Bulacan State University

College Of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Synergy Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

SVAWT

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject

PROJECT STUDY
ME 501D

Researchers:

Angelino, Lemuel
Bernardo, Paulo
Calonzo, John Valentine
Delacruz, Marlo
Masangcay, Jerome

Adviser:
Engr. Abigail Elaine T. Recacho

Research Professor:
Dr. Alfredo G. Mendoza
 ABSTRACT

In current energy systems we suffer from various problems, such as

environmental sustainability, energy equity and long-term energy security. Engaging to

renewable energy is an alternative solution to this condition. This project study aims to

provide economic solution for generation and supply of electricity. The idea is to

assimilate vertical-axis wind turbines on high altitude area, households among open or

coastal areas, especially to the people who need support for electricity. Using various

principles such as aerodynamics, aerofoils, electromagnetism, axial generators and wind

power that is harvested through the design of self-starting blades and sustaining hybrid

blades considering the latest trends of technologies. In order to meet the required energy

because of the variability of wind power, battery or other storage methods must be used

to utilized. Potential outcomes of power production are by actual testing operations and

it is possible to be adopted by the residents of Consuelo, Macabebe, Pampanga and some

areas of the Philippines.

From wider perspective, the project is capable of providing balance to the energy

trilemma. Small solution to a bigger problem is a big contribution in real goal global

situation because electrical systems are involved in all aspects of modern life and this

Synergy Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.

1
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

As technology advances, renewable energy is something that firms across the

world are investing heavily in. Many firms are convinced that renewable technologies are

the future of the energy industry. Environmentalists tout the importance of renewable

energy sources because they represent clean energy with a lower impact on nature. Clean

energy sources also cost less: The power source is free, and it costs less to install a wind

turbine. Wind do not disappear with use, as they continually regenerate. (L. Brenner,

2018)

Today most of the energy the world consumes are dominated by fossil fuels (coal,

oil and gas) which produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, the

fundamental driver of global climate change. Since fossil fuels continue to be the

mainstay of our energy economy, it is safe to assume that these resources will get scarce

in the near future. If we are to meet our global climate targets and avoid dangerous

2
climate change, the world needs a significant and concerted transition in its energy

sources.

Electricity is crucial for poverty alleviation, economic growth and improved

living standards. It is the main source to power all electronic devices and equipment’s,

domestic and commercial. Most of fossil fuel sources are used to generate electricity.

Though the demand for electricity is overwhelming, due to the fact that population

continues to grow in the emerging countries. Higher demand also means that price will

increase for electricity. One solution is to utilize renewable energy resource, mainly

wind energy.

Wind energy is a renewable energy that is already being utilized. The wind is a

free energy resource, but the wind is also an unpredictable source of energy as it is

constantly changing in both strength and direction . Wind turbines work the opposite of a

fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to

make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which in turn spins a generator to create

electricity. Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis. They can

also include blades or be bladeless.

The researchers come up with an idea of creating a combined design of Darrieus

and Savonius wind turbine that will help humankind and will promote the use of

renewable energy sources. The aim of the researchers is to find another way of producing

power in areas with continuous flow of wind, urban or rural, preferably in high altitudes

or in remote areas. The researchers plan to generate a power generating machine that uses

wind energy to fulfill the basic needs of the end users and give alternative and sustainable

power source in a green and efficient manner.

3
Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is “How to fabricate the SYNERGY

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE (SVAWT)?” Specifically, this study will answer

the following questions:

1. What are the engineering theories and processes necessary in designing and fabricating

the SVAWT?

2. What are the materials needed based on:

2.1 Availability;

2.2 Type; and

2.3 Price?

3. Will the SVAWT be acceptable to end users in terms of:

3.1 Functionality;

3.2 Reliability;

3.3 Efficiency; and

3.4 Accuracy?

4
Significance of the Study

This study aims to help the society considering that electricity plays an important

role in our daily lives. Growing countries, especially Philippines will have a greater

necessity for electricity.

This study will be beneficial to the following:

 Consuelo, Macabebe, Pampanga: This will help the area to have an alternative

source of electricity using the synergy turbine with low maintenance, low cost and

in an ecological way.

 Mechanical Engineering Students: The turbine will serve as an instructional

material for the students to broaden their knowledge about turbines and renewable

energy sources.

 Future Researchers: This study can help to the present and future researchers as a

basis to expand their ideas about renewable energy sources.

5
Scope and Delimitation

The study focuses on the power generation by creating a synergy system that will

harness renewable energy from wind sector. The study will be designed and fabricated

through combined mechanical and electrical concepts. Its objective is to generate

electrical power but this project relies on sustainability and versatility of the wind source.

The study will mainly focus on charging energy storage and providing stand by power for

low voltage consumption appliances. The design of the project is limited due to

transportation issues, the project was adjusted to fit in a vehicle to transport the project

anywhere.

The purpose of this project is not to replace the conventional source of energy like

coal, oil, natural gas, etc. but rather to discover alternative source of power that is

expected to be available most of the time. It is applicable in coastal or remote areas and

places on high altitude where wind is expected to be continuous. However, the period of

testing falls under summer season which results in the unpredictability of wind, so the

researchers use controlled environments such as electric fan and computations to have a

continuous wind speed for the purpose of determining the data.

The goal of the research is to determine the shaft speed and wind speed for the

turbine to rotate. Another goal also is to determine the voltage, shaft speed and wind

speed needed to light a LED, to charge a battery and cellphone. Lastly, the maximum

voltage the project will reach.

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 CHAPTER 2

THEORETHICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents a unification of research that supports the assessment of

SVAWT. This chapter includes related studies, theories and literature interrelated with

the development of the research. The theoretical framework roots or the interpreters of

the device design and implementation by the review of the literature with the definition of

different terms encountered throughout the paper.

Relevant Theories

First Law of Thermodynamics

7
 The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy,

means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed

or transferred from one form to another. (F. Mandl, 1988)

E¿ =E out

Q+ KE 1 + PE1+ U 1+ P 1 V 1=W + KE 2+ PE2 +U 2+ P2 V 2

Q−W =∆ KE+ ∆ PE+∆ U + ∆ PV

Eq. 2.1 First Law of Therodynamics

A wind turbine converts some of the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical

and electrical energy. The First Law of Thermodynamics says the sum of the energy put

into the wind turbine plus the remaining energy in the air after it passes through the

turbine, must exactly equal the energy in the wind before it entered the turbine.

Tip – speed Ratio

The tip-speed ratio, or TSR for wind turbines is the ratio between the tangential

speed of the tip of a blade and the actual speed of the wind. The tip-speed ratio is related

to efficiency, with the optimum varying with blade design. (Tip-speed ratio)

Tip speed of blade

λ=
Wind Speed

ωR
λ=
v

Eq. 2.2 Tip – speed Ratio

8
 Where ω is the rotor rotational speed in radians/second, R is the rotor radius in

meters, and v is the wind speed specified in meters/second.

Faraday’s Law

It's Faraday's Law that you need to employ when trying to determine how big

your coil needs to be for a certain voltage from your Alternator / Generator.

VS
N=
TA

Eq. 2.3 Faraday’s Law

Where N is the number of turn per coil, V is the voltage required, S is the seconds

per turn, T is the magnetic field of one magnet in unit tesla, and A is the surface area of

one magnet. (Faraday's Law, 2015)

In overall, these theories will have a significant impact for the research. Mainly it

will lead to the improvement of the efficiency for the turbine to reach its optimum level.

By understanding the conversion of energy, amount of heat can be monitored from

entering the turbine and then monitoring the heat in the process. Also, a wind turbine that

rotates faster does not necessarily produce more power, therefore determining tip speed

ratio will be beneficial for the turbine to operate. When it comes to evaluating the

electrical power output, determining the wind turbine power coefficient is the key. This

will tell us what the electrical power will be produced by the turbine system at that

specific wind speed.

