Solution Manual for Signals and

Systems: Continuous and Discrete, 4/E

4th Edition Rodger E. Ziemer, William H
Tranter, Rolla D. R. Fannin
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 I

'[,00
RC
0

Assume that << R. The input impedance to the op-amp integrator is therefore much larger than
the output impedance of the previous stage, and

From Example 1-2,

r'
2RC

Therefore,

Integrating and setting t = t%, we obtain

The second factor on the right is 10 V because of the maximum output limitation on the first
integrator. Thus, we require that

For example, from Example 1-2 we have RC = 0.36 s. With t, = 72 s and R, = 10 k ohms, we get
R, = 152 ohms.

3
Problem 1-2

(a) Let n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... , N. Then

v(T) = v(0) + Ta(T) (a)
v(2T) = v(T) + Ta(2T) (b)

NT) = v[(N -)T] + Ta(NT) (c)

Substitute (a) into (b) and so on until (c is reached. This gives

N
ND - v(0) +T) a0D
n =I

(b) Let n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... , N. Then

v(T) = v(0) + (T/2)[a(0) + a(T)] (a)
v(2T) = v(T) + (T/2)[a(T) + a(2T)] (b)

(NT) = v[(N - D)T] + (T/2){a[(N - D)T] + a(NT)} (c)

Substitute (a) into (b) and so on until (c) is reached. The result is as given in the problem statement.

Problem 1-3

(a) A maximum departure of the weight from equilibrium of 1 cm requires a spring constant of
k M.. (0.002)(20) = 4 kg/s 2
max0.01

(b) For a minimum increment of 0.5 mm= 0.0005 m, we have

KA, = 4(0.0005) = 1 mis 2
La mi.n =
M 0.002

(c) The velocity is given by

20 t, 0 < 50 s
v,()
J'a0)d. J'20d. { ,
= = \1000 4
0 0
1 > 50 s
Problem 1-4

K is the same as in Example 1-1 because M, x,~ and a,~ are the same. Also, la,~is the same. The
velocity profile is

[20d2 - 201,0 < t < 10

0
200, 10 < 1 < 20

200+ [2002. 200 + 20- 20), 20 < t < 30

20
400, t > 30

Problem 1-5

From (1-15) and using the x(t) given in the problem, we have
s(0) = cos(6,0) + ap cos[6,(1 - 20)]
= [I +a~cos(26,5)]cos(6,t) + a~sin(26,)sin(6,0)
- A()cos[G,t - 0()]
- A(v)cos6(v)cos(6,0) + A(v)sin0(v)sin(6,D)

Set coefficients of like sin/cos terms equal on each side of the identity to obtain
A(v)cos0() 1 + a~cos(26,5)
A()sin0(v) = a~ sin(26,)

Square and add to obtain

Divide the second equation by the first to obtain

sin0(v) = tan 0(T) a~ sin(26,)

cos 0() 1 + a~cos(26,°)

5
Problem 1-6

Sketches of the analog and sampled signals for both cases are shown below[(a) top and (b) bottom]:

1.5 I I I I I I I I I I

sampled signal
. . . . . .. cont. time signal
... p -
+
·.
·r---.'
''
I ++
. . ,

0.5 ...
e ....
....
· f
-
''' ..... +

I I I I I
0
-1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5 I I I I I I I I I I

sampled signal
...
......
cont. time signal -
r
' +

··~
+ +
. -~ .....
. +

0.5 ...
'·,....,...,.-,- ....
.... . ,..,.., .. -
e
·••. e

I I I I I
0
-1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6
Problem 1-7

(a) The impulse-sampled signal is

00

%so,(0 - cos(210)) 6 -0.1m)

- -oo

-) cos(2r06-0.1m)
z -0o

-) cos(0.2rm)6G -0.1m)
n= oo

where property (1-59) for the unit impulse has been used to get the last result.
(b) The unit-pulse train sampled signal is
0o

'on rots as0 = cos(210)) 6[ - 0.1n]

n= --oo

- ) cos(2n)6 0.1n)
n= oo
0

-) cos(0.2n)f -0.1n]
n = oo

where the fact that the unit pulse is 1 for its argument 0 and 0 otherwise has been used.

