PROJECTBOOK

ShriGajananMaharajShikshanPrasarakMandal

SharadchandraPawarCollegeofEngineering

Addr:Dumbarwadi

Tal:JunnarDist:Pune,Pincode:412409

Name of students: Vaibhav Bapurao Daund

Bhushan Jagannath Dhanawate
Trupti Darekar
Genesh bhor

ProjectTitle:Dual power Generation

Shree Gajanan Maharaj Shikshan prasarak Mandal

Sharadchandra pawar college of Engineering
Addr. Dumbarwadi
Tal: JunnarDist:pune,pincode: 412409

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Vaibhav Bapurao Daundhas successfully completed

the Dissertation entitled “Dual power Generation” Under my supervision, in the
partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering - Mechanical Engineering of
Savitribai Phule Pune University, during the academic year 2021-22.

Date:
Place: Dumbarwadi,Pune

ShreeGajananMaharajShikshanprasarakMandal

SharadchandrapawarcollegeofEngineering

Addr.Dumbarwadi

Tal:JunnarDist:pune,pincode:412409

Prof.Gaikwad sir Prof. G. K. Wable Prof. M. K. Jadhav

(Project Guide) (Project Co-ordinator) (Head of Department)

Prof. Dr. A. D. Desai

(ExternalExaminer) (Principal SRCOE, Pune)

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ABSTRACT

Now a day’s electricity is most needed facility for the human being. All the conventional energy resources are
depleting day by day. So, we have to shift from conventional to non-conventional energy resources. In this the
combination of two energy resources is takes place i.e. wind and solar energy. This process reviles the
sustainable energy resources without damaging the nature. We can give uninterrupted power by using hybrid
energy system. Basically, this system involves the integration of two energy system that will give continuous
power. Solar panels are used for converting solar energy and wind turbines are used for converting wind energy
into electricity. This electrical power can utilize for various purpose. Generation of electricity will be takes
place at affordable cost. This paper deals with the generation of electricity by using two sources combine which
leads to generate electricity with affordable cost without damaging the nature balance. Renewable energy has
been on an increasing demand in the recent due to over stress on non-renewable resources and their increasing
cost. Thus, producing electricity with the use of renewable resources like Wind and Solar has been taken up in
this project.

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INTRODUCTION

In developing countries like India who depend on agriculture need continuing power supply for different
processes like crop dryer, harvesting, paddy dryer, food storage, hot water for germination, suction of wet air,
irrigation etc. It is very costly and very difficult to availability of grid power at the remote areas but it is
necessary of continuing energy supply. To achieve this goal consists of using renewable energy sources, not
only for large-scale energy production, but also for stand-alone systems. The conventional energy resources are
depleting day by day. Soon it will be completely vanishing from the earth so we have to find another way to
generate electricity. The new source should be reliable, pollution free and economical. The non-conventional
energy resources should be good alternative energy resources for the conventional energy resources. There are
many non-conventional energy resources like geothermal, tidal, wind, solar etc. the tidal energy has drawbacks
like it can only implemented on sea shores. While geothermal energy needs very lager step to extract heat from
earth. Solar and wind are easily available in all condition. The non-conventional energy resources like solar,
wind can be good alternative source.

Wind and solar are India’s cheapest sources of renewable power, but those 70-80% capacity factor
requirements are impossible to meet with one wind or solar project on its own, for two reasons. The first is the
basic diurnal nature of renewable generation—solar doesn’t generate at night, after all, and wind generation is
often low midday. According to many renewable energy experts, a small "hybrid" electric system that combines
home wind electric and home solar electric (photovoltaic or PV) technologies offers several advantages over
either single system.

In much of the United States, wind speeds are low in the summer when the sun shines brightest and longest. The
wind is strong in the winter when less sunlight is available. Because the peak operating times for wind and solar
systems occur at different times of the day and year, hybrid systems are more likely to produce power when you
need it.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] “Combining wind and solar energy sources: Potential for hybrid power generation in Brazil” by Jos´e
Alexandre Ferraz de Andrade Santos, Pieter de Jong, Caiuby Alves da Costa, Ednildo Andrade Torres.
In this literature author describe about Combining wind and solar energy sources: Potential for hybrid power
generation in Brazil.This work aims to present wind and solar photovoltaic energy development and its
regulatory framework in Brazil, and demonstrate the potential for centralized hybrid generation. Official
studies, research reports, and thematic maps were consulted, and two pilot hybrid plants were studied. Results
indicate that there is great potential for centralized hybrid generation in the Brazilian Northeast region.
However, there is a need for the regulatory framework to evolve to enable its development.Developing new
renewable energy is a key factor for the transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to alternative and
diversified resources with lower environmental impacts. In this context, wind and photovoltaic solar energy
have stood out significantly in recent years in terms of investments, research, and expansion of the world’s
installed capacity.