9
Related Literatures

Wind turbine

Horizontal-axis wind turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at

the top of a tower, and may be pointed into or out of the wind. Small turbines are pointed

by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a

servo motor. (S.C. Bhatia, 2014)

Fig. 2.1 Horizontal-axis wind turbine

https://www.turbinesinfo.com/horizontal-axis-wind-turbines-hawt/

The Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine is one of the simplest turbines.

Aerodynamically, it is a drag-type device, consisting of two or three scoops. Looking

down on the rotor from above, a two-scoop machine would look like an "S" shape in

cross section. Because of the curvature, the scoops experience less drag when moving

10
against the wind than when moving with the wind. The differential drag causes the

Savonius turbine to spin. (Savonius wind turbine)

Fig. 2.2 Savonius wind turbine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonius_wind_turbine

The Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine is a lift-type device. The turbine consists

of a number of curved aerofoil blades mounted on a vertical rotating shaft or framework.

The curvature of the blades allows the blade to be stressed only in tension at high rotating

speeds. (Darrieus wind turbine)

Fig. 2.3 Darrieus wind turbine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrieus_wind_turbine

11
 The researchers chose vertical-axis wind turbine because they are more practical

in residential areas which is beneficial in our research. Another advantage is the

efficiency of the vertical axis wind turbine, this happens when wind blows only a fraction

of the blades generate torque while the other parts merely ‘go along for the ride’. The

result is comparably reduced efficiency in power generation.

Number of blades

The number of blades is a very important term in any kind of turbine. Number of

blades are affected the speed and efficiency of turbine. The most commonly used wind

turbines use three blades. It is tradeoff between two major factors:

1) Power drawn from each blade. Assuming each blade draws a certain amount of

power from the wind, a higher number of blades would draw more energy from the wind.

2) The interference of each blade on another blade (of the same wind turbine) higher

the efficiency of each blade. (A. Tirkey, 2014)

Fig. 2.4 Power curve of blade number

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 As stated in the study, the researchers will use three blades for the higher

efficiency of the turbine. The blade of SVAWT will be curved unlike the traditional flat

blade. Curved blades are very similar to a long airplane wing which has a curved surface

on top. The curved blade has air flowing around it with the air moving over the curved

top of the blade faster than it does under the flat side of the blade, which makes a lower

pressure area on top, and therefore, as a result, is subjected to aerodynamic lifting forces

which create movement.

Relay Module

Fig 2.5 Relay Module

https://www.dhgate.com/product/excellent-relay-module-dc-12v-relay-switch/404875549.html

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or

electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in

13
another circuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO),

there is an open contact when the relay is not energized. When a relay contact is

Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when the relay is not energized. In either

case, applying electrical current to the contacts will change their state.

Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a control circuit and do not

usually control power consuming devices except for small motors and Solenoids that

draw low amps. Nonetheless, relays can "control" larger voltages and amperes by having

an amplifying effect because a small voltage applied to a relays coil can result in a large

voltage being switched by the contacts.

Protective relays can prevent equipment damage by detecting electrical

abnormalities, including overcurrent, undercurrent, overloads and reverse currents. In

addition, relays are also widely used to switch starting coils, heating elements, pilot lights

and audible alarms. (How Relays Work, 2019)

Magnets

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 Fig 2.6 Neodymium Magnet
https://sea.banggood.com/10pcs-N52-25x10x5mm-Rectangular-Block-Magnets-Strong-
Rare-Earth-Neodymium-Magnets-p-982939.html?cur_warehouse=CN

A neodymium magnet, the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet, is a

permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron to form the

Nd2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline structure. Developed independently in 1982 by General

Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals, neodymium magnets are the strongest type of

permanent magnet commercially available. They have replaced other types of magnets in

many applications in modern products that require strong permanent magnets, such as

motors in cordless tools, hard disk drives and magnetic fasteners. (NEODYMIUM

MAGNETS, 2018)

15
 Fig 2.7 Ferrite Magnet
https://www.magnetexpert.com/square-block-t27

A ferrite is a ceramic material made by mixing and firing large proportions of iron

(III) oxide (Fe2O3, rust) blended with small proportions of one or more additional

metallic elements, such as barium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. They are both

electrically non-conductive, meaning that they are insulators, and ferrimagnetic, meaning

they can easily be magnetized or attracted to a magnet. Ferrites can be divided into two

families based on their resistance to being demagnetized (magnetic coercivity). (C.

Carter, 2007)

Combination of neodymium and ferrite can greatly enhance the magnetic field.

Given the high electromagnetic force of the neodymium, the surface area will be lacking

so by adding ferrite there will be a great growth in voltage output.

Number of Magnets

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 In our project, coils of wire are held steady, while the magnets spin past on the

rotors. Because the magnets were arranged N-S-N-S, the direction of the field flips each

time a magnet goes by. Each coil sees a flipped magnetic field, and pulse of electricity is

produced. When the field flips back, a pulse of opposite voltage is created. This coil is

now producing alternating voltage. (S. Fahrey, 2006)

Table 2.1 Prescribed number of coils per phase in relation with the coil and
magnets
Coil Magnets Number of Coils per
phase
6 8 2
9 12 3
12 16 4
15 20 5
18 24 6

Table 2.1 shows the combination of coil and magnets in making an axial flux

alternator. The given data is the standard method in making an axial flux alternator. The

researchers use 3 phase power resulting in 9 sets of coils with 12 magnets.

In an alternator producing 3-phase power, the one group of coils is at peak current

while the others are not. Therefore, the magnets align with only one phase at a time

resulting in a reduction of vibration. Also, when rectifying a 3-phase power of a DC

battery, the current is much smoother compared one phase power.

Buck Converter

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 Fig 2.8 Buck Converter
https://www.amazon.ca/DROK-Regulator-Adjustable-Converter-Indicator/dp/
B00HHQ0VP4

A buck converter is a DC-to-DC power converter which steps down voltage from

its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS)

typically containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor, although

modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second transistor used for

synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage element, a capacitor, inductor,

or the two in combination. (R. Mammano, 2001)

Simply stated, buck converter’s job is to lower the turbine’s output voltage. The

voltage drop results in the increase of the current. Efficient power conversion extends

battery life, reduces heat, and allows for smaller gadgets to be built.

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Dynamo Versus Axial Flux Alternator

Fig 2.9 Dynamo

https://uae.souq.com/ae-en/12v-dc-18000-rpm-high-speed-dynamo-motor-uhcom-
30713061/i/

Dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct current using a commutator.

The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical

rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A

dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a

constant magnetic field and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn

within that field. Due to Faraday's law of induction the motion of the wire within the

magnetic field creates an electromotive force which pushes on the electrons in the metal,

creating an electric current in the wire. (Dynamo)

Permanent magnet alternator generates power by passing magnets past a group of

coils of wire. The magnetic field that surrounds a magnet is call it's flux. Axial Flux

19
simply means the lines of magnetic flux that passed through the coils of wire, travel along

the "axis" of the turning motion. (Axial Flux Alternator, 2013)

Fig. 2.10 Axial Flux Alternator

http://www.windandwet.com/windturbine/turbine2/alternator.php

The driver of dynamo needs to reach high rpm around 300 rpm to start producing

power and different dynamos have different specification for different purpose. While

axial flux alternator can be customized for to reach certain voltage in low rpm like

number of turns of coil, wire specifications, etc. The researchers will use axial flux

alternator because of it modification ability to reach the required conditions.

