Trigonometry

SHEILA MARIE C. NAVARRO

Representation of Inequalities
• 1. Algebraic Form: 𝑥 > 3

• 2. Interval Form: (3, ∞)

• 3. Graphical Form:
(
3
Properties of Inequalities
For any real numbers a, b, c and d;
1. Only one of the ff. is true: a > b, a < b, a = b
2. If a > b and b > c, then a > c.
3. If a > b, then a + c > b + c
4. If a > b and c > 0, then ac > bc
If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc
5. If a < b and c < d, then a + c < b + d
6. a, b, c, d > 0 . If a < b and c < d, then ac < bd.
7. a and
1
b1 are both positive or both negative, If a < b
then 𝑎 > 𝑏.
Absolute Value and its properties
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥≥0
If 𝑥 is a real number, then 𝑥 =
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥<0

Some Properties:
1. 𝑥 ≥ 0
2. −𝑥 = 𝑥
3. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
4. 𝑦
= 𝑦
Question:
Find the value of x that satisfies the eqn. 4𝑥 + 1 < 5.
a. 𝑥 <1
b. 𝑥 < −1
4𝑥 < 4
c. 𝑥 >1 𝑥<1
d. 𝑥 ≻ −1

ANS: A
Question:
12𝑥−4 5−2𝑥
Find all values of 𝑥 such that < .
3 2
21
a. 𝑥 < 2 12𝑥 − 4 < 3 5 − 2𝑥
30
21
24𝑥 − 8 < 15 − 6𝑥
b. 𝑥 > 30
30𝑥 < 23
23 23
c. 𝑥 < 30
𝑥<
30
23
d. 𝑥 > 30
ANS: C
Question:
Find all values of 𝑥 such that 2𝑥 2 < 5 − 9𝑥.
1 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 5 < 0
a. 𝑥 < −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 2 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 5 < 0
1
1 BP: 𝑥 = 2 ; 𝑥 = −5
b. −5 < 𝑥 < 1
2 −5
2
1
c. 𝑥 ≥ 2𝑥 − 1 − − − 0 +
2 (𝑥 + 5) − 0 + + +
1
d. 𝑥 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = + 0 − 0 +
2
1
Soln: −5 < 𝑥 < 2

ANS: B
Question:
Find all values of 𝑥 such that 4 − 𝑥 > 1.
a. 𝑥 > 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 3
b. 3 < 𝑥 < 5 4−𝑥 >1 or 4 − 𝑥 < −1
−𝑥 ≻ −3 −𝑥 < −5
c. 𝑥 > 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 3 𝑥<3 𝑥>5
d. 𝑥 = 5 and x = 3

ANS: C
Arc Length
𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑆 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ; 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠; 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
Example: The second hand of a clock is 10.2
centimeters long. Find the speed of the tip of this
second hand.

𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃 𝑆 20.4𝜋 𝑐𝑚
𝑆 = 10.2 2𝜋 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = =
𝑡 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑆 = 20.4𝜋 𝑐𝑚 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
Circular Functions
• 𝑃 𝜃 = 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑦 1
• cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 sec 𝜃 = 𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑥 1
• sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 cot 𝜃 = 𝑦 csc 𝜃 = 𝑦
𝜃
Circular Function
𝑃(0) = (1, 0) 𝑃(𝜋/2) = (0, 1)
𝑃 (𝜋) = (−1, 0) 𝑃(3𝜋/2) = (0, −1)
𝜋 3 1 𝜋 2 2
𝑃 = , 𝑃 = ,
6 2 2 4 2 2
𝜋 1 3
𝑃 3
= ,
2 2

180𝑜
To convert radians to degree, multiply by 𝜋
𝜋
To convert degree to radians, multiply by 180𝑜
Question:
The measure of 2.25 revolutions counterclockwise
is:
a. −835° 1 rev = 360 degrees
b. −810° 2.25 ∗ 360 = 810 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
c. 805°
d. 810°