The current power generation paradigm is based on centralized generation from large power plants that use a
single type of resource. However, the combined use of more than one energy source is quite common for
distributed generation in remote places, where it would be economically unfeasible to connect these consumers
to the centralized generation infrastructure.In recent years, wind and solar energy have been introduced in the
electrical matrix, and the prospects for the development of these technologies are excellent. In addition, in
specific regions of Brazil, there is a high complementarity between wind, solar, and water resources, which can
be exploited. Therefore, HES power plants can benefit from energy resources complementarity and produce
energy more efficiently than plants with a single energy source. Renewable electricity generation is promoted
and supported through the current regulatory framework; however, there is not yet specific regulation for HES
projects in Brazil.Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power are proving strategic and assisting
Brazil to expand and diversify its electricity matrix. Large scale wind energy in Brazil began in 2009, and
hundreds of new wind farms have been installed since then. Large scale solar PV energy had an initial
milestone in 2014, signalling that the technology can grow as much as wind energy.
[2] “Solar-wind-pumped hydro energy storage systems: review and future perspective” by Muhammad
Shahzad Javed, Tao Ma, Jakub Jurasz, Muhammad Yasir Amin.

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This article represents Solar-wind-pumped hydro energy storage systems. It has been globallyacknowledged
that energy storage will be a key element in the future forrenewable energy (RE) systems. Recent studies about
using energy storages for achieving highRE penetration have gained increased attention. This paper presents a
detailed review on pumpedhydro storage (PHS) based hybrid solar-wind power supply systems. It also
discusses the presentrole of PHS, its total installed capacity, future research and technical challenges associated
withthe use of this storage in the context of RE based systems.This review paper considers the economic,
environmental and technical aspects of solar-wind-PHS systems which have been discussed in the papers
published over last 10 years. Additionally, studies are categorized with respect to objective, approach employed,
location and key findings. Reflected from the literature, PHS technology has again emerged as a technologically
and economically viable option. The integration of reversible pump turbine machines has increased the
flexibility, response time and performance of PHS, however, hybridization of PHS with other storages can
increase the range of services and overall system reliability, especially when RE systems are off-grid.
It has been widely accepted by the research community through modelling, simulations, experiments and
experience, that bulk energy storages are indispensable in order to expand RE penetration in national grids.
Besides, existing global energy distribution and transmission infrastructure, occasionally require bulk energy
storages to enhance the penetration of RE and to reduce energy curtailment. For instance, at windfarms, it has
been proved that wastage of wind energy can be reduced up to 10% by employing bulk storage systems. To
accomplish global aim of increasing RE penetration, PHS is a practical way due to the several advantages such
as higher energy density, start/stop flexibility, frequency modulation, voltage stability, adaptability to sudden
load variations, environment integrate able and most important its cross functional abilities i.e. irrigation,
drinking etc.

[3] “Design and Development of Dual Power Generation Solar and WindmillGenerator” by Firas B.
Ismail, Nizar F.O. Al-Muhsen, and Norul Ilham Noruddin.

The fast depletion of conventional energyresources and the issue of global warming have
encouragedresearchers worldwide to come up with the best energysolution. Renewable energy resources such as
wind andsolar energy have been widely adopted as an alternativesource of energy. In this work, an integrated
solar and windenergy system were implemented aiming to produce themaximum possible output power from
the availablerenewable energy resources such as solar irradiance andwind energy.The escalated demand on the
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electrical power has beencaused by the dramatic rise of population and cityurbanization. This has led to a fast
depletion to theconventional energy resources such as fossil fuels.Moreover, this has also risen the event of
global warmingas an urgent issue to be quickly addressed. Recently,the renewable energy industry of solar and
wind in termsof production and demand have grown substantially inthe last decade.
In this study, a dual renewable powergeneration system of the solar PV and wind was designedand developed.
The proposed system comprises of fourmain ingredients which are solar PV module, horizontallyrotating WT,
energy storage system (ESS), and amicrocontroller to control the charging power from thePV-WT system to
ESS. Furthermore, the microcontrollerwas also used to control the delivered power directlyfrom PV-WT system
and ESS to the electrical load. Inthis system, the WT was not only used to substitute theinsolation absence
during the night-time but also toenhance the power generation during the daytime.
This research paper has discussed the performance ofthe dual power generation solar and windmill
generator.This dual renewable power generation system wasdesigned and developed. The proposed system
comprisesof four main ingredients which are solar PV module,horizontally rotating WT, energy storage system,
and amicrocontroller to control the charging power from thePV-WT system to ESS system.

[4] “The effect of wind and solar power generation on wholesale electricity prices in Australia” by
ZsuzsannaCsereklyei, Songze Qu, TihomirAncev.

