&MG)
Lecture 9 – Basics about Solar Thermal (DC)
Lecture 10 - PVT-systems (JG)
Lecture 11 – Solar PV Systems (MG)
Book: Chapter 3 and 4
Course book
• But it will be extra material presented
on Canvas after each lecture!
• Also 12+1 assignments
Assignment 1: Energy introduction (after lecture 1, deadline 7 days!)
Assignment 2: Wind Power
Assignment 3: Greenhouse Effect
Assignment 4: General Energy Knowledge/Thermodynamics
Assignment 5: Solar Irradiance and Solar Angles
Assignment 6: Combustion and biofuels
Assignment 7: Solar cells and diods
Assignment 8: Nuclear energy
Assignment 9: Solar Thermal Systems
Assignment 10: Solar PV Systems
Assignment 11: Hydrogen as an energy carrier
Assignment 12: Hydro Power
Final Project: Assignment about PV-system, Winsun, deadline end of course

Deadline for submitting assignment = 7 days after last lecture. If late,

the assignments will be corrected but probably not before the exam.
Exams
Online students dont have to come to Sweden!

Campus students: First exam: 12 January 2024, 09:00 – 14:00

Second exam: 26 February2024, 09:00 – 14:00
Schedule, Canvas and contact by email
When contacting me or other teachers by email, send it directly to the
email-adress!
mattias.gustafsson@hig.se

Canvas

Schedule: Kronox, https://schema.hig.se/

Power - Energy
10 W for 10 hours = 100 Wh = 0.1 kWh
Symbol Prefix Multiply by…
k kilo- 1000
M mega- 1000.000
G giga- 1000.000.000
T tera- 1000.000.000.000
P peta- 1000.000.000.000.000
E exa- 1000.000.000.000.000.000

1 Joule (J) = 1 Ws => 1kWh = 3.6*106 Joules (3.6 MJ)

 Energy

Primary energy
An energy form that has not been subjected to any human
engineered conversion process

Energy carrier
An energy carrier is a substance (fuel) or a medium that contains
energy that can be later converted to other forms such as
mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical
processes. An electricity grid is a distribution technology!

Useful energy
GEA (2012). Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable
Future. Technical summary.
http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/E
nergy/Chapters_Home.en.html
 Fossil fuels around 81%

Database documentation: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/20a89a1b-634c-41f1-87d1-d218f07769fb/WORLDBAL_Documentation.pdf

Fossil fuels around 58%
Fossil fuels around 27%
Why is Sweden different?
• Fossil fuels, mostly transport sector.
• A lot of Hydro power and nuclear (note that IEA shows energy in the steam in
previous slides).
• Sweden has a tradition to use electricity for heating (direct or with heat pumps).
• We have district heating systems mainly using bio-fuels or ”garbage”!

Sweden is a cold country and it is common that

heat is produced in a thermal plant and distributed
through a network of pipes to industrial and
commercial premises, apartment blocks and single-
family houses. Both for space heating and domestic
hot water. Combined heat and power plants can
also be used.
The 2015 Paris COP 21 agreement
Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees
Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.

As of November 2021, 194 states and the European Union have signed the Agreement. 192
states and the EU, representing over 98% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified
or acceded to the Agreement, including China and the United States.
Electricity from fossil fuels around 63%
Electricity from fossil fuels around 40%
Note the difference in presented nuclear and hydro!
 Price development fossil fuels

Source: https://www.energiforetagen.se/pressrum/nyheter/2022/juli/energiforetagen-forklarar-darfor-ser-vi-hogre-elpriser/
Price development fossil fuels
Electricity spot prices Europé, 2022, euro/kWh
The Nordic power market (Nordpool)
The NordPool spot market (Elspot) is a day-ahead
market, where the price of power is determined
by supply and demand.
Power producers and consumers in each price
area submit their bids to the market in advance
of delivery, stating the quantities of electricity
supplied or demanded and the corresponding
price for the supplied electricity.
Then, for each hour, the price that clears the
market (balancing supply with demand) is
determined at the NordPool power exchange.
Marginal price setting!!
Imbalances in the physical trade on the spot
market must be levelled out in order to maintain
the balance. The basic principle for settling
imbalances is that participants causing or
contributing to the imbalance will pay their share
of the costs for re-establishing the balance.
The Nordic power market (Nordpool)
• 16 countries
• All Europé is connected so
there is a trade to other
countries as well.
Bottlenecks and electricity price areas
• In 2006, Denmark reported Sweden to the
European Commission due to unfair
competition of electricity price.
• There are bottlenecks in the distribution
system, one here in Gävle. Difficult to distribute
cheap electricity from the north of Sweden to
the south. When it was the same electricity
price all over Sweden, the south of Sweden had
a low electricity price with a limited possibility
to export cheap electricity to Denmark – unfair
competition!
Electricity price areas
An electricity price area is a zone where the
electricity is traded at the same spot price on
a power exchange. The electricity price area
can be a whole country or parts of it.
Norway 5 price areas
Sweden 4 price areas
Denmark 2 price areas
Italy 5 price areas
When it is a high electricity price in a nearby
price area, that sets the electricity price.
Why price areas? (more than unfair competition)
• More profitable to produce more electricity where electricity is used.
• Then of course also more profitable to decrease the use of electricity.
• Reduce the distribution of electricity (reduced losses)
• Encourage building of increased transmission capacity
Source: Eurostat, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Evolution_of_net_maximum_electrical_capacity_for_renewables_and_renewable_waste_in_EU-27_(MW),_2000-2019.png
Electrical capacity and electricity production
• Full load hours: yearly produced electricity/rated capacity
• A 2 MW wind turbine produce 7000 MWh => 3500 full load hours