Boost Converter

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 Fig. 2.11 Boost Converter 5V USB
https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/usb-dc-to-dc-step-up-boost-converter-09v-5v-dc-to-
5v-dc-06a-i107499915-s108612251.html

A boost converter is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage from its

input to its output. It is a class of switched-mode power supply containing at least two

semiconductors and at least one energy storage element, or the two in combination. To

reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors are normally added to such a converter's

output and input. (Boost converter)

The researchers will use this when the battery is full the electricity produced by

the turbine can still be used by USB connected devices like phone chargers.

Electrical Switch

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 Fig. 2.12 SPDT on-on switch

Fig. 2.13 DPDT on-on switch

SP and DP refer to single pole and double pole, ST and DT refer to single throw

and double throw. Pole refers to the number of circuits controlled by the switch: SP

switches control only one electrical circuit. DP switches control two independent circuits.

Do not confuse ‘pole’ with ‘terminal’. The DPST switch, for example, has four terminals,

but it is a DP, not a 4P switch.

Throw refers to the extreme position of the actuator: ST switches close a circuit at

only one position. The other position of the handle is Off. DT switches close a circuit in

22
the Up position, as well as the Down position (On-On). A DT switch can also have a

center position (frequently On-Off-On). (SPST, SPDT, DPST, and DPDT Explained,

2019)

The research will use one SPDT on-on switch for the charging of battery or for

the direct output to the USB. And one DPDT on-on switch for the switching of module or

load.

Materials Engineering

In constructing the Synergy Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, the researchers must

consider the materials that we will use because it will be exposed to extreme weather

conditions.

Corrosion resistance refers to how well a substance (especially a metal) can

withstand damage caused by oxidization or other chemical reactions. (corrosion

resistance) Strength is the quality or state of being strong, in particular. (strength)

Rigidity is the inability to be bent or be forced out of shape. (rigidity) The base frame is

produced from galvanized steel bars and tubes for strength and rigidity. Galvanized irons

are rust and corrosion resistant. The turbine blades are produced from galvanized iron

metal sheets or aluminum sheets for strength and to resist corrosion. For the parts to be

assembled we will use welding process and for some materials that cannot be welded like

aluminum sheets, we can use blind rivets. For the transmission of power from the turbine

to the dynamo, we can use thin rubber wheel. Rubbers are known to increase friction

between two mating surfaces to transmit the rotating motion effectively. Bearings are

23
used to reduce friction to the moving parts specially the shaft of the wind turbine. And

finally, Stainless steel bolts and nuts for the installation of the SVAWT. Stainless steels

do not rust when exposed to extreme weather conditions and do not form rust that can

damage the whole system.

Aspect ratio

Fig. 2.14 Wind turbines with different aspect ratio

The aspect ratio of a geometrical shape is the ratio between its sizes in different

dimensions. For example, the aspect ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its

shortest side. In aerodynamics the aspect ratio of wing is the ratio between the lengths to

its breadth. A high aspect ratio indicates long, narrow wings, whether a low aspect ratio

indicates short, stubby wings. For most wings the length of the chord is not a constant but

varies along the wing, so the aspect ratio AR is defined as the square of the wingspan b

24
divided by the area S of the wing platform, which is equal to the length to breadth ratio

for a constant chord wing. (A. Tirkey, 2014)

As stated, the turbine with higher efficiency are the ones that has long and narrow

wings. With this example, researchers are convinced to produce a long and narrow wing

for the turbine to work at its maximum efficiency.

QBlade

QBlade is an open-source, cross-platform simulation software for wind turbine

blade design and aerodynamic simulation.

QBlade is an open source wind turbine calculation software, distributed under the

GNU General Public License. The software is seamlessly integrated into XFOIL, an

airfoil design and analysis tool. The purpose of this software is the design and

aerodynamic simulation of wind turbine blades. The integration in XFOIL allows for the

user to rapidly design custom airfoils and compute their performance curves,

extrapolating the performance data to a range of 360°Angle of attack, and directly

integrate them into a wind turbine rotor simulation. The integration of QBlade into

XFLR's sophisticated graphical user interface makes this software accessible to a large

potential user community. (D. Marten, 2013)

25
 Fig. 2.15 QBlade simulation of turbine

Fig. 2.16 Qblade different types of naca foils

Qblade will serve as a guide to test several designs for the benefit of finding a

higher performance for the turbine. Qblade allows you to examine certain conditions that

will affect the effectiveness of the turbine (e.g speed ratio, diameter of blade, height and

etc.). With data showed in the Qblade, the researchers can analyze and choose what will

be the best design for the turbine to reach its maximum efficiency.

26
Related Study

iWind Generator

Fig. 2.17 iWind Generator

iWind Generator is an energy – producing device fabricated by Bulacan State

University students. The creator made use of materials such as aluminum. They use an

axial flux alternator to generate power. The Axial Flux Alternator generates 20V-28V AC

which needs to pass through a rectifier and a step down Buck Converter to maintain a

rating of 14V DC to charge the Lead-Acid battery which is connected to a 300W Inverter

and produce 220V AC. (D. Simon, 2017)

27
Design of an Alternative Hybrid Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Fig 2.18 Alternative Hybrid Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

The Design of an Alternative Hybrid Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is a project of

Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The design of this turbine included airfoils along with a

shroud for protection and increased wind velocities. When doing a test with a leaf blower

to see if the turbine would actually work on its own it was proven that it would in fact

rotate at about 70 rpm with 150mph winds directed on the center of each blade. The

shroud proved to be ineffective using the floor fan. The wind provided was so variably

distributed that the shroud had no effect other than blocking some of the wind that was

coming at the turbine. It was unable to be tested with the leaf blower because it was not

built to withstand such strong winds, and therefore it is unclear if it would have had the

desired effect of increasing the wind speed at the inlet to the turbine. (O. Hammond,

2014)

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Excluss MagLev

Fig 2.19 Excluss MagLev

The Excluss MagLev is a combined Darrieus-Savonius combination wind turbine

using frictionless Neodymium magnetic drive. Its small size and vertical axis make it

possible to obtain output regardless of the wind direction or speed. Apart from low noise

and smaller footprint, a MagLev starts turning and producing electricity at very low wind

speeds, due to the frictionless drive. Small, simple fitting, low noise, bird friendly, low

maintenance, low wind speed operation. 300Watt to Megawatts, a MagLev can be

tailored to any power requirement. Varied voltage output 12V to 240V. (EXCLUSS

MAGLEV, 2014)

29
Four bladed Darrieus and two stage Savonius Configuration

Fig 2.20 Four bladed Darrieus and two stage Savonius Turbine

A combined turbine containing two stage Savonius rotor placed in middle with 4-

bladed Darrieus had studied for marine current application by Alam, M.J et al. An

innovated configuration is shown in Fig 2.20, in this prototype, both rotors are attached

permanently on same shaft.

They studied the foam model of the combined turbine with maximum water

testing speed 0.8 m/s due to structural strength concern. As the Savonius turbine was

start up device provided maximum power 2.013 watt alone hybrid turbine generated

power was 0.74 watt with 0.2 m/s. apart from this performance, the power generation of

the designed prototype has led the Darrieus turbine up to 0.6 m/s. The maximum

power achieved with the combined configuration at 0.8 m/s is approximately 21.3 W.

They had suggested, for a low power application. This hybrid unit can be used in parallel

with other units, where the average current speed is around 0.5 m/s. (A. Kumar, 2014)

30
Three bladed semi-elliptical Savonius and Darrieus rotor

Fig 2.21 Three bladed semi-elliptical Savonius and Darrieus rotor

A combined turbine with semi elliptical section of aspect ratio 0.8 Savonius rotor

and Darrieus rotor have studied by Sahim, K. et al. an experimental prototype of hybrid

Darrieus-Savonius is shown in Figure 2.21. Hybrid configuration was mainly analyzed

for coefficient of power and torque for different positions of semi elliptic buckets in

experiment.