This paper investigates the effect of wind and utility-scale solar electricity generation onwholesale
electricityprices in Australia over 2010–2018. They use both high frequency (30-min) and daily datasets for the
AustralianNational Electricity Market (NEM). They estimate autoregressive distributed lag models (ARDL) to
decompose themerit order effect of wind and utility-scale solar PV generation over time and across states. They
find that an extraGW of dispatched wind capacity decreases the wholesale electricity price by 11 AUD/MWh at
the time ofgeneration, while solar capacity by 14 AUD/MWh. The daily merit order effect is lower. They show
that the windmerit order effect has been increasing as a function of dispatched wind capacity over time.
In line with developments in many countries around the world,electricity generation capacity based on wind
turbines (WT) and solarphotovoltaic cells (PV) has been rapidly increasing over the last decadein Australia. WT
capacity currently stands at around 5GW (AEMO,2018b), and utility scale and rooftop PV around 6GW in
Australia'sNational Electricity Market. While WT capacity was growing very fast until the end of the
firstdecade of this century, utility-scale PV began overtaking subsequently.

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Electricity prices are among the most important policy issues currentlyin Australia and represent a critical
component of the energy andclimate change policy discussions.
Another implication is that energy policy should consider its relianceon peak-loader electricity generation based
on NG, as high NGprices directly lead to higher wholesale electricity prices. Alternatively,policy measures that
would have moderating effects on NG prices couldbe considered, such as for example, facilitating increased NG
productionfrom coal seams, or introducing more drastic domestic gas reservationrequirements. However, both
of these policy options are quitecontroversial. New technological developments might also becometractable in
the near future: while the reliance on peak-loaders is knownto increase with the penetrationof renewables,
alternative system stabilisingsolutions, such as the use of large-scale batteries should beconsidered.

[5] “Performance analysis of a wind-solar hybrid power generation system” by Zeyu Ding, Hongjuan
Hou, Gang Yu, Eric Hu, Liqiang Duan, Jin Zhao.

In order to reduce wind curtailment, a wind-turbine coupled with a solar thermal power systemto form a wind
solarhybrid system is proposed in this paper. In such a system, part or all of the curtailed wind power is
turnedinto heat through an electric heater and stored in the thermal storage sub-system of the solar thermal
powerplant. To simulate and study the performance of the hybrid system, a simulation model of the hybrid
system,which consists several modules/sub-models is developed? In addition, a capacity configurations
optimizationmodel based on particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to maximize the
economicperformance. An80 MWe hybrid system in Zhangbei China is selected as the study case.In recent
years, more and more attention has been paid to the developmentof renewable energy sources due to the serious
environmentalpollution and energy shortage problem. At the end of 2017, theinstalled capacity of global non-
hydro renewable energy has increasedby 18.87% compared with that of 2016.
Combining the PV and wind power with batteries can not onlystabilize the output power but also improve the
overall hybrid systemeconomic performance. The techno-economic performance analysis of aPV-wind-diesel-
battery hybrid energy system for providing the powersupply to a smart-grid community was carried out in.
CSP system is, however, able to convert the solar heat into electricityin large scale. Different from the PV
system, a CSP system isnormally equipped with a thermal energy storage system (TES) that isnot as costly as a
battery storage system. TES allows CSP plant to keepgenerating power when the solar resource is low or nil.

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Therefore, CSPis an ideal technology to combine with other intermittent renewableenergy technologies for
power generation.
In this paper, a thermal storage wind-CSP system (TSWCS) is proposedin which the wind energy and solar
energy are integrated/hybridat TES level, i.e. the surplus electricity is used to generated heat to bestored in the
TES of the CSP system. A simulation model for such aTSWCS, which consists a set of sub-models was
developed. For such asystem, to obtain the best economic return, the optimization method ofcapacity
configurations under local annual meteorological data andload conditions from the demand-supply matching
point of view hasbeen developed based on PSO algorithm.

[6] “Design and Development of Hybrid Wind and Solar Energy System for Power Generation” by B.N.
Prashanth, R. Pramod, G.B. Veeresh Kumar.

People have harvested energy from the wind for quite a long time. Sails for boats, windmillsfor crushing grain
or pumping waterare a couple of illustrations. There is recharged intrigue now in energy harvesting from the
wind, since it offers a contaminationfree method for producing power on a huge scale. The framework that
fulfils the transformation of wind energy to power isknown as a wind turbine. Presently a-days power is turning
out to be rare. So in future, the renewable assets will be utilized toproduce power. Indeed, even these days, 5%
to 10% of the power is produced from wind and solar. In the meantime, every singlework of the person is
computerized by machines however the power generation is not up to the level. Abovebeing the case, ahybrid
wind and solar energy system was developed for the generation of power. The model is a combination of both
horizontalaxis wind turbine and solar panels where the blades of the wind turbine are being made by PVC pipes
and the solar panel tiles arefitted along with the turbine blades. The project describes the modelling of two
emerging electricity systems based on renewableenergy: photovoltaic and wind power. The powers produced
from both the sources were combined together using a Chargecontroller and then connected to an inverter.
Draining oil and gas holds joined with developing worries about a worldwide temperature alteration, have made
itunavoidable to look for option/renewable energy sources. The combination of renewable energies, for
example, solarand wind is turning out to be progressively appealing and is being utilized broadly for
substitution of oil-deliveredenergy, and in the long run to limit environmental debasement.The prototype of
wind turbine was built for this study to satisfy the energy requirements on the houses. Thisprototype was tested
along with PV panels to verify the power output and the efficiency of the total arrangement. Acomparison
between the suggested system and the proposed system proved that the proposed system had manyadvantages
over the conversional system. The performance of the wind Turbine was improved during the

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productionprocess. When the turbine is used with PV panels, the performance was improved significantly. If
LEDs are used inhighway lightings instead of sodium vapour lamps, a significant amount of energy can be
saved so it is possible touse the same system for a greater area.

