Test Bank for Exploring Marriages and

Families 3rd Edition Karen Seccombe

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Theme 1: Linking the Micro-Level and Macro-Level Perspectives on Families
Family as a Social Institution
Social Status and Families
An Example of the Interrelationship of Macro-Level and Micro-Level Perspectives: Unemployment and
Marriage Rates
Theme 2: Families Are Always Changing
Marriage Patterns
Patterns of Authority
Patterns of Descent
Residence Patterns
Families in Transition: China
History of Family Life in the United States
Family Life in Colonial America: European Colonists
Colonial America: African Americans and Slavery
Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration
The Poor and Working Classes
Middle and Upper Classes
The Rise of the “Modern” Family—The 20th Century
Families Today
Theme 3: The Importance of Social Science Theory and Research
How Do We Know What We Know? Methods of Social Research
Theories: Helping Us Make Sense of the World
Structural Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Feminist Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Developmental Theory
Systems Theory
Family Decline or Not? What Does the Research Reveal?
Are We Rejecting Marriage and Family Relationships? Attitudes
Are We Rejecting Marriage and Family Relationships? Behaviors
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 2 Social Status: Sex, Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Social Class
Learning Objectives
The Link Between Private Experiences and Social Structure
Sex, Gender, and Patriarchy
Sex and Gender Differences
Gender Learning
Parents
Schools
Toys
Peers
The Media
How Do Race, Ethnicity, and Class Shape Gender Socialization?
Gender’s Influence on Our Family and Close Relationships: Division of Household Labor
Male Privilege: Patriarchy
Female Genital Mutilation
Does Patriarchy Exist in the United States?
Race and Ethnicity
The Population Is Growing More Diverse
Prejudice and Discrimination: Pervasive Problems
Hispanic Families
Black Families
Asian American Families
Native American and Alaska Native Families
Interracial and Interethnic Families
Social Class
Approaches to Measuring Social Class
The Upper Class
The Upper-Middle Class
The Middle Class
The Working Class
The Working Poor
The Underclass
How Does Social Class Affect Our Family and Close Relationships?
Social Mobility and the Lack of It
Poverty
Who Is Poor?
Consequences of Poverty
Inadequate Health and Nutrition
Quality of the Home Environment
Parental Stress and Mental Health
Fewer Resources for Learning
Housing Problems
Poor-Quality Neighborhoods
The Intersections of Sex, Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Class
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Part II The Foundations of Relationships
Chapter 3 Building Relationships
Learning Objectives
Analyze Singlehood
How Many Stay Single? It Depends on How You Define It
What Does It Mean to Be Single? A Useful Typology
Friendships
Being Friends: Sex Differences
Being Friends: Social Class and Race/Ethnicity
Friendships between Women and Men: Just Friends?
Dating, Courtship, and Mate Selection
A Look at History: Macro-Level Influences on Our Micro-Level Choices
Courtship in Early America
Industrialization, Consumerism, and the Emergence of Dating
Macro Influences Today: Sex and Gender, Race and Ethnicity, Social Class, Sexual Orientation
Gender and Dating
Differences and Similarities in Dating Practices: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Sexual Identity
A Micro View: Who Do We Date and Where Do We Meet?
Dating Trends
Who Do We Date?
Where Do We Meet?
Heterosexual Cohabitation
Who Cohabits?
Attitudes toward Cohabitation: Is It Still “Living in Sin”?
Cohabitation and Marriage
Cohabitation and Children
Gay and Lesbian Intimate Relationships
Commitment and Cohabitation
Similarities and Differences
Differences Between Same-Sex and Heterosexual Couples
Differences Between Lesbian and Gay Couples
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 4 Love and Loving Relationships
Learning Objectives
What Is Love?