It was found that two configurations of combined turbines for L = 0.79, β (attachment

angle) = 60° and L = 0.36, β = 60° improve the torque at low speeds. One of these

combined turbines, turbine with L = 0.36 and β = 60°, has higher coefficient of

power. In addition, he recommended also that use of Savonius rotor make good start up

for Darrieus rotor and also improve power coefficient. This turbine can be used

efficiently in small water stream with less velocity 0.61m/s. (A. Kumar, 2014)

31
 With all these studies given, the main purpose of these studies is to supply

electricity with a combination of the design of darrieus and savonius turbine just like the

SVAWT. All studies have different design, number of blades, size of the blades, shape of

the blades, and configuration of the two different blades based on their hypothesis. The

researchers design will be based on the infowares obtained and will do a trial and error

method to achieve the required condition.

Design and Computations

 Number of Blades

Fig 2.22 Number of blades simulation using Qblade

Legend:
= 4 blades
= 3 blades
= 2 blades

32
 Using the Qblade software, the researchers simulated what number of blades can

achieve higher power output. With the graph shown, 3 blades have reached the highest.

A turbine with three blades has very little vibration or chatter. This is because when one

blade is in the horizontal position, its resistance to the yaw force is counter-balanced by

the two other blades. So, a three-bladed turbine represents the best combination of high

rotational speed and minimum stress.

 Darrieus Blades

For the design of darrieus blades, the researchers also used the Qblade software.

Qblade software is based on NACA airfoils. Lifting forces are always perpendicular to

the blade’s upper surface which causes the blade to move rotating around the central hub.

The faster the wind blows, the more lift that is produced on the blade, hence the faster the

rotation. The advantages of the blade are that lift forces allow the blade tips of a wind

turbine to move faster than the wind is moving generating more power and higher

efficiencies.

Fig 2.23 NACA Airfoil Fig 2.24 Modified Design

33
 However due to transportation issues, the design is adjusted to fit in the vehicle

resulting in modified version. The modified design came a bit shorter than the NACA

Airfoil with a length of 23 inches that fit in the vehicle.

 Savonius Blades

Fig 2.25 Torque Formula Fig 2.26 Application of torque

formula on Savonius

The concept behind the savonius blade design is the torque formula. With the given

formula, if the force can be lower, by increasing the distance of the blade to the center,

this will result in the increase of torque. Addition of torque increases the mechanical

34
power generated, this also means that the generator can produce more electrical power.

The researchers planned the distance of the savonius blade to the center to be 8.5 inches.

 Aspect Ratio

The researchers simulated measurements that will make a turbine that produces

higher efficiency by using the Qblade software and using the concept of aspect ratio.

Fig 2.27 Simulation of Aspect Ratio using Qblade

Legend:

= 0.7 (radius), 0.5 (height)

= 0.6 (radius), 0.6 (radius)
= 0.5 (radius), 0.7 (height)
= 0.8 (radius), 0.4 (height)

35
 Fig 2.28 Long and narrow wings

According to the graph, long and narrow wings produce higher power output. Due to

long narrow wings, the design is not implemented. The design will be hard to transport

and may damage itself.

 Number of turns per coil

In reference with Table 2.1, the researchers decided to apply 3 phase power on the

coils with a prescribed number of 12 magnets and 9 coils to work on. Given these data,

the researchers target to identify the number of turns per coil.

Using Faraday’s Law, the researchers calculated how many turns per coils will have:

VS
N=
TA

Voltage required: 14 volts

Second per turn: Assuming 1 second every 1 turn (60rpm)

36
Total area of magnet: 1-inch x ½ inches = ½ inches2 = 0.00032258 m2 x 12 magnets

Magnetic field of magnet: Since the neodymium magnet is N42, the magnet has

approximately 13 – 13.2 KiloGauss; 10 KiloGauss = 1 Tesla

Setting the value to minimum (13 KiloGauss) and dividing it in two because of

the distance of the coil and magnet that results in a lower magnetic force. The answer will

be 6.5 KiloGauss, converting the answer into Tesla you will get 0.65 Tesla.

14 volts (1 second every turn)

N=
0. 65 Tesla x 0.00032258 m2 x 12 magnets x 9 coils

N=618.2348547 turns/ coil

Because of the losses and the previous study of iWind, the researchers decided to use

900 turns per coil.

Identifying the turns per coil is crucial because with proper number of turns in

windings, it greatly affects the voltage that will be produced.

 Curved Blade for Savonius

37
 Fig 2.29 Existing Savonius Blade Fig 2.30 SVAWT Savonius Blade

The researchers decided to make the blades of the savonius curved. Curved blades are

very similar to a long aeroplane wing which has a curved surface on top. The curved

blade has air flowing around it with the air moving over the curved top of the blade faster

than it does under the flat side of the blade, which makes a lower pressure area on top,

and therefore, as a result, is subjected to aerodynamic lifting forces which create

movement.

The blades of SVAWT are angled 90 degrees to lessen drag forces. A drag force acts

opposite to the direction of the oncoming flow velocity. With shape of the blades of

SVAWT, incoming wind that passes through will have less impact on the blade.

Conceptual Framework

38
 Process Output

Input Research and Planning

Concept design and

Infoware: Layout
Related Studies
Related Literature
Related Theories Gathering of Materials

Technoware: SVAWT - Synergy

Magnets Fabrication of Vertical Axis Wind
Wires components Turbine
Battery
Metal sheet
Transformer
Assembly of
Power Inverter
components

Humanware:
Engineers
Testing of the product
Researchers
Fabricators
Finalizing

Fig 2.33 Input-Process-Output (IPO)

Hypothesis of the Study

This SVAWT – Synergy Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is acceptable to the end

users considering the following variables: functionality, durability, efficiency, reliability,

versatility, and sustainability, and in which it was formulate; hence, subject for

acceptance or rejection.

39
Definition of Terms

 Aerofoil/airfoil – is the cross-sectional shape of a wing, blade, or sail.

 Axial flux alternator – generates power by passing magnets past a group of coils

of wire. The magnetic field that surrounds a magnet is call it's flux. Axial Flux

simply means the lines of magnetic flux that passed through the coils of wire,

travel along the "axis" of the turning motion.

 Breadth – distance from side to side.

 Drag – is the force component parallel to the direction of relative motion.

 GNU – is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software.

 Humanware - is a person that has an ability to do and contribute to a particular

project. In this research, it pertains to the researchers, engineers, and fabricators.

 Infoware – is a theory and facts that should help the researchers to design a

particular project. In this research, it pertains to the theories, literatures, and

studies.

 Lift – is the force component perpendicular to the direction of relative motion.

 Power inverter – is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current

(DC) to alternating current (AC).

 Rectifier – is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one

direction.

 Synchronous generator – is a permanent magnet generator where the excitation

field is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a coil.

40
  Synergy - A state in which two or more things work together in a particularly

fruitful way that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual

effects.

 Technoware – is a physical object, device, or machine that should help to

fabricate a particular project. In this research, it pertains to the transformer, power

inverter, and such.

 Wind turbine – is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical

energy.

 XFLR – is an analysis tool for airfoils, wings and planes operating at low

Reynolds Numbers.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research method and design, sources of data, data

gathering, procedure, research instrument, respondents (population and sample) of the

41
study and statistical treatment being used by the researchers to aid in the assessment of

the feasibility, practicality, and acceptability of the iWind generator as an alternate source

of green energy.