[7] “Research on the configuration and operation effect of the hybridsolar-wind-battery power
generation system based on NSGA-II” by Debao Zhang, Junwei Liu, ShifeiJia ,Hao Tian , Chengzhi Lou ,
Zhihua Zhou, Ji Zhang , Chendong Wang , Jian Zuo.

Wind and solar energy are complementary to each other in time and intensity, and the respectivelycapacity
configurations of wind and solar have a major impact on system stability and initial investment.Previous
research on it mainly focused on simulation, neglecting the accuracy of the verification simulationin practical
application. This paper summed up the power demand on DC power facilities and ACcooling equipment of
mobile base station in a remote small island, and applied the non-dominatedsorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-
II) to analyse decision variables on the number of wind turbines, PVmodules and battery banks with the total
system cost (TSC) and the loss of power supply probability(LPSP) as the objective functions.
In some remote areas, such as isolated islands, where traditionalpower transmission line is neither available nor
economical tobuild, stability of power supply is required for the operation ofelectricity and communication
facilities. Considering the electricitydemand is relatively small in those remote areas, it is necessary andfeasible
to generate electricity using local natural resources forsome related devices. In addition, as those remote areas
are unattended,the stability and reliability of power generation systemwith remote monitoring, is highly
demanded.
Solar and wind energy, as two of the most widely used renewableenergy sources, provide a feasible way to
supply electricity toremote areas. However, due to the low energy density and poorstability of solar energy and
wind energy, it is difficult to meetthe electricity demand if they are separately applied. However,there is a
strong complementarity between solar and wind energyin terms of timing and intensity for electricity
generation.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Fossil fuels have been used extensively all over the world to satisfy energy demands. However, their availability
is limited and their negative impact on the environment undeniable. Due to this, the need to develop alternative
energy resources was recognized a few decades ago. Among different alternatives that have been developed,
wind and solar energy appears as a promising option to be implemented in many parts of the world. In short,
renewable energy is important for the future because it is reusable. We can use it as much as we can and still it
is going to be available for the future.

OBJECTIVES:

 To reduce the uses of non-renewable energy sources.

 To decrease the pollution from environment.
 To generate energy from minimum wastage.
 To increase the efficiency to generate electricity from renewable sources.

METHODOLOGY
Step 1: - We started the work of this project with literature survey. We gathered many research papers which are
relevant to this topic. After going through these papers, we learnt about car towing machine.

Step2: - After that the components which are required for my project are decided.

Step 3: - After deciding the components, the 3 D Model and drafting will be done with the help of CATIA
software.

Step 4: - The components will be manufactured and then assembled together.

Step 5: - The testing will be carried out and then the result and conclusion will be drawn.

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SEMESTER I

-We started our work with literature survey.

-Search many research papers from various articles and published journal papers.

-Worked on diff. Mechanisms that can be useful for our project.

-We have tried for a rough model

-After getting rough model We selected standard components.

SEMESTER II

Actual preparation of project:

-We completed calculations of remaining parts.

-We have purchased standard components from market.

-We have done a rough 3D model of our project.

- Manufacturing was done.

-Assemble was done.

-Testing of set up was done.

-Representation of actual theoretical report.

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OVERVIEW

Wind Power Technology:

Wind power technology is the various infrastructure and process that promote the harnessing of wind generation
for mechanical power and electricity. This basically entails the wind and characteristics related to its strength
and direction, as well as the functioning of both internal and external components of a wind turbine with respect
to wind behavior.

Wind power energy

Wind is an atmospheric phenomenon due to the heating of the sun. The sun radiates on the Earth a power of
1.74 x 1017 Watts: about 2% of it is converted into wind energy. The Earth releases the heat received from the
Sun, but this is hardly homogeneous. In those areas where less heat is released, the pressure of atmospheric
gases increases, while in those areas where more heat is released, the air becomes hot and the gas pressure is
reduced. As a consequence, high-pressure areas and low-pressure areas are formed, which are also influenced
by the Earth’s rotation. When different masses of air get in contact, the area with a higher pressure tends to
transfer air towards the area with lower pressure. Therefore, wind is a more or less rapid air transfer between
different pressure areas. The higher is the pressure difference, the faster is the air displacement and the stronger
is the wind.