Love as Attachment
Attachment in Children
Adult Romantic Attachments
Critique of Attachment Theory
Images of Love in History
Contemporary Ideas about Love
Romance, Romance, and More Romance
Companionate Love
Theoretical Perspectives on Love
Biological and Chemical Perspectives on Love
Sociobiology
Biochemical Approaches to Love
Micro-Level Perspectives on Love
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
John Lee’s Styles of Love
Reiss’s Wheel Theory of Love
Macro-Level Perspectives on Love
Controlling the Development of Love
A Modern-Day Example: India
How We Experience Love
Sex, Gender, and Love
Same-Sex Love
Unrequited Love
The Downside to Relationships and Love
Jealousy
Controlling Behavior
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 5 Sexual Identity, Behavior, and Relationships
Learning Objectives
Overview of Historical and Cultural Influences on Sexuality
Our Sexual Selves: Biology and Culture Intertwined
Sex and Gender
Sexual Orientation
What Determines Sexual Orientation?
Attitudes Toward LGBT
Sexual Scripts
Gender and Sexual Scripts: The Double Standard
Components of the Male and Female Sexual Scripts
The Double Standard in Current Sexual Behavior
Example of the Double Standard: Confusion over the Source of Women’s Pleasure
Studying Human Sexuality
Early Pioneers
More Contemporary Research in Human Sexuality
Sexual Expression throughout Our Lives
Childhood
Teenage Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Motherhood
Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood
Nonmarital Sex and Young Adults
Hooking Up
Gay and Lesbian Sexual Relationships
Sex in Marriage
Extramarital Sex
Sex and the Elderly
Sexual Satisfaction in Committed Relationships
Sex as a Social Problem: Sexually Transmitted Infections
Genital HPV
Chlamydia
HIV and AIDS
History and Development
Current Status
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 6 Communication, Conflict, and Power in Our Relationships
Learning Objectives
The Importance of Communication
The Cultural Context of Communication: Embracing Difference
Race, Ethnicity, and Communication
Social Class and Communication
Cultural Differences
Types of Communication
Are You Listening to Me?
Verbal Communication: It’s All Your Fault
Nonverbal Communication: What Exactly Does that Smile Mean?
Electronic Communication
Sex Differences in Communication
Women’s Patterns
Men’s Patterns
Why Do Women and Men Communicate Differently?
Communicating to Keep Your Relationships Strong: Self-Disclosure
Conflict, Communication, and Problem Solving
Types of Conflict
Intimacy, Communication, and Conflict
Power, Control, and Decision Making
Theories of Power
Resource Theory
Principle of Least Interest
Relative Love and Need Theory
Doing Gender
Power and Control in Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 7 Marriage
Learning Objectives
Marriage: Here, There, and Everywhere
Marriage in U.S. History
Colonial America: Marriage and the Formation of a Nation
Redefining Marriage in the 19th Century
Marriage after the Industrial Revolution
What Is Happening to Marriage Today?
Marriage Rates
Delayed Marriage
Homogamous versus Heterogamous Marriages
Interracial and Interethnic Marriages
Marriage Across Social-Class Boundaries
Interfaith Marriages
Same-Sex Marriage
Changing Attitudes about Marriage
The Marriage Premium: Happiness, Health, and Economic Security
Psychological Well-Being and Happiness
Health
Economic Security
Does Marriage Benefit Everyone Equally?
“His” and “Her” Marriage
Race, Ethnicity, and the Benefits of Marriage
Marital Satisfaction and Success
Types of Marriages
Measuring Marital Satisfaction
What Makes a Successful Marriage?
The Marriage Movement and Covenant Marriage
Peer Marriage
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Part III Parents and Their Children
Chapter 8 Thinking about Parenthood
Learning Objectives
Population and Fertility Trends Worldwide
Fertility and Mortality Rates: The Keys to Understanding Population Growth
Fertility in the United States
Pronatalism
Historical Fluctuation
Delayed Parenthood
The Costs and Rewards of Raising Children
Economic and Opportunity Costs
The Rewards of Parenting
Remaining Childfree
Infertility
Medical Treatment
Surrogacy
The Hidden Emotions of Infertility
Voluntarily Childfree
The Interconnection of Micro and Macro: Childbirth
Childbirth throughout History: Toward Medicalization
Childbirth Today: A More Natural Approach or Not?