Research design

This study will make use of the applied type of research. Applied research is a

methodology used to solve a specific, practical problem of an individual or group. It is

used in business, medicine and education in order to find solutions that may cure

diseases, solve scientific problems or develop technology.

This methodology is appropriate for the study for the reason that the SVAWT is

based on engineering theories to fabricate and contribute to the field of renewable energy.

Sources of data

Data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitative values of a variable. It can

be numbers, images, words, figures, facts or ideas. Data sources are broadly classified

into primary and secondary data. (Source of Data in Research, 2013)

42
 Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who

had a direct connection with it. The primary sources of the study are individuals who has

a knowledge related to the study including engineers and the wind turbine fabricator.

Secondary Sources are one step removed from primary sources, though they often

quote or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic, but add a layer of

interpretation and analysis. The secondary sources of the study are, books, articles, and

documentaries. (Primary Sources: A Research Guide, 2018)

Data Gathering Procedure

There are many ways in gathering the needed information in data for the study.

The researchers will utilize the direct method and indirect method to get the needed

information from valid sources. In addition to this, the group depends also with their own

observation regarding the topics.

Direct method can be done through interviews administered by the researchers. In

depth interviews or focus groups to provide the opportunity for discussion and

elaboration for collecting more detailed information about the study.

Indirect method or survey method will help the researchers to know the

effectiveness and essential to improve the project. The researchers will create

questionnaires that will cater the desired information to evaluate the study which will be

accomplished by the target respondents. In order to come up with the desired set of data,

the researchers take into consideration that every question must serve a purpose, also

43
makes sure that it is clear, logical and simple as possible. Observation method is also

necessary. The opinion and conclusion of the group is corroborated in this method.

Research Instrument

In conducting this research, preparing questionnaires are included.

Questionnaires are set of questions used to obtain statistically useful or personal

information from a group of people or individual. The researchers formulate a list of

questions to be given for random individual to answer. These questions would be

productive in evaluating the product quality in terms of effectiveness, stability and

appearance. Also, it assesses the level of acceptability of the project. The data that would

be gathered will help with the analysis on how the project could contribute to the

community.

Respondents

This research project will give emphasis to those people/residents living in areas

where electricity is scarce and/or in those areas which are frequently visited by natural

44
disasters like typhoons and floods which generally causes wide power outage among the

community area. Notable areas like Consuelo, Macabebe, Pampanga.

The researcher’s study has assessed a total sample of fifty (50) respondents

including twenty (20) from Consuelo, Macabebe, Pampanga thirty (30) Engineering

Students from Bulacan State University consisting of ten (10) electronics and

communication students, ten (10) electrical engineering students, and ten (10) mechanical

engineering students all by random sampling to get a reliable outcome from the survey

questionnaire. The respondents have tested the device in terms of its functionality,

accuracy, effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability

Data analysis and Statistical Treatment

We can obtain statistical data by means of census, sample surveys to randomly

selected respondents or experiments usually consist of raw, unorganized sets of numerical

values. Before these data can be used as basis for decision and inferences, they must be

summarized in a systematized manner to be able to extract the information’s needed to

the phenomenon under investigation.

The researchers prefer to use descriptive method of research to evaluate the data.

It is a purposive process of describing characteristics of a population or phenomenon

being studied. It is logical and primarily focuses on numeric data through interview or

questionnaire. It provides simple summaries about the sample and the measures, and is

also used to show quantitative description in a manageable form. There are different

45
methods that are needed to describe distribution of values. But in this study, the

researchers choose to analyze the data given by evaluating some measures like frequency,

mean and standard deviation to be specific.

In statistics the frequency (or absolute frequency) of an event is the number of

times the event occurred in an experiment or study. These frequencies are often

graphically represented in histograms.

The statistical mean refers to the mean or average that is used to derive the central

tendency of the data in question. It is determined by adding all the data points in a

population and then dividing the total by the number of points. The resulting number is

known as the mean or the average.

The standard deviation (SD, also represented by the lower case Greek letter sigma

σ or the Latin letter s) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or

dispersion of a set of data values.

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

46
 This chapter presents the detailed design of the research project and its

dimensions, step by step construction and procedures of fabrication for each major

parts. Guides and instructions in using and/or operating the device are also discussed.

In addition, possible problems that can be encountered and the troubleshooting

procedures necessary, detailed project costing including the labor and cost of

materials, and tabular comparison between the project and the previous studies will

be also elaborated in this part.

I. Isometric View of SVAWT

Figure 4.1 Isometric view of SVAWT

1. Darrieus (Outer) and Savonius (Inner) Blades 4. Shaft

2. Frame 5. Support

3. Generator

47
 II. Step by Step Fabrication

1. Blades (FP)

Fig. 4.2 Isometric view of savonius blade Fig. 4.3 Isometric view of darrieus blade

48
 Fig. 4.4 Top view of savonius blade

Fig. 4.5 Top view of darrieus blade

1.1 Materials:

- Metal sheet (thin) and;

- Metal sheet cutter.

1.2 Dimensions:

- 3pcs. 9”x23” for outside blade and;

- 3pcs. 6”x23” for inside blade.

49
1.3 Fabrication: The blades were bent by manual and bending machine. The

6”x23” was bent 90 degrees vertically in the center. The outside blades were

bent vertically 3 inches forming aero foil shape.

Fig 4.6 Cutting of Blades Fig 4.7 Drilling of Blades for the bolts

Fig 4.8 Bending of Blades

50
2. Frame (FP)

Fig. 4.9 Isometric view of the frame and shaft

2.1 Materials:

- 9 pcs square bar and;

- Welding machine.

2.2 Dimensions:

- 6 pcs square bar with 15” length and 10mm thickness, 3 pcs square bar

with 23” length and;

- 10mm thickness and 25”

2.3 Fabrication: Weld the square bars 120 degrees apart with diameter of 30”

and height of 23” in the shaft.

51
 Fig. 4.10 Cutting of square bar Fig. 4.11 Frame

3. Generator

3.1 Magnets:

Fig. 4.12 Isometric view of the magnets

52
 Fig. 4.13 Top view of the magnets
3.1.1 Materials:

- Neodymium magnets

- Ferrite magnets

- Plywood and;

- Mighty bond

3.1.2 Specs:

- Neodymium, 1”x 0.5”x 0.25”,

- 12pcs. Ferrite, 2” x 1” x ½”

3.1.3 Fabrication: Cut a circular plywood with a diameter of 11 inches.

Attach the ferrite magnets 30 degrees apart from each other by

using mighty bond while observing alternating polarity. Then,

attach the neodymium magnets by letting it attract to the ferrite

magnet with the support of mighty bond.

53
 Fig 4.14 Magnets

3.2 Windings:

Fig. 4.15 Isometric view of the coils

54
 Fig. 4.16 Top view of the coils

3.2.1 Materials:

- Copper wire

- 25mm square mold and round plywood

3.2.2 Dimension: #28 AWG.

3.2.3 Fabrication: Cut a circular plywood with a diameter of 11 inches.

Make into 9pcs with 900 turn each. Tie the coils with the use of

tape and cable tie. Attach the coils on the plywood 41 degrees

apart using mighty bond.

55
 Fig. 4.17 Tightening of coils Fig. 4.18 Arrangement of coils

Fig 4.19 Connection of Windings

4 Shaft (FP)

4.1 Materials:

56
 - GI pipe schedule 40

- Grease and;

- Welding machine.

4.2 Dimension: 3” diameter Gl pipe schedule 40.

4.3 Fabrication: Insert the bearing in the GI pipe and put some grease. Weld the

GI pipe on the frame.