ANS: D
Question:
A certain angle has a supplement five times its
complement. Find the angle.
a. 67.5°
180 − 𝑥 = 5 90 − 𝑥
b. 157.5° 180 − 𝑥 = 450 − 5𝑥
c. 168.5° 4𝑥 = 270
𝑥 = 67.5°
d. 186°

ANS: A
Question:
Among the following, which is the largest?
a. 11/12 rad
b. 175
11𝜋
= 𝟐. 𝟖𝟖
12
c. 2.4 rad
2𝜋
175° × = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟓
360
d. 2/5 rev 𝟐. 𝟒
2 360° 𝜋
𝑟𝑒𝑣 × × = 𝟎. 𝟖
5 𝑟𝑒𝑣 180

ANS: B
Question:
Solve for , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜃, 2 cos 𝜃 + 3 = 2.
5𝜋 11𝜋
a. 6
; 6
2 cos 𝜃 + 3 = 2
2 cos 𝜃 = −1
3𝜋 7𝜋
b. ; cos 𝜃 = −
1
4 4
2𝜋 4𝜋 2
c. 3 3
; In QII and QIII
2𝜋 4𝜋
 5𝜋
d. ; 𝜃= ;
3 3
3 3

ANS: C
Question:
How many different value of 𝑥 from 0° to 180° for the
equation (2 sin 𝑥 − 1)(cos 𝑥 + 1) = 0?
a. 3 2 sin 𝑥 − 1 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0
b. 0 2 sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0 and cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
c. 1 sin 𝑥 = 2
cos 𝑥 = −1
𝜋 11𝜋
d. 2 𝑥 = ;
6 6
x=𝜋

ANS: A
Question:
4 7
If sin 𝐴 = A in quadrant II, sin 𝐵 =
, , B in quadrant
5 25
I,find sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) . 4
sin 𝐴 = 5 ; → 𝑦 = 4; 𝑧 = 5; 𝑥 = −3
3
a. sin 𝐵 =
7
; → 𝑦 = 7; 𝑧 = 25; 𝑥 = 24
5 𝑥= 𝑧2 − 𝑦2 25
2
b. 5 𝑥 of sin 𝐴 is
negative because of sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
3
c. the restriction in
=
4 24
+ −
3 7
4 quadrant 5 25 5 25
4 96 21 𝟕𝟓 𝟑
d. 5
= 125
− 125
= 𝟏𝟐𝟓
or 𝟓

ANS: A
 Circular Function Hexagon
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 Reciprocal Identities Quotient Identities
sin 𝑥 csc 𝑥 = 1 sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 =
tan 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = 1 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥 = 1 cot 𝑥 =
.
sin 𝑥
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 1 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
Phytagorean Identities
sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 = 1
tan2 𝑥 + 1 = sec 2 𝑥
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥
Some Formulas
• General Addition Formula • Double-Value Half-value formulas
Formulas
sin 𝛼 ± 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
𝜃 (1−cos 𝜃)
cos 𝛼 ± 𝛽 = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 • sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 • sin 2 = ± 2
tan 𝛼±tan 𝛽
tan 𝛼 ± 𝛽 = 1∓tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽 cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 𝜃 (1+cos 𝜃)
• cos 2 = ±
• cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1 2

1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 1−cos 𝜃
𝜃 sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 • tan 2 =
• tan 2𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃
1−tan2 𝜃 1+sin 𝜃
Question:
If tan 𝛼 = 2, what is sin2 𝛼? 1 + tan2 𝛼 = sec 2 𝛼
a. 4/9 1 + 2 2 = sec 2 𝛼
5 = sec 2 𝛼
b. 1/5 Can be solve using calculator:
tan 𝛼 = 2 2
cos 𝛼 =
1
5
c. 2/3 𝛼 = arctan 2
sin 𝛼 2
cos2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛼 = 1
d. 4/5 1
+ sin2 𝛼 = 1
5
2
4
sin 𝛼 =
5
ANS: D
Question:
1
If sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = , and sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = −1, find sin3 𝜃 − cos3 𝜃.
2
a. -2
b. -1 = sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃
1
c. 0 = 1 + −1
2
d. 1 =0