Problem 1-8

(a) The signal can be developed in terms of equations as follows:

II(0.10) = {1, [O.ltl ~ 1/2
0, otherwise

-{, 1ls 1on2 5

0, otherwise

This is a rectangular pulse of amplitude 1 between -5 and 5 and 0 otherwise. A sketch will be given
at the end of the problem solution.
(b) Following a procedure similar to that of (a) one finds that this is a rectangular pulse of amplitude
1 between -0.05 and 0.05 and 0 otherwise. A sketch will be given at the end of the problem solution.
( c ) This is a rectangular pulse of amplitude 1 between 0 and 1 and 0 otherwise. A sketch will be
given at the end of the problem solution.
(d) This is a rectangular pulse of amplitude 1 between 0.5 and 4.5 and 0 otherwise. A sketch will
be given at the end of the problem solution.

7
(e) The first term of this signal is a rectangular pulse of amplitude 1 between 0 and 2 and 0
otherwise. The second term is a rectangular pulse of amplitude 1 between 0.5 and 1.5 and 0
otherwise. Where both pulses are nonzero, the total amplitude is 2; where only one pulse is nonzero
the amplitude is I. A sketch is provided below.

The MATLAB program below uses the special function given in Section I-6 (page 32) of the text
to provide the plots.

% Sketches for Problem 1-8

%
t =-6:0.0015:6;
xa = pls_fn(0.10);
xb = pls_fn( 1 0*t);
xc = pls_fn(t- 0.5);
xd = pls_fn((t- 2)/5);
xe = pls_fn((t- 1/2) + pls_fn(t - l);
subplot(3,2, 1 ),plot(t, xa,'-w'), axis([-6 6 0 1.5]),xlabel('t'),ylabel('xa(t)')
subplot(3,2,2),plot(t, xb,'-w'), axis([-. I .1 0 1.5)),xlabel('t'),ylabel('xb(t')
subplot(3,2,3),plot(t, xc,'-w'), axis([-1 2 0 1.5]),xlabel('t'),ylabel('xc(t)')
subplot(3,2,4),plot(t, xd,'-w'), axis([- I 5 0 1.5]),xlabel('t'),ylabel('xd(t)')
subplot(3,2,5),plot(t, xe,'-w'), axis([-1 3 0 2.5]),xlabel('t'),ylabel('xe(t)')

2 4
t

~] 2 : S I
-1 O 1
t
2 3

8
Problem 1-9

(a) 2nf = 50n, so T,,= 1/f, = 1/25 = 0.04 s. (b) 2nf, = 60, so T,= 1/f, = 1/30 = 0.0333 s.
(c)2nf, = 707, so T,= 1/f, = 1/35 = 0.0286 s. (d) We have 50n = 2mf, and 60n = 2nf,, where m
and n are integers and f is the largest constant that satisfies these equations. The largest f is 5 Hz
with m = 5and n = 6. (e) We have 50 = 27mf and 70 = 27nf, where m and n are integers and
f% is the largest constant that satisfies these equations. The largest f is 5 Hz with m = 5 and n = 7.

Problem 1-10

(a) IAI = 4.2426; angle(A) = 0.7854 radians; B = 5.0 + j 8.6603, so Re(B) = 5 and lm(B) = 8.6603.
(b) = 8.0 + 1.6603. (c) = -2.0-
A +B jl A- B (d) = -10.9808 +j40.9808. (e) =
j5 . 6 6 0 3 . A *B A/
B

0.4098 - j0. I 098.