Fig 4.20 Upper Shaft Fig 4.21 Lower Shaft

5 Support (FP)

5.1 Materials:

- 3pcs. round bars

- GI pipe schedule 40

57
 - Bolts and nuts

5.2 Dimensions: 14mm diameter, 15” long for round bars (3 pieces). 25” long,

2.1cm diameter for GI pipe.

Fig. 4.22 Isometric view of the support

58
 5.3 Fabrication: Weld the 3 round bars to the schedule 40 GI pipe 5’ long. Then,

weld another round bars for additional support located in the lower part.

Fig 4.23 Polishing of the stand Fig 4.24 Welding of the support

6 Base of Electrical modules

59
 Fig. 4.25 Isometric view of the base of electrical modules

Fig. 4.26 Top view of the base of electrical modules

6.1 Materials:

- Plywood

- Wooden handsaw

6.2 Fabrication: Cut the plywood according to the required dimension shown in

Fig 4.26.

7. Electrical Modules

7.1 Bridge Recitifier

7.1.1 Specs: 30A and 600 volts

60
7.2 Buck Converter

7.2.1 Specs: 20 volts to 14 volts

7.3 Control Module Board

7.3.1 Specs: Cut in 12.2 volts, cut out 12.7 volts

7.4 Battery

7.4.1 Specs: 12 volts

7.5 Inverter

7.5.1 Specs: 300 watts

7.6 Switch

7.6.1 Specs: 1 SPST on-off, and 1 DPDT on-on

61
 Fig. 4.27 Assembly of Electrical Modules with Base

8. Cover (FP)

Fig 4.28 Cover with dimension

8.1 Materials:

- Bucket (made of plastic)

- Locks

- Hinge

- Grinder

- Soldering rod

- Drilling machine

8.2 Dimensions: 7 in height, 15 in upper diameter, 18 in lower diameter

8.3 Fabrication: Use drilling machine to locate the center which will serve as the

mark to cut on. Split the bucket in half but make sure to leave an unsplit space for the

62
hinge to be attached on. After that, use soldering iron so that the lock will be attached

for the cover to be locked.

Fig 4.29 Drilling of bucket Fig 4.30 Splittiing of bucket in two

Fig 4.31 Attaching of hinge Fig 4.32 Soldering of bucket for the
placement of locks

63
III. General Assembly

1. Prepare all the necessary parts and tools needed to build the SVAWT.

Fig. 4.33 Preperation

2. First, place the support on a flat surface. Use ratchet to tighten the bolts.

64
 Fig. 4.34 Support

3. Insert the windings in the support.

Fig. 4.35 Insertion of Windings

65
4. Attach the blades on the frame.

Fig. 4.36 Attaching of blades

5. Insert the magnets between the bearing, on the shaft.

Fig. 4.37 Insertion of magnets

66
6. Insert the shaft with the frame in the support. Adjust the magnets and coil to

have the closest distance without touching each other.

Fig. 4.38 Insertion of frame

7. Follow the diagram below for the connection of electrical components.

Fig. 4.39 Connections of Generator to Inverter

67
 8. Insert the cover for the purpose of protecting the electrical modules in case of

rain.

Fig 4.40 Cover

IV. Guide on how to use/operate the project:

The SVAWT must be placed on an open area and high altitude to get enough wind

speed to drive the wind turbine. By the nature of the turbine, it will self-start. Gathering

wind in the form of kinetic energy. As the turbine rotates, it is attached to a magnet

forming a magnetic field therefore, producing voltage and current. Then the produced

output will flow to the axial alternator resulting to be an alternating current. The

produced alternating current will be converted into direct current by the bridge rectifier

that will be delivered and displayed by the voltmeter so that the user will be aware of the

voltage produced. Then, goes into the buck converter to maintain a 14 volts dc. When the

68
produced voltage reaches the highest voltage disconnect (HVD), the control board

module will cut the incoming voltage and will notify the user that the battery is full with

the use of a relay light indicator. However, when the voltage reaches the lowest voltage

disconnect (LVD), the control module board will let the voltage to passed through the

circuit until it reaches the required limit. Then, the stored energy in the battery will

passed through an inverter to convert the dc output to ac output that can be used to supply

electricity.

SET UP

In setting up the stand of the SVAWT, generally it can be on any flat surfaces. With

the help of the bolts, the SVAWT can be applied on roof decks and flat roofs. The bolt

strengthens the balance of the turbine on roof decks and flat roofs, resulting in the

adaptability of the SVAWT.

TURBINE’S VERSATILITY

SVAWT is not only limited to battery charging, the researchers built a manual

switch that can be toggle to USB mode and battery mode interchangeably. This USB

mode can be used to light LED and charge cellphones.

FOR EMERGENCY PURPOSE

69
 In case of harsh weather and sudden brownout, users need an immediate supply of

electricity. The researchers built a manual switch to directly flow the electricity in the

inverter, bypassing the battery if not full, to give supply of electricity immediately.

USER-FRIENDLY

Aside from automatically cutting of charging when the battery is full, another

feature of the turbine is the display of voltage level. The SVAWT has 2 voltmeters that

monitors the load level and charging level, which greatly helps the user to be aware

making it less hassle on the user’s part.

V. Problems encountered

Machines makes our life easier and are capable. But despite that, machines are

destined to encounter trouble due to the fact that they are working continuously. Having

said that, here are the SVAWT’s problems encountered:

1. Blade turbines are lightweight. Strong volume of wind can deform the turbine

losing its ability to capture and guide the wind.

2. Clearance between the magnet and the coil. Certain distance needs to be

maintained for better output.

70
 3. Grease will dry making it prone to friction.

4. Weakening of the welded part on the stand due to the load.

VI. Solution

The solution can also be a regular maintenance to be prepared of or to take actions

ahead of time to avoid any mishaps of the turbine.

 The bearings were properly lubricated by applying grease to eliminate or reduce

the friction which can cause wear and hinder the turbine blades from rotating.

 The components of the axial flux alternator (windings & magnets) were properly

attached using adhesives such as epoxy clear and mighty bond. Also, keep the

magnets free from dirt to maintain the effectiveness of the magnetic field. It is

advisable to maintain atleast 3mm – 5mm distance between the magnet and coil.

Too much clearance will result in weakening of the magnetic field.

 The bolts and nuts must be properly tightened to lessen or diminish vibration

which can also cause wear and affect the wind turbine blades performance.

 Heavy weight can cause the welded part to collapse. It is advisable to reweld the

cracked part. To prevent such failures, build a brace to support the load and

weakened the force carried by the stand itself.

VII. Costing:

Table 4.1 Bill of Materials

71
Quantity (pcs.) Description Unit Price (PESOS) Subtotal (PESOS)

1 Lead 10 10

3 Diode 10 30

2 Spray Paint 110 220

2 Epoxy Clear 70 140

1 Electrical Tape 20 20

2 Sand Paper 15 30

1 Mighty Bond 60 60

12 Neodymium 130 1560

12 Ferrite 130 1560

1 Windings 700 700

3 Outer Blades 40 120

3 Inner Blades 30 90

2 Bearing 100 200

2 Threaded Pipe 75 150

1 Square Bar 190 190

1 GI Pipe Schedule 50 50

40

72
 3 Cutting Disk 30 90

1 Buck Converter 360 360

1 Inverter 650 650

1 Control Board 550 550

Module

1 Switch 23 23

1 Battery 300 300

1 Voltmeter 130 130

1 Bridge Rectifier 1000 1000

Labor 1500

Total 9, 733

This total cost represents a single unit. Some materials are recycled in this project

to lessen the cost. In reproducing this unit, expect that the cost will be higher than the

calculated total cost. Researchers recommend the application of mass production of the

project to fully utilize the materials resulting in a good economic point in the long run.