ANS: C
Question:
Find the value of y:𝑦 = 1 + cos 2𝜃 tan 𝜃
a. cos 𝜃
= 1 + cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 tan 𝜃
b. sin 𝜃 = 1 + cos2 𝜃 − 1 − cos2 𝜃 tan 𝜃
c. sin 2𝜃 =
2 cos2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
d. cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽

ANS: C
Question
1−tan2 𝛼
Solve for x: 𝑥 = .
1+tan2 𝛼
a. cos 𝛼 =
1 − tan2 𝑥
b. sin 𝛼 sec 2 𝑥
2𝑥
sin
c. cos 2𝛼 = cos 2 𝑥 1 −
cos 2 𝑥
d. sin 2𝛼 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
= cos 2𝑥

ANS: C
Sums and Differences of Sines or
Cosines
x y x y x y x y
sin x  sin y  2sin cos cos x  cos y  2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
x y x y x y x y
sin x  sin y  2 cos sin cos x  cos y  2sin sin
2 2 2 2
1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦)]
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦)]
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = − 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦 ]
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 
arcsin 𝑥 = if and only if sin 𝜃 = 𝑥, − 2   2
arccos 𝑥 = if and only if cos 𝜃 = 𝑥, 0 < 𝜃 < 
arctan 𝑥 = if and only if tan 𝜃 = 𝑥, −∞ < 𝜃 < ∞
Question:
3
Evaluate: arctan 2 cos arcsin . Can be solved using calculator.
Convert degrees to radian if needed.
2
𝜋
a. = arctan 2 cos
𝜋
2 3
𝜋
b. 4 = arctan 2
1
2
c. 𝜋 = arctan(1)
𝜋
𝜋 =
d. 4
6

ANS: B
Question:
Evaluate: arccot 2 cos arcsin 0.5 .
𝜋
a. 60 degrees = arccot 2 cos 6
b. 45 degrees = arccot 2
3
2
c. 30 degrees
= arccot( 3)
d. 90 degrees = arctan
1
3
𝝅
= or 𝟑𝟎°
𝟔

ANS: C
Solution of Right Triangles
SOH-CAH-TOA Area of Triangle
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 1
sin 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴= 2
𝑏ℎ
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cos 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Question:
In a 90-60-30 triangle, if the shortest side is 6 cm,
what is the length of the hypotenuse?
a. 12 This is only applicable
b. 3 3
for 90-60-30 triangle

c. 6 3 2x
𝑥 3
d. 6

x ANS: A
Question:
Find the area of an equilateral triangle with a
perimeter of 9 cm.
a. 4.5 cm 3 2
𝐴 = 4 𝑠 for equilateral triangle
b. 40.5 cm
3
81 3 𝐴= 3 2
c. 𝑐𝑚 4
𝟗 𝟑
2 𝑨=
9 3 𝟒
d. 𝑐𝑚
4
ANS: D
Question:
Two vertical poles 20 m and 80 m high, stand apart
on a horizontal plane. What is the height, in meters,
of the point of intersection of the lines joining the
top of each pole to the foot of the other?
Concept of Similar triangle
a. 18 𝑎+𝑏
=
𝑏 20
=
𝑎
+1
b. 50
20 ℎ ℎ 𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 80 𝑏
= =1+
80 ℎ ℎ 𝑎

c. 16 80
20 ℎ
20 = +1
d. 15
ℎ 80−ℎ
20 80
h = → 1600 − 20ℎ = 80ℎ
ℎ 80−ℎ
a b → ℎ = 16 𝑚 ANS: C
QUESTION:
A ladder 16 feet long leans against the side of a
building. Find the height from the top of the ladder
to the ground if the angle of elevation of the ladder
is 74.
A. 13.8 ft 𝑥
sin 74° = 16
B. 15.4 ft 𝑥 = 16 sin 74
C. 10.5 ft 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒 ft