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 Figure 3 Formation of the wind

The concept of wind energy dates back to nearly 7000 years ago. Wind power technology is many centuries old.
Alexander used windmills to cater water from wells. The first wind powered electricity was produced by a
Machine built by Charles F. Bob in Cleveland Ohio in the year 1888. Electricity can be generated in many
different ways. In every way, a fuel is used to turn a turbine, which drives a generator to produce electricity.
The turbines are designed in which wind is the fuel, which drives the turbine. It is free and clean source of
energy. Wind power is one of the most mature renewable energy technologies with over 74000 MW installed
globally. In the late 1800 Dane developed the first wind turbines to produce commercial electricity. The types
of windmill are vertical axis wind turbine and horizontal axis wind turbine. Energy is the key factor in a
country’s development. In the year 2013, India had the 5th largest installed wind capacity globally, during
present year; India added installed capacity of 17644 MW as on June 2012. India’s total estimated potential is
48,561 MW with Karnataka, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh as the leading states.

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 Figure 4 Top ten global wind energy

Wind generators
Wind energy conversion systems ('wind turbines') are designed to convert the energy of wind movement
(kinetic energy) into mechanical power, that is the movement of a machine. In wind turbine generators, this
mechanical energy is converted into electricity and in windmills this energy is used to do work, such as
pumping water, mill grains or drive machinery. Electricity generated can be either stored in batteries, or used
directly.

Types of Wind Turbines

Wind turbines are classified into two general types: horizontal axis and vertical axis. A horizontal axis machine
has its blades rotating on an axis parallel to the ground. A vertical axis machine has its blades rotating on an
axis perpendicular to the ground. There are a number of available designs for both and each type has certain

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advantages and disadvantages. However, compared with the horizontal axis type, very few vertical axis
machines are available commercially.

• Horizontal Axis
This is the most common wind turbine design. In addition to being parallel to the ground, the axis of blade
rotation is parallel to the wind flow. Some machines are designed to operate in an upwind mode, with the blades
upwind of the tower. In this case, a tail vane is usually used to keep the blades facing into the wind. Other
designs operate in a downwind mode so that the wind passes the tower before striking the blades. Without a tail
vane, the machine rotor naturally tracks the wind in a downwindmode. Some very large wind turbines use a
motor-driven mechanism that turns themachine in response to a wind direction sensor mounted on the tower.

• Vertical Axis
Although vertical axis wind turbines, below figures have existed for centuries, they are not as common as their
horizontal counterparts. The main reason for this is that they do not take advantage of the higher wind speeds at
higher elevations above the ground aswell as horizontal axis turbines. The basic vertical axis designs are the
Darrieus, whichhas curved blades, the Giromill, which has straight blades, and the Savonius, whichuses scoops
to catch the wind.

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Figure 5 Vertical axis wind turbine

Figure 6 Vertical axis wind turbine

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A vertical axis machine need not be oriented with respect to wind direction. Because the shaft is vertical, the
transmission and generator can be mounted at ground level allowing easier servicing and a lighter weight, lower
cost tower. Although vertical axis wind turbines have these advantages, their designs are not as efficient at
collecting energy from the wind as are the horizontal machine designs
Types of horizontal axis

• Windmills/Wind Pumps
They are designed to operate at lower wind speeds than wind turbines for electricity generation. Windmills,
'store' the energy they produce in water tanks so that water is available for feeding livestock, or irrigation in
times where there is no wind.

Figure 7 A traditional style multibladed wind pump, known as a windmill

These windmill water pumping designs have also been used to provide electricity for rural electrification by
using a battery system and low voltage systems. Today the more modern and efficient triple bladed rotor is
commonly used in such stand-alone power systems.

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  Small wind turbines

Figure 8 Small wind turbine

Small wind energy systems can be used in connection with electricity transmissions and distribution systems
(called grid-connected systems), or in stand-alone applications that are not connected to the utility grid. A grid-
connected wind turbine can reduce consumption of utility-supplied electricity for lighting, appliances, and
electric heat. When the wind system produces more electricity than the household requires, the excess can be
sold to the utility. With the inter-connections available today, switching takes place automatically. Stand-alone
wind energy systems can be appropriate for homes, farms, or even entire communities (a co-housing project, for
example) that are far from the nearest utility lines. Either type of system can be practical if the following
conditions exist. Small wind generator sets for household electricity supply or water pumping represent the
most interesting wind-energy applications in remote areas. Wind turbines for domestic or rural applications
range in size from a few watts to thousands of watts and can be applied economically for a variety of power
demands. In areas with adequate wind regimes (more than five meters per second annual average), simple wind
generators with an output range of 100 to 500 W can be used to charge batteries and thus supply enough power
to meet basic electricity needs. In the past reliability of small wind turbines was a problem. Small turbines

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designed in the late 1970’s had a well-deserved Today’s products, however, are technically advanced over these
earlier units and they are substantially more reliable. Small turbines are now available that can operate 5 years
or more, even at harsh sites, without need for maintenance or inspections.

The reliability and cost of operation of these units is equal to that of photovoltaic systems

 Offshore wind turbines

Figure 9 Offshore wind turbine

Offshore wind energy is a promising application of wind power, particularly in countries with highpopulation
density, and difficulties in finding suitable sites on land. Construction costsare higher at sea, but energy
production is also higher.