Other Paths to Parenthood: Adoption
Closed and Open Adoptions
Public and Private Adoptions
Transracial Adoptions
Single-Parent Adoptions
Adoptions by Gays and Lesbians
International Adoptions
The Transition to Parenthood
Why Is the Transition So Challenging?
Sex Differences in the Transition to Parenthood
What Can Help the Transition to Parenthood?
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 9 Raising Children
Learning Objectives
Parenting: It’s Not the Same Everywhere
Socialization: Learning to Be Human
Theoretical Approaches to How Children Develop
Sigmund Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead: The Self
Social Learning Theory
Who Teaches Our Children? Agents of Socialization
Socialization and Social Class
Socialization, Race, and Ethnicity
Socialization and Gender
Parenting Styles
Mothering
Mothering as an Identity
Mothering as an Activity
Fathering
Fathering as an Identity
Fathering as an Activity
How Do Children Influence Their Parents?
Parenting and Family Contexts
Teen Parents
Single Parents
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Parents
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 10 Families and the Work They Do
Learning Objectives
The Changing Dynamics of the Workplace
Early America
Trends in Child Labor
Women’s Labor Force Participation
The Changing Occupational Structure
Life in a Post-Recession
Unemployment and Families
Unstable Wages and Working Conditions
Part-Time, Nonstandard, and Temporary Work
Disposable Workforce
The Threat of Losing Health Insurance
Family Work at Home
The Division of Household Labor
Who Does What? Housework
Who Does What? Childcare
Renegotiating Family Work
Children’s Labor in the Home
Explanations for the Gendered Division of Labor
Time-Availability Perspective
Relative Resources Perspective
Gender Perspective (“Doing Gender”)
Juggling Work and Family Life
Conflict, Overload, and Spillover
The Time Crunch
Catch 22: Inflexible Full-Time Work or Part-Time Penalty
Who’s Minding the Kids?
Preschool-Age Children
School-Age Children
Effects of Childcare on Children’s Well-Being
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Part IV Family Strengths, Challenges, and Reorganization
Chapter 11 Family Stress and Crisis: Violence among Intimates
Learning Objectives
The Nature of Stress and Crisis
Responses to Stress
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Patterns of Family Crises
Coping or Not: The ABC-X Models
Violence among Intimates
Intimate Partner Violence
How We Define and Measure Intimate Partner Violence?
Are Men or Women More Likely to be Victims? Bias and the CTS
Types of Intimate Partner Violence
Frequency of Intimate Partner Violence
Stalking and Cyberstalking
Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence
Coping with Violence: Leaving and Staying
Violence in Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Dating Violence
Rape and Sexual Assault
Rape and Sexual Assault on College Campuses
“Date Rape” Drugs
Child Abuse and Neglect
Types of Child Abuse
Is Corporal Punishment Child Abuse?
Who Would Abuse Children?
Consequences of Child Abuse
Trafficking
Sex Trafficking
Elder Abuse
Explanations for Violence among Intimates
Micro-Level Explanations
The Intergenerational Transmission of Violence
Stress Explanation
Macro-Level Explanations
Patriarchy
Cultural Norms Support Violence
Norms of Family Privacy
A Synthesis: Power and Control
The Public’s Response
Violence and the Law
Domestic Violence Shelters
Treatment Programs for Abusers
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 12 The Process of Divorce
Learning Objectives
Divorce in the United States
How Common Is Divorce? It Depends on How We Measure It
Historical Trends
Why Do People Divorce?