D. 15 ft 74°
ANS: B
Questions:
On the top of a building is a television tower. From a
point 1000 ft from a point on the ground directly below
the top of the tower, the angle of elevation to the bottom
of the tower is 51.34 and to the top of the tower is
55.81. Find the length of the television tower.
a. 222 ft 𝑎
tan 51.34 = 1000 𝑎 = 1000 tan 51.34
b. 333 ft b 𝑎+𝑏
tan 55.81 = 1000 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1000 tan 55.81
c. 123 ft
𝑏 = 1000 tan 55.81 − 1000 tan 51.34
d. 325 ft 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐 ft
a 55.81
51.34
ANS: A
1000
Solution of Oblique Triangles
Case I: SAA (given 2 angles and 1 side)

Case II; SSA (given 2 sides and an angle opposite

one of the given sides)

Case III: SAS (given 2 sides and the included angle)

Case IV: SSS (given 3 sides)

Solution of Oblique Triangles
Case I and Case II are solved using the law of sines.
a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C b

Case III and Case IV are solved using the law of

cosines. a

a  b  c  2bc cos A
2 2 2
b  a  c  2ac cos C
2 2 2

c  a  b  2ab cos C
2 2 2
Illustration:
Area of triangles
Area of a Triangle (K)
K = ½ bc sin A = ½ ac sin B = ½ ab sin C
K  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c) , where s = ½(a+b+c)

a 2 sin B sin C b 2 sin A sin C c sin A sin B

K  
2sin A 2sin B 2sin C
Question:
A triangle has sides of lengths 2.8 inches, 3.2 inches
and 4.1 inches. Find the area of the triangle.
a. 4.47 sq in
2.8 + 3.2 + 4.1
b. 5.05 sq in 𝑠=
2
= 5.05

c. 20 sq in 𝐴 = 5.05 5.05 − 2.8 5.05 − 3.2 5.05 − 4.1

𝐴 = 19.97
d. 19.97 sq in 𝐴 = 4.47 sq in

ANS: A
Question:
An airplane leaves an aircraft carrier and flies South
at 350 mph. The carrier travels S 30° E at 25 mph. If
the wireless communication range of the airplane is
700 miles, when will it lose contact with the carrier?
a. after 4.36 hours 7002 = 350𝑡 2 + 25𝑡 2 − 2 350𝑡 25𝑡 cos 30°

b. after 2.13 hours 30 25(t)

7002 = 107969.56𝑡 2
c. after 4.54 hours 350(t) 𝑡 2 = 2.13 ℎ𝑟𝑠
d. after 5.57 hours 700 mi
ANS: B
If triangle ABC, angle C=70 degrees; angle A=45
degrees; AB=40 m. What is the length of the median
drawn from vertex A to side BC?
a. 36.8 m B sin 70
40
=
sin 45
𝐵𝐶
b. 37.1 m 40 sin 45
𝐵𝐶 = sin 70
c. 36.3 m
40 𝐵𝐶 = 30.10

d. 37.4 m 45 70 𝑏𝑐
= 15.05
A C 2
15.05
tan 22.5 =
ANS: C
𝑥
15.05
𝑥= = 36.33
tan 22.5
Exponential and Logarithmic
• Exponential n
 1
e , where e  2.718281828459045  1+ 
x

 n
• Logarithmic y  logb x if and only if x = by

log b 1  0 log b x  , if x  0 log b b  x

x

log b xy  log b x  log b y x

log b  log b x  log b y log b x n  n log b x
y
log b N log x
log a N  log x 
ln x ln x 
log b a ln10 log e
Question:
If 10𝑎𝑥+𝑏 = 𝑃, what is the value of 𝑥?
1
a. 𝑎
(log 𝑃 − 𝑏)
log 10𝑎𝑥+𝑏 = log 𝑃
1
b. log(𝑃 − 𝑏) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = log 𝑃
𝑎
1 10−𝑏 1
c. 𝑎
𝑃 𝑥 = log 𝑃 − 𝑏
𝑎
1
d. log 𝑃 10
𝑎
ANS: A
Question:
If log 8 𝑥 = −𝑛, then 𝑥 is equal to:
a. 8𝑛
1
b. log 8 𝑥 = −𝑛
8𝑛
1 𝑥 = 8−𝑛
c. 1
8−𝑛 𝑥= 𝑛
81 8
d.
𝑛

ANS: B