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  Common modern wind turbines

Figure 10 Common modern wind turbine

Usually three-bladed, sometimes two-bladed or even one-bladed (and counterbalanced), andpointed into the
wind by computer-controlled motors. The rugged three-bladed turbine type hasbeen championed by Danish
turbine manufacturers. These have high tip speeds of up toThis is the type of turbine, that is used commercially
to produce electricity. The blades are usually collared light gray to blend in with the clouds and range in length
from 20 to 40 metres or more.

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DESIGN:
CAD: -

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems (or workstations) to aid in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the
designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a
database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other
manufacturing operations. The term CADD (for Computer Aided Design and Drafting) is also used.

Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation (EDA). In mechanical design it
is known as mechanical design automation (MDA) or computer-aided drafting (CAD), which includes the
process of creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software.

CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the objects of traditional
drafting, or may also produce raster graphicsshowing the overall appearance of designed objects. However, it
involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of
CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to
application-specific conventions.

CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces, and solids
in three-dimensional (3D) space.

CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding,
and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely
used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals, often
called DCC digital content creation. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume
bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of
its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational
geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.

The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called computer-aided
geometric design (CAGD)

USES:

Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways
depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question.

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CAD is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD) activity within the Product Lifecycle
Management (PLM) processes, and as such is used together with other tools, which are either integrated
modules or stand-alone products, such as:

 Computer-aided engineering (CAE) and Finite element analysis (FEA)

 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) including instructions to Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
machines
 Photorealistic rendering and Motion Simulation.
 Document management and revision control using Product Data Management (PDM).

CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often required in the preparation of
Environmental Impact Reports, in which computer-aided designs of intended buildings are superimposed into
photographs of existing environments to represent what that locale will be like, where the proposed facilities are
allowed to be built. Potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed
through the use of CAD.

CAD has been proven to be useful to engineers as well. Using four properties which are history, features,
parameterization, and high-level constraints. The construction history can be used to look back into the model's
personal features and work on the single area rather than the whole model. Parameters and constraints can be
used to determine the size, shape, and other properties of the different modeling elements. The features in the
CAD system can be used for the variety of tools for measurement such as tensile strength, yield strength,
electrical or electromagnetic properties. Also its stress, strain, timing or how the element gets affected in certain
temperatures, etc.

TYPES:

There are several different types of CAD, each requiring the operator to think differently about how to use them
and design their virtual components in a different manner for each.

There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of free and open-source programs.
These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and placement on the drawing
sheet that accompanied hand drafting since these can be adjusted as required during the creation of the final
draft.

3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting (not often used today). Each line has to be manually
inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features

24
directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems,
although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views.

3D "dumb" solids are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real-world objects (not often used today).
Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or
subtracted from them as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can
easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow motion of
components, set limits to their motion, or identify interference between components.

There are two types of 3D Solid Modeling

1. Parametric modeling allows the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The objects and
features created are modifiable. Any future modifications can be made by changing how the original
part was created. If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the part, the operator should
locate it from the center of the model. The feature could be located using any geometric object already
available in the part, but this random placement would defeat the design intent. If the operator designs
the part as it functions the parametric modeler is able to make changes to the part while maintaining
geometric and functional relationships.
2. Direct or Explicit modeling provide the ability to edit geometry without a history tree. With direct
modeling, once a sketch is used to create geometry the sketch is incorporated into the new geometry and
the designer just modifies the geometry without needing the original sketch. As with parametric
modeling, direct modeling has the ability to include relationships between selected geometry (e.g.,
tangency, concentricity).

Top end systems offer the capabilities to incorporate more organic, aesthetics and ergonomic features into
designs. Freeform surface modeling is often combined with solids to allow the designer to create products that
fit the human form and visual requirements as well as they interface with the machine.

25
Fig. 24 CATIA Model

26
Fig. 25 Drafting of Model

27
COST ESTIMATION:

Cost estimation may be defined as the process of forecasting the expenses that must be incurred to
manufacture a product. These expenses take into a consideration all expenditure involved in a design and
manufacturing with all related services facilities such as pattern making, tool, making as well as a portion of the
general administrative and selling costs.

PURPOSE OF COST ESTIMATION:

1. To determine the selling price of a product for a quotation or contract so as to ensure a reasonable profit
to the company.
2. Check the quotation supplied by vendors.
3. Determine the most economical process or material to manufacture the product.
4. To determine standards of production performance that may be used to control the cost.

TYPES OF COST ESTIMATION:

1. Material cost
2. Machining cost

Material Cost Estimation

Material cost estimation gives the total amount required to collect the raw material which has to be
processed or fabricated to desired size and functioning of the components.

These materials are divided into two categories.

1. Material for fabrication:

In this the material in obtained in raw condition and is manufactured or processed to finished size for
proper functioning of the component.

2. Standard purchased parts:

This includes the parts which was readily available in the market like Allen screws etc. A list is forecast
by the estimation stating the quality, size and standard parts, the weight of raw material and cost per kg.
For the fabricated parts.