VIII. Testings

i. Testing of Magnets

73
 Too much number of magnets would not increase the voltage output. Surface

area also plays a major role in increasing the effectiveness of the magnets.

Table 4.2 Surface area of the magnets versus voltage output

Surface Area Number of Peak Voltage

Description Output
(inches2) Magnets
(volts)

Neodymium 0.5 12 12

Neodymium and 0.7854 12 each 20

Ferrite

Neodymium and 2 12 each 22 – 23

Ferrite

Results shown in the table 4.2 means that voltage rise when it is joined with a

ferrite magnet. Neodymium magnets are known for its strong magnetism than any other

74
kinds of magnets while applying ferrite magnet increases the surface area, meaning the

magnetic field will be broad and ensuring a more room for the magnetism process to

occur.

ii. Wire Diameter

Wire comes in a variety of sizes. The diameter of the wire determines the

maximum amount of current it can carry.

Table 4.3 Wire Diameter Table

Diameter Resistance Current

AWG Gauge
(inches) (Ohms per ft) (Amperes)

22 0.0254 16.14 7

23 0.0226 20.36 4.7

24 0.0201 25.67 3.5

25 0.0179 32.37 2.7

26 0.0159 40.81 2.2

27 0.0142 51.47 1.7

28 0.0126 64.9 1.4

(S. Fahrey, 2006)

75
 With the data shows in Table 4.3, current decreases while resistance increases as

the wire diameter gets larger. Therefore, current and resistance are inversely proportional

in terms of wire diameter. Researchers recommend using wire diameter that are lower

than #28 to produce more current.

iii. Blade Configuration

Determining the type of blade is the most crucial part. Without the best turbine

blade design, gathering of wind will be difficult. But with the combination of Darrieus

and Savonnius can greatly enhanced the turbine overall effectiveness.

Table 4.4 Design of blade versus rpm in controlled wind

Design of Appearance Rpm

Blade

76
 Combined

Savonnius and

Darrieus with
32 rpm
blades facing

away from the

center

Combined

Savonnius and
34 rpm
Darrieus with

blades facing

towards the

center

77
 According to the table above, with the help of Darrieus and Savonnius the

privilege of having a turbine with the ability to self-start easily and at the same time

acquiring a faster wind speed for a better performance will be perceived. The orientation

of the blade is also something to account for. Blades facing towards the center are more

efficient because the wind gathered are guided directly onto the next blade resulting in

fully conversion of the wind.

iv. Tip Speed Ratio

Table 4.5 Testings conducted to get the Average tip speed ratio
Shaft Speed Wind Speed Tip Speed Ratio
(rpm) (m/s)
16.8 1.2 0.558574702

15.7 1.1 0.569456027

22.8 2 0.4548394

18.52 1.7 0.434655608

23.1 2.3 0.400716634

23.3 1.6 0.581017436

22.4 1.4 0.638371088

21.8 1.6 0.54361288

21.5 1.4 0.61272225

20.6 1.4 0.587073411

19.5 1.7 0.457655743

17.6 1.3 0.540160151

15.5 1.5 0.412281328

78
 13.9 1.1 0.504168075

The researchers conducted 14 testings to identify the average tip speed ratio. With

the given shaft speed and wind speed of each data, tip speed ratio is expressed by using

the tip speed ratio formula. After formulating each tip speed ratio’s, the average tip speed

ratio is 0.521093195, which can be used as a variable in finding the shaft speed or wind

speed.

Tip speed of blade

λ=
Wind Speed

(Formula of tip speed ratio)

v. Wind speed in Consuelo, Macabebe, Pampanga

Set up

The researchers prepare the parts including the materials for the recording of wind

such as anemometer and tachometer. After arriving at the site at 11 pm, the researchers

observe the wind speed which is a bit faint and dry due to the hot weather. To save time,

the researchers assembled the SVAWT by finding a flat surface despite the faint presence

of wind. At some point, wind starts to flow continuously approximately at 12:40 pm.

Following that, testing started.

79
 The testing was conducted on April 09, 2019 between 1pm to 3pm. The wind

speed is determined using an anemometer to measure the maximum and minimum wind

speed. The average wind speed is calculated by dividing the sum of the maximum and

minimum wind speed by two.

Actual Wind Speed

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1:00 - 1:20 1:21 - 1:40 1:41 - 2:00 2:01 - 2:20 2:21 - 2:40 2:41 - 3:00

Maximum Windspeed Average Windspeed Minimum Windspeed

Fig 4.41 Wind speed reading in Consuelo, Macabebe, Pampanga

The graph implies that between 1pm and 2pm the wind speed is increasing as time

goes by, reaching a maximum wind speed of 3.2 m/s and a minimum wind speed 1.8

resulting in an average of 2.5 m/s average wind speed for the corresponding period.

Notice that after 2pm the wind speed starts to deflate, reaching 0 m/s between 2:40 pm

and onwards. Since the time of the year is relatively close to summer season, wind is not

continuous.

Analysis:

Maximum wind speed: 3.2 m/s (1pm – 2pm)

80
Maximum wind speed: 2.9 m/s (2pm – 3pm)
Minimum wind speed: 1.8 m/s (1pm – 2pm)
Minimum wind speed: 0 m/s (2pm – 3pm)

vi. SVAWT Output

Table 4.6 Voltage Output

Shaft Speed Wind Speed Voltage
(rpm) (m/s) (volts)
LED 14 0.9 1.5

Cellphone 23 1.4 5

Battery *100 **7.67 8.8

Note: * Measured under controlled environment

** Computed value
Analysis:

Minimum wind speed to rotate = 0.8 m/s

Maximum voltage reached = 22 volts

Actual testing was conducted to determine the shaft speed and wind speed of the

battery and LED. The recorded minimum wind speed for the turbine to start is 0.8 m/s

and the maximum voltage shown in the voltmeter is 22 volts.

81
 1.5 volts and 5 volts are the specifications of the LED and cellphone respectively.

For the voltage output of the battery, the researchers simulated the voltage output with

use of the given shaft speed resulting in 8.8 volts shown in the voltmeter.

For the shaft speed of the battery, the researchers used electric fan to meet the

required shaft speed because continuous wind is not attainable in this period of year due

to summer season.

Charging time is excluded because the researchers use controlled environment

such as electric fan. Since the wind speed of electric fan is not enough to charge the

battery. The researchers used the tip speed ratio formula as an alternative to calculate the

wind speed.

Tip speed of blade

λ=
Wind Speed

82
 2 πrN
λ=
Wind Speed

Legend:
λ=tip speed ratio λ=0.52

r = radius of frame r = 15 inches = 0.381 m

N = shaft speed N = (100 rpm/ 60)

100 rpm
2 π (0.381 m)( )
60
Wind speed =
(0.52)

Therefore, wind speed = 7.67 m/s

vii. Comparison of output of iWind and SVAWT

Table 4.7 Output of iWind and SVAWT

iWIND SVAWT

Charged a battery Light a LED and charged a cellphone

(actual testing) (actual testing)

Wind speed of 0.9 and 1.4 to light a led

Wind speed of 2.5 m/s to charge a battery
and charge a cellphone

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 According to the data shown, with a given wind speed, iWind produces more

voltage than the SVAWT. The researchers use metal sheet for the blades investing more

on the durability aspect. At the same time, strengthening also the frame. With the

addition also of the magnets, the turbine gets heavy requiring more force for the turbine

to rotate faster.

Due to the unpredictability of wind in the period of the year, charging of battery is

not achieved in terms of actual testing. Controlled environment such as the wind speed of

electric fan is not enough to charge a battery. More wind speed is needed for the battery

to be charged.