Problem 1-11

(a) 2nf, = 10n, so T,,= 1/f, = 1/5 =0.2 s. (b) 2nf, = 17, so T,= 1/f = 1/8.5 = 0.1176 s.
(c)2nf = 19n, so T,= 1/f, = 1/9.5 = 0.1053 s. (d) We have 10 = 2mmf, and 177 = 2nf, where
m and n are integers and f is the largest constant that satisfies these equations. The largest f, is 0.5
Hz with m = 10 and n = 17. (e) We have 10 = 2mf and 19 = 2rnf, where m and n are integers
and f, is the largest constant that satisfies these equations. The largest f is 0.5 Hz with m = 10 and
n = 19.(f) We have 17 = 2mf and 19 = 2nf,, where m and n are integers and f is the largest
constant that satisfies these equations. The largest f is 0.5 Hz with m = 17 and n = 19.

Problem 1-12

(a) Written as the real part of rotating phasors:

x,() = Re[2e/om·W@]; x,(D) = Re[5ei7-Wj
x,(t) = Re[3eiuO -3 -mW)] = Re[3eon 5an/6
x,(t) = Re[2el0¢·ml6) , 5%iu7m -WP]; x,(t) = Re[2e/Ou·I6) , 3%i(om 5/6)
x,(0) = Re[5el7mu -» , 3%iuo -Sm/6

(b) In terms of counter rotating phasors, the signals are:

x,(0 = [eiuow·w6) , , Jou·@]; x,(t) = [2.5el7#-W , 2.5e7 -!9)J

,( [1.5ei0-51/6) 1.5a ion -5/6)
x(0)= [ai(or• mW6) , a ioru /6) + 2.5ei7 -/9) + 2.5e i7mi - 1/)
x,(t) = [ei(om·mW6) , , i(or·w6) , 1.5%ion -5r6) , 1.5e i0 -51/6);
x,(0) [2.5ei7-W9 + 2.5e 7 W , 1.5au0 -56) , 1.5% i045/61

9
(c ) Single-sided spectra are plotted below. Double-sided amplitude spectra are obtained by halving
the lines and taking mirror image; phase spectra are obtained by taking antisymmetric mirror image.

] 0
0
~
5
:/
10 0
:
5 10

] 0 5
•
I I :l
10 0 5
5
10

·l 0 5
f, Hz
rl :/
10 0 5
f, Hz
rl
10

.]0
0
~
5
I I :/
10 0
:5
6
10

l 0
~
5
rl :
10 0
: •
5 10

l 0 5
f, Hz
I rl :/
10 0
•
5
f, Hz
5
10
10
Problem 1-13

(a) Written as the real part of rotating phasors:

x,(0) = Re[e5-a)]; x,(D = Re[e]; x,(0 = Re[ei"9
x,() Re[ei~50a 2) , ]; x,(t) = Re[el5 M2) , %mo

(b) In terms of counter rotating phasors, the signals are:

x,(0) = Re[0.5i50 w2) , 0.5% Ks0 mW]; x,(0) = Re[0.5e' + 0.5% 60
x,() Re[0.5el0 + 0.5e m0
x,(t) = Re[0.5ei50 -w2) , 0.5% 050 mW2) , 0.5%0 + 0.5 60u
x,(t) Re[0.5ei5002) ,0.5e 50 ) ,0.5%i0, +0.5e m70

(c ) The single-sided amplitude and phase spectra are shown below. See Prob. 1-12c for comments
on obtaining double-sided spectra from single-sided spectra.

f
c
c
~
01-------------~
0
-1
o~--~--~-~-~--~
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

1
o
0 ~ Nd
E 0.5
00 c
0

-1
o~--~--~---~--~
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

f
o
gU
fl.d
c
0
-1
0 '------~--~---~---'----'
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
f, Hz f, Hz

11
 1
1
o
a ....
0U
E0.5
c c
0 -
e

0
-1
0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

1
1
U
0 ....
cU
~
E0.5 0 ~
0U c
0
-1
0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

Problem 1-14

(a) A sketch is given below:

From the figure, it is evident that x(t) = u(t) + u(t - 3) - u(t - 5)• u(t- 6).

2.5

5z1.6

0.5 -

a~--~----'----~--~----'-----'-------'-----"
--1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t

(b) The derivative of x() is dx(t)/dt = ~(1) +~(1-3)- ~(1-5)- ~(1-6)

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