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Machining Cost Estimation

This cost estimation is an attempt to forecast the total expenses that may include manufacturing apart
from material cost. Cost estimation of manufactured parts can be considered as judgment on and after careful
consideration which includes labour, material and factory services required to produce the required part.

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF MATERIAL COST:

The general procedure for calculation of material cost estimation is after designing a project,

1. A bill of material is prepared which is divided into two categories.

a. Fabricated components
b. Standard purchased components
2. The rates of all standard items are taken and added up.
3. Cost of raw material purchased taken and added up.

SR.NO. COMPONENTS COST

1. Frame 3000
2. Supporting members 1000

3. Vertical wind turbine 2500

4. Dynamo 500
5. Solar panel 1500

Total Cost = Cost of Components+ Cost of Machining = 10500/-

29
PROCESS SHEET:

Following operations were while fabricate the project

Cutting: -

Cutting is the separation or opening of a physical object, into two or more portions, through the application of
an acutely directed force.

Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in medicine and science the scalpel and
microtome. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it has a hardness sufficiently larger
than the object being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient force. Even liquids can be used to cut things when
applied with sufficient force (see water jet cutter).

The material as our required size. The machine used for this operation is power chop saw. A power chop saw,
also known as a drop saw, is a power tool used to make a quick, accurate crosscut in a work piece at a selected
angle. Common uses include framing operations and the cutting of moulding. Most chop saws are relatively
small and portable, with common blade sizes ranging from eight to twelve inches.

The chop saw makes cuts by pulling a spinning circular saw blade down onto a work piece in a short, controlled
motion. The work piece is typically held against a fence, which provides a precise cutting angle between the
30
plane of the blade and the plane of the longest work piece edge. In standard position, this angle is fixed at 90°.
A primary distinguishing feature of the mitre saw is the mitre index that allows the angle of the blade to be
changed relative to the fence. While most mitre saws enable precise one-degree incremental changes to the
mitre index, many also provide "stops" that allow the miter index to be quickly set to common angles (such as
15°, 22.5°, 30°, and 45°). The time required for this operation is 50 minutes.

Welding: -

Welding is a fabrication or sculpturalprocess that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using
high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower
temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten
material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on weld configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet,
etc.), can be stronger than the base material (parent metal). Pressuremay also be used in conjunction with heat,
or by itself, to produce a weld. Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted
metals from being contaminated or oxidized.

Square pipes of different lengths to make frame. The machine used for this operation is electric arc welding.
Electrical arc welding is the procedure used to join two metal parts, taking advantage of the heat developed by
the electric arc that forms between an electrode (metal filler) and the material to be welded. The welding arc
may be powered by an alternating current generator machine (welder). This welding machine is basically a
single-phase static transformer Suitable for melting RUTILE (sliding) acid electrodes. Alkaline electrodes may
also be melted by alternating current if the secondary open-circuit voltage is greater than 70 V.

31
The welding current is continuously regulated (magnetic dispersion) by turning the hand wheel on the outside
of the machine, which makes it possible to select the current value, indicated on a special graded scale, with the
utmost precision. To prevent the service capacities from being exceeded, all of our machines are fitted with an
automatic overload protection which cuts of the power supply (intermittent use) in the event of an overload. The
operator must then wait for a few minutes before returning to work. This welding machine must be used only
for the purpose described in this manual. Read the entire contents of this manual before installing, using or
servicing the equipment, paying special attention to the chapter on safety precautions. Contact your distributor
if you do not fully understand these instructions. The time required for this operation is 120 minutes.

32
Drilling: -

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill
bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at
rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece,
cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.

In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion, though the bit is usually rotated.
Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole with quickly repeated short movements.
The hammering action can be performed from outside the hole (top-hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-
hole drill, DTH). Drills used for horizontal drilling are called drifter drills.

In rare cases, specially-shaped bits are used to cut holes of non-circular cross-section; a square cross-section is
possible.

Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge on the entrance side and the presence of burrs on the exit side
(unless they have been removed). Also, the inside of the hole usually has helical feed marks.

33
Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the work piece by creating low residual stresses around the
hole opening and a very thin layer of highly stressed and disturbed material on the newly formed surface. This
causes the work piece to become more susceptible to corrosion and crack propagation at the stressed surface. A
finish operation may be done to avoid these detrimental conditions.

For fluted drill bits, any chips are removed via the flutes. Chips may form long spirals or small flakes,
depending on the material, and process parameters. The type of chips formed can be an indicator of the
machinability of the material, with long chips suggesting good material machinability.

Finishing: -

Finishing is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a manufactured item to achieve a
certain property. Finishing processes may be employed to: improve appearance, adhesion or wettability, solder
ability, corrosion resistance, tarnish resistance, chemical resistance, wear resistance, hardness, modify electrical

34
conductivity, remove burrs and other surface flaws, and control the surface friction. In limited cases some of
these techniques can be used to restore original dimensions to salvage or repair an item.

An unfinished surface is often called mill finish.