I. Tabular Comparison

Table 4.8 Comparison of SVAWT and iWind

Similarities and iWind Generator Synergy Vertical Axis Wind

Differences Turbine (SVAWT)

Appearance

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 Curved Darrieus / Straight Darrieus with

Blade Design Anemometer cup shape curved leading edge /

Savonius Modified Savonius

Round bar that can be bolted

Support Stand Flat Plywood on flat surfaces / flat

roofs/roofdecks

Nuts for the Blades Ordinary Self-Locking

Storage Battery Battery

Round bar that can be bolted

Stand Flat Plywood
on flat surfaces

Number of Blades 6 6

Metal Sheet / Light and

Blades Material Aluminum / Lighter
Rigid

Coil #28 AWG #28 AWG

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 Battery Level Included in control board
None
Indicator module

Function of the
Charging and Storing Charging and Storing
turbine

Output Display and

Temporary tester 2 voltmeters installed
Testers

Buck Converter, Bridge

Buck Converter and Bridge Rectifier, Control Board

Electrical Module
Rectifier Module, Boost Controller

and Switch

When the battery is full, the

Charging the battery only
Energy Losses wind energy can still be
until its full
utilized by USB connector

Automatically cuts the

charging when the battery is

Manually cuts the charging
Charging State full
when the battery is full
Automatically charge the

battery when drained

Wiring Covers None With cover for the wood

parts, wirings and modules

that are exposed to rain and

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 dirt

Total Project Cost P 11,236.00 P 9,733.00

Summary & Interpretation

Analysis of Result

The analyzation of this research study is made by the means of gathering

knowledge, information and data from the respondents through surveying who have

knowledge about energy resources and ones who will benefit on the use of the project.

The results are based on the questions which are simplified according to the usage of the

system.

Evaluation of Scheme

The questionnaires that were distributed to the respondent are the basis of the result

analysis to know if the system that had developed is acceptable and helpful to people in

terms of producing electricity. The fifty (50) correspondents grades the system based on

categories.

Excellent 4.51 – 5.00

87
 Very Good 3.51 – 4.50

Good 2.51 – 3.50

Fair 1.51 – 2.50

Needs Improvement 1.00 – 1.50

Table 4.9 Respondents Summary of Evaluation

Variable 5 4 3 2 1 Mean Interpretation
FUNCTIONALITY
1. The SVAWT is helpful in 24 21 5 4.38 Very Good
situation like electricity
failure such as
blackout/brownout.
2. The SVAWT is easy to install 15 35 4.3 Very Good
in any surface.
RELIABILITY
1. The SVAWT can gather air. 40 10 4.8 Excellent
2. The SVAWT can produce 33 7 10 4.46 Excellent
electricity.
3. The SVAWT is reliable in 14 23 13 4.02 Very Good
terms of strength and
performance.
EFFICIENCY
1. The SVAWT can be used 23 25 2 4.42 Very Good
anytime.
2. The SVAWT meets the 15 21 14 4.02 Very Good
user’s objectives and
requirements.
3. The SVAWT can harness the 7 18 25 3.64 Good
wind efficiently.
ACCURACY
1. The SVAWT blades are 5 21 20 4 3.54 Good
positioned accordingly to
obtain more wind.
2. The SVAWT can adapt to 10 20 13 7 3.66 Very Good
any environment.

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 USER FRIENDLINESS
1. The SVAWT is easy to 25 16 9 4.32 Very Good
maintain and to repair.
2. The SVAWT produces green 28 17 5 4.46 Very Good
energy.
Overall Composite Mean 4.168 Very Good
3

The table shows the evaluation of 50 respondents according to the usage of the

system. Base on the tally, the respondent interpretation is 4.1683 which shows an

interpretation of Very Good.

Evaluation of Results

The overall composite mean shows that most of the respondents agreed that the

SVAWT meets the requirements of the research. Reaching the highest interpretation on

the reliability factor shows that the SVAWT really can gather wind and produce

electricity as per as its objectives. However, correspondents rate the SVAWT in average

level in terms of its accuracy and efficiency. It shows that the current design of the blade

cannot fully achieve the maximum level to produce higher wind speed. In general,

respondents are satisfied in the SVAWT to reduce environmental pollution and to

conserve energy.

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 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This part of the study presents the summary of findings, conclusion and

recommendation of the project.

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

The proponents of this project study managed to manufacture the Synergy

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. The design was inspired and materialized from the applied

theories and information. Through the existing problem of high cost of living, increasing

electricity rate and electricity shortage on different areas nowadays, researchers found a

90
way to solve the problem by fabricating a device that can be used as an alternative source

of energy – SVAWT.

The researchers focused on the durability of the project resulting to use a rigid

square bar for the frame and metal sheets for the blade of the turbine. The power

generating unit for the wind turbine, which is made from copper coils and magnets which

are then coupled to the wind turbine, is called Axial Flux Generator. As turbine gathers

kinetic energy, it will be then converted to electrical output resulting in an alternating

current then passes through a bridge rectifier to convert it to be a direct current. After

that, the output will be maintained to 14 volts by the buck converter then it will passed

through a control board module to meet the required conditions. After meeting some

conditions set by the control board module, charging and storing will commences

resulting it to supply electricity.

The researchers believe that the project contributes in energy production. In

addition, the project poses no threat to the environment producing a green energy. As per

to the survey conducted, SVAWT satisfies the end users in terms of functionality,

reliability, efficiency, accuracy and user friendliness.

FINDINGS

Table 5.1 Table for the Product’s Strengths

Product’s Strengths Conclusion

The turbine blades are detachable With the blades being detachable,
maintenance is easy. User experiences no
hassle on assembling and disassembling
the blade

91
 SVAWT’s rotor and shaft are
connected by bearings.
SVAWT has an indicator that can cut
out the charging when the battery is
full.
SVAWT can be installed and bolted on
any flat surface.
SVAWT has a self-locking nuts for the
blades.
Reduction of friction is the main reason
why bearings is used. Bearings also cause
a smooth interaction between the rotor and
shaft.
Control board module is responsible for
the cutting of the charge when the battery
is full. It is a safety feature to avoid failure
of battery.
The stand has a flat bar that serves a
support if bolted on roof decks and flat
surfaces for steadier platform.
Self-locking nuts hold the blades firmly in
case of strong winds.

SVAWT has 2 voltmeters that reads
and displays the voltage output of the
turbine and the battery.
SVAWT can store and charge
electricity for later use.
2 Manual switches for emergency
purposes.
It is very useful to be aware of the voltage
level and to notify when the battery is full.
Battery will enable the storing and
charging of electricity to satisfy the user’s
needs.
Manual switches are installed to toggle the
electricity, between module and load, and
battery or USB.

Table 5.2 Table of Weaknesses and Recommendations

Weakness Conclusion Recommendation

The blades of SVAWT The material used is not The recommended material
are subject to strong enough to prevent for turbine blade nowadays
deformation by strong deformation of the blade. is made up of composite
winds. materials (e.g. glass fiber
reinforced polyester, glass
fiber reinforced epoxy, etc.)
that are strong and
lightweight at the same
time.

The best material to use in

The turbine needs more With the addition of the
wind speed to start magnets and the frame’s
generating power. material, SVAWT’s frame
is heavy which requires
more force for it to rotate
constructing frame is
aluminum. Aluminum is
known for its ability to
resist corrosion and being
ductile, able to be deformed

92
 faster. without losing toughness.

Grease on the bearing Bearings left without Sealed bearings are

needs to be checked supervision can acquire recommended because
periodically and wear and tear that damage sealed bearings do not
repacked when needed. the equipment. require frequent
maintenance unlike typical
bearings.

#28 AWG coils produces The smaller the diameter #22 AWG coils will
low current wire, the higher resistance produce a higher current
that leads to low current. resulting to 7 amperes.

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