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The biosynthesis of pyrimidines is a fascinating process that involves the
creation of derivatives like orotate, thymine, cytosine, and uracil 6. This process
is different from that of purine nucleotides 1.
The synthesis begins with the combination of carbon dioxide and ammonia to
form carbamoyl phosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by the cytosolic enzyme
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-II1. The six-membered pyrimidine ring is
made first and then attached to ribose phosphate 1.
Pyrimidine nucleotides can be synthesized by a de novo pathway or by the
reutilization of preformed pyrimidine bases or ribonucleosides 1. In the de-novo
synthesis of pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first, and then the pyrimidine
ring is tacked onto the heterocyclic ring 3.
The pyrimidine synthesis pathway is responsible for synthesizing uracil
nucleotides from cytosine and thymine nucleotide precursors 3. This process
occurs in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea. It also occurs during DNA
replication and the repair of damaged or incomplete replicated strands of
DNA3.
In the Pyrimidines, there are three Nucleotide molecules: UTP, CTP, and TTP 3.
The following steps can explain the Denovo pyrimidine synthesis pathway 3:
1. Synthesis of Carbamoyl Phosphate
2. Synthesis of Carbamoyl Aspartate
3. Ring Closure to form dihydroorotate
4. Oxidation of Dihydro Orotate
5. Addition of ribose Phosphate moiety
6. Decarboxylation to form UMP3
The carbamoyl phosphate synthetase used in pyrimidine biosynthesis is
located in the cytoplasm7. The enzyme that carries out the reaction is aspartate
transcarbamoylase, an enzyme that is closely regulated 7..

Source(s)
1. Pyrimidine - Wikipedia
2. Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides, Pyrimidine Nucleotides and ...
3. Pyrimidine Synthesis Pathway: Synthesis of ... - Biochemistry Den
4. https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/biochemistry-ii/purines-and-pyrimidines/
pyrimidine-metabolism
5. https://bing.com/search?q=biosynthesis+of+pyrimidines
6. Purine & Pyrimidine Synthesis (de-novo) | EasyBiologyClass
7. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. - Simple Pharmanotes
8. en.wikipedia.org