The edges with grinder using grinding wheel. The machine used for this operation is hand grinder.
An angle grinder, also known as a side grinder or disc grinder, is a handheld power tool used for
cutting, grinding and polishing. Angle grinders can be powered by an electric motor, petrol
engine or compressed air.

The motor drives a geared head at a right-angle on which is mounted an abrasive disc or a thinner cut-
off disc, either of which can be replaced when worn. Angle grinders typically have an adjustable guard and a
side-handle for two-handed operation. Certain angle grinders, depending on their speed range, can be used as
sanders, employing a sanding disc with a backing pad or disc. The backing system is typically made of hard
plastic, phenolic resin, or medium-hard rubber depending on the amount of flexibility desired. The time
required for this operation is 20 minutes.

35
Polishing: -

Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a chemical action, leaving
a surface with a significant specular reflection (still limited by the index of refraction of the material according
to the Fresnel equations.) In some materials (such as metals, glasses, black or transparent stones), polishing is
also able to reduce diffuse reflection to minimal values. When an unpolished surface is magnified thousands of
times, it usually looks like mountains and valleys. By repeated abrasion, those "mountains" are worn down until
they are flat or just small "hills." The process of polishing with abrasives starts with coarse ones and graduates
to fine ones.

The welded joints with hand grinder using grinding wheel. The machine used for this operation is hand grinder.
With refinement, grinding becomes polishing, either in preparing metal surfaces for subsequent buffing or in the
actual preparation of a surface finish, such as a No. 4 polish in which the grit lines are clearly visible. Generally
speaking, those operations which serve mainly to remove metal rapidly are considered as grinding, while those

36
in which the emphasis is centred on attaining smoothness are classified as polishing. Grinding employs the
coarser grits as a rule while most polishing operations are conducted with grits of 80 and finer. If polishing is
required, start with as fine a grit as possible to reduce finishing steps. There is a wide range of grinding and
polishing tools on the market and advice is available from ASSDA members to assist in particular applications.
Polishing operations are conducted with the abrasive mounted either on made-up shaped wheels or belts which
provide a resilient backing. The base material may be in either a smooth rolled or a previously ground
condition. If the former, the starting grit size may be selected in a range of 80 to 100. If the latter, the initial grit
should be one of sufficient coarseness to remove or smooth out any residual cutting lines or other surface
imperfections left over from grinding. In either case, the treatment with the initial grit should be continued until
a good, clean, uniform, blemish-free surface texture is obtained. The initial grit size to use on a pre-ground
surface may be set at about 20 numbers finer than the last grit used in grinding, and changed, if necessary, after
inspection. Upon completion of the initial stage of polishing, wheels or belts are changed to provide finer grits.
Polishing speeds are generally somewhat higher than those used in grinding. A typical speed for wheel
operation is 2500 meters per minute. The time required for this operation is 20 minutes.

37
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

The following points should be considered for the safe operation of machine and to avoid accidents: -

 All the parts of the machine should be checked to be in perfect alignment.

 All the nuts and bolts should be perfectly tightened.
 The operating switch should be located at convenient distance from the operator so as to control the
machine easily.
 The inspection and maintenance of the machine should be done from time to time.

38
PLAN OF PROPOSED WORK:

Sr. July Jan

Activity/month Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Feb March
No 20 21

1 Search of topic

Selection of topic
2 and research
papers

Finalizing of
3
sponsored project

4 Literature review

Basic diagram and

5 study of
components

Cad diagram and

starting the
6
calculation of
components

7 Calculations

Finalizing the
calculations and
8 preparing the final
cad diagram with
dimensions

39
REFERENCE

[1] “Combining wind and solar energy sources: Potential for hybrid power generation in Brazil” by Jos´e
Alexandre Ferraz de Andrade Santos, Pieter de Jong, Caiuby Alves da Costa, Ednildo Andrade Torres.

[2] “Solar-wind-pumped hydro energy storage systems: review and future perspective” by Muhammad Shahzad
Javed, Tao Ma, Jakub Jurasz, Muhammad Yasir Amin.

[3] “Design and Development of Dual Power Generation Solar and Windmill Generator” by Firas B. Ismail,
Nizar F.O. Al-Muhsen, and Norul Ilham Noruddin.

[4] “The effect of wind and solar power generation on wholesale electricity prices in Australia” by
ZsuzsannaCsereklyei, Songze Qu, TihomirAncev.

[5] “Performance analysis of a wind-solar hybrid power generation system” by Zeyu Ding, Hongjuan Hou,
Gang Yu, Eric Hu, Liqiang Duan, Jin Zhao.

[6] “Design and Development of Hybrid Wind and Solar Energy System for Power Generation” by B.N.
Prashanth, R. Pramod, G.B. Veeresh Kumar.

[7] “Research on the configuration and operation effect of the hybrid solar-wind-battery power generation
system based on NSGA-II” by Debao Zhang, Junwei Liu, ShifeiJia , Hao Tian , Chengzhi Lou , Zhihua Zhou, Ji
Zhang , Chendong Wang , Jian Zuo.

40