• Hydro power 8000h

• Nuclear power 8000h
• Wind power 3-4000h
• Solar PV 1-2000h
 Future use of electricity in Sweden?
• Presents estimated future electricity use in
various studies.
• Older studies shows lower estimated
electricity use than more recent ones.
• The intervall in the figure for 2030 is appr.
140-200 TWh and for 2045 is the intervall
150-310.
• Some studies do not make a ”plausibility
assessment” and assume that all industrial
projects will implemented.

• Hybrit and similar projects – manufacture

steel using hydrogen instead of natural gas.

Källa: Energiforsk, VISUALISERING AV SVERIGES FRAMTIDA ELANVÄNDNING OCH EFFEKTBEHOV, RAPPORT 2023:913
Electricity production in Sweden vs…

Country Citizens Area Citizen/km2

[millions] [km2]
Germany 83 357 000 230
Denmark 5.8 43 000 135
Sweden 10.3 405 000 25
North of Sweden 1.2 243 000 5

Country Citizens Electricity use kWh/Citizen

[millions] [TWh/year] and year
Germany 83 600 7000
Denmark 5.8 34 6000
Sweden 10.3 140 14000
Sweden, Norway and Finland vs EU

Citizens Area Electricity production

Sweden 2,2% 10,0% 5,8%
Norway 1,2% 7,0% 5,6%
Finland 1,2% 7,5% 2,5%
EU-27 100% 100% 100%

We use a lot of electricity in the nordic countries (per person) but we have plenty of space
Electricity production from wind turbines

Citizens Electricity use Wind power Share Wind power

Country [millions] [TWh/year] [TWh/year] [%] kWh/Citizen, year
Germany 83 600 126 23 1500
Denmark 5.8 34 16 47 2800
Sweden 10.3 140 30 21 3000

• Germany has the highest installed capacity of wind power

• Denmark produce the highest share of electricity from wind turbines
• Sweden has highest amount of produced electricity from wind turbines per person
Electricity production from wind turbines

Wind power Area Wind Turbines/

Country [TWh/year] [10km2] (10km)2
Germany 126 3 570 5
Denmark 16 430 5
Sweden 30 4 050 1
As s ume 2MW, 3500 full loa d hours

• We have plenty of space for wind turbines in Sweden!

 Future electricity use and expected increase
in installed wind power
• Some interesting figures from the organisation Svensk
Vindenergi.
• The number of wind turbines does not neccessary needs
to be increased.
• Offshore wind farms ca 45 TWh but can be substantially
higher.

Source: https://svenskvindenergi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Fa%CC%88rdplan-2040-rev-2020.pdf
Largest wind turbine deployed (2023-06-28)
• 16 MW
• Diameter of 252 meters
and a single blade length of
123 meters.
• Off-shore wind turbine
Off-shore wind turbines outside Gävle
• 2023-09-14,Mark- och miljö-
domstolen agreed to the
turbines at Storgrundet
• Maximum 51 turbines up to
290 m high
• Produces appr. 3 - 3.5
TWh/year
Assignment 1
1. How many GJ are 3 MWh?
2. Define the terms primary energy and energy carrier.
3. How large in percentage is the use of fossil fuels in the world, in Europe and in Sweden?
4. How much of the electricity in the world, in Europe and in Sweden is produced by fossil fuels.
5. Why is Sweden so different compared to Europe and the rest of the world when it comes to use fossil fuels?
6. What is the content of the Paris Agreement from December 2015?
7. Describe how the day ahead market works on the Nordic power market, how is the hourly spot price of
electricity decided?
8. Describe what an electricity price area is and what the benefits of price areas are?
9. Describe the term full load hours and estimate the electricity production from a hydro power station with an
installed capacity (mean) of 100MW, a wind turbine with an installed capacity of 2 MW and a solar PV
installation of 2 kWp. Make a note of the assumed number of full load hours for each technology.