Micro-Level Factors
Parental Divorce
Age at Marriage
Parental Status
Nonmarital Childbearing
Sex of Children
Race and Ethnicity
Education
Income
Degree of Similarity between Spouses
The Couple’s Ages
Macro-Structural Factors
Level of Socioeconomic Development
Religion
Divorce Laws
Women’s Status and Employment
Attitudes toward Divorce
Experiencing Divorce
The Phases of Separation
The Stations of Divorce
The Emotional Divorce
Legal Divorce
Economic Divorce
Co-parental Divorce
The Community Divorce
The Psychic Divorce
A Helping Hand: Divorce Mediation
Divorce and Children: Child Support
What Are the Effects of Divorce on Children?
Short-Term Effects
Parental Conflict
Loss of a Parent
A Reduced Standard of Living
Adjusting to Transitions
Longer-Term Effects
Age and Sex of the Child
Words of Caution
Which Is Worse for Children—Divorce or Marital Conflict?
Should Divorce Be More Difficult to Obtain?
“Would I Be Happier?”
The “Good Divorce”
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 13 Family Life, Partnering, and Remarriage after Divorce
Learning Objectives
Being Single Again
The Emotional Effects of Divorce
Relationships between Custodial Parents and Children
Issues for Custodial Mothers: Downward Mobility
Custodial Fathers: A Growing Group
Repartnering after a Divorce
Dating Again
Cohabitation after a Divorce
Remarriage
U.S. Demographic Trends: Who Remarries, and When?
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Remarriage
Sex Differences in Remarriage
Satisfaction and Stability of Remarriages
Remarriage among the Elderly
Stepfamilies
Stereotypes of Stepfamilies: The Wicked Stepmother
The Unique Features of Stepfamilies
Multiple Relationships and Dynamics
How Similar Are the Expectations of Stepparents, Parents, and Stepchildren?
Surviving and Thriving in Stepfamilies
How Do Children Fare in Stepfamilies?
Explanations for Added Risk
How Do Adults Fare in Stepfamilies?
Strengthening Stepfamilies
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 14 Families in Middle and Later Life
Learning Objectives
The Demographic Revolution
The Oldest-Old Are Increasing
Elderly Women Outnumber Elderly Men
Aging in Historical Perspective
Ageism
Family Transitions
Children Leaving (and Returning) Home: Boomerangers
Relationships between Adults and Their Elderly Parents
Adult Siblings
The Aging Couple
Marital Satisfaction
Sexuality
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Elders
Childfree Older Families
Widowhood
The Process of Grief and Bereavement
Sex Differences in the Experience of Widowhood
Grandparents and Their Grandchildren
Grandmothers and Grandfathers: Same or Different?
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Grandparenting Styles
Retirement
The Social Construction of Retirement
Men, Women, and Retirement
Health
Activities of Daily Living
Severe Memory Loss
Long-Term Care and Caregiving
Formal Care
Informal Care
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Chapter 15 Looking Ahead: Helping Families Flourish
Learning Objectives
What Do Families Need to Flourish?
Family Resilience
Individual, Family, and Community Factors
What Is Missing? Macro-Level Factors
Family Policy
A “Selective” Approach to Family Benefits
A Universal Approach to Family Benefits
Building Resilience: General Policies and Programs to Support Families
National Health Insurance
Maternity and Family Leaves
Flexible Time and Place of Employment
Living Wage
Earned Income Tax Credit
Welfare: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Child Tax Credit
Specific Policies and Programs for Children
Early Childhood Interventions
Children’s Health Insurance Program
Child Support
Childcare Policies
Specific Policies and Programs for the Elderly
Social Security and Economic Well-Being
Health Policy
What Have We Learned?
Linking the Micro- and Macro-Level Perspectives: Putting Our Choices in Social Context
Families Change: Can We Return to the “Good Old Days”?
Social Science Theory and Research: Can It Tell Me Right from Wrong?
Bringing It Full Circle
Chapter Review
Glossary
References
Name Index