UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLGY MARA (UiTM) ,CAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK

DIPLOMA OF BUILDING SURVEYING

REPORT TITTLE:

BST 150

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II

ASSIGNMENT :

INDIVIDUAL

PREPARED FOR:

PUAN SITI ZUBAIDAH BINTI HASHIM

PREPARED BY:

NO. NAME MATRIC NO.

1. AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN ADAM 2022486166

AP1191G

SUBMISSION DATE:

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CONTENT

2.0 Details of Building Selected ........................................................................................... 3-5

3.0 Introduction of Beam and Column.................................................................................. 5-6

4.0 Floor Plan ....................................................................................................................... 7-8

5.0 Method of Construction .................................................................................................. 8-12

6.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 13

7.0 References ....................................................................................................................... 13

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1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all those who have
contributed to the completion of this project. Firstly, I am deeply thankful to my lecture, Mrs. SITI
ZUBAIDAH BINTI HASHIM for their guidance, support, and valuable insights throughout the
research process. I am also indebted to the my group members of this study for their willingness to
provide their time and expertise. Their contribution has been invaluable in generating meaningful
results. Last but not least, this work would not have been possible without the collective efforts of all
these individuals, and I express my heartfelt appreciation to each and every one of them.

2.0 DETAILS OF BUILDING SELECTED

2.1 TITLE

I have made the decision to use one of the UITM SERI ISKANDAR buildings in my report. I
made the decision to conduct all the work and measure at Annex 3.

ANNEX 3 is located beside Uptown UITM Seri Iskandar

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2.2 BUIDLING AREA

2.3 LAND AREA

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This is the proof that our plan area is fulfil the requirements of this work project because this plan area

has every building structure which that are the most important things to do this work.

3.0 INTRODUCTION OF BEAM AND COLUMN

3.1 BEAM

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 Beams are horizontal or angled structural components that primarily support vertical
loads, such as the weight of the walls, floors, and other superimposed loads. They are made to
withstand shear stresses and bending moments. Beams normally have a greater span than depth, and
depending on the structural needs, their cross-sectional shape might change. Beams are frequently
used to provide the framework for floors, roofs, and bridges. Steel, reinforced concrete, and wood are
just a few of the materials that can be used to make them. The choice of the beam's material is
influenced by things like load capacity, span length, structural design, and cost concerns.

3.2 COLUMN

Columns, which are often referred to as pillars or posts, are vertical load-bearing
components that support the superstructure and carry vertical loads to the base. They mainly
withstand compressive pressures and keep the structure stable. To bear vertical stresses and prevent
buckling, columns are often built with high levels of strength and stiffness.

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4.0 FLOOR PLAN

Beam

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 Column

5.0 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

5.1 Method for Beam

1. Preparation and Excavation for Grade Beam

Based on its level, trenches for the grade beam are dug. On the other hand, if the grade
beam is built directly on the ground, the ground will first need to be levelled and prepared. After
completing the pile construction, excavations will start where the grade beam is employed in between
the piles as indicated in Fig. 1. When the grade beam is utilised in conjunction with footings,
however, the excavation of the grade beam's trenches will be done alongside the footing's. Last but
not least, installing forms is the initial stage in building a grade beam if the grade is created above the
surface of the earth.

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 2. Formwork Installation for Grade Beam

Following site preparation and trench excavation, forms will be installed in accordance
with the beam's dimensions, which must be specified in the design drawings. If the grade beam is
built on the ground, the form's bottom must be put before its sides. In this instance, a flat soling brick
rather than a bottom shutter is constructed along the grade beam. Following that, either the
reinforcement cage is positioned on the flat soling brick before the side shuttering is fastened, or the
form is positioned on one side before the reinforcements are installed. The formwork construction
would be comparable to that of a conventional beam if the grade beam was built above the ground.
Shutters must therefore be installed on the grade beam's bottom and on both sides. In this situation,
formwork can either be fixed entirely before the placement of reinforcements, or it can be fixed
partially before the placement of reinforcements, followed by the installation of side shutters. These
building methods were chosen for their simplicity and convenience. Last but not least, ensure that the
necessary grade beam dimensions are given, including adequate reinforcing cover, following the
completion of the grade beam formwork. Additionally, it is necessary to inspect the verticality of the
side shutters, the strength of the shuttering, the waterproofness, the strength of the supports of the
grade beam formworks, and the placement of the grade beam.

3. Placing Reinforcement of Grade Beam

The placement of the necessary reinforcements, such as the size and number of
longitudinal reinforcements and their required length, the number and spacing of stirrups, and the
placement of top, bottom, and extra reinforcements, lap length and placement, hooks, and spacers,
begins after finishing shuttering or the placement of flat soling bricks for the bottom of the grade
beam.

4. Pouring Concrete for Grade Beam

Concrete can be machine-mixed on-site or used for ready-mixed grade beam casting. In the case
of a big concrete volume, the former is preferred. When ready-mix concrete is utilised, the provider
just needs concrete strength. However, the ratio of the concrete ingredients must be determined if on-
site machine mix concrete is used. The poured concrete must be properly compacted using vibration
equipment or any other suitable method before the top of grade beam is finished. The grade beam's
side shutter can finally be removed 24 hours after concrete has been poured. But until the concrete
reaches its strength, the bottom shutter cannot be removed. The clear beam span determines how long
it will take to strip the bottom shutter.

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5.2 Method for Column

There are four step involve to construct RCC column

1) Colum layouts
2) Column reinforcement work
3) Column formwork
4) Pouring of concrete

1. Layout of Column

Column layouts are done by laying rope in the grid lines and mark the location of columns

2. Column Reinforcement
• Verify the vertical bars' numbers and diameter.
• Spacing between vertical bars
• Check Development length which depends on diameter of bar
• Lapping in adjacent bars should be at the same level.
• The illustration specifies the distance between stirrups.
• Hook should be bend properly at right angles.

3. Column Formwork

Columns are essential because they support the weight of the structure. In order for the
weight to be transmitted efficiently, it is crucial that they are vertically aligned. The column shuttering
needs to be sturdy enough to withstand the weight of freshly laid concrete and hold steady while
concreting.

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Guidelines on Column Shuttering

1) To hold the concrete shuttering firmly in place and for proper alignment a concrete pad called
starter is cast before fixing the shuttering. The thickness is about 45 mm to 60 mm and
dimensions are precisely the same as the dimensions of proposed column. The starter should
be cured for a day or 2 so that it is hard enough to fix the shuttering around it.
2) Column box or shuttering for columns is made of plywood sheets or steel sheets fabricated
with adequate stiffeners.
3) To make the column removal process simple once the concrete has dried and become hard, a
thin film of oil or grease should be placed to the interior of the shuttering.
4) In order to achieve precision in dimensions, shuttering needs to be precisely aligned with
respect to its verticality and diagonals.
5) To ensure that the formwork does not shift during the concrete pour, it must be firmly
supported with props of the appropriate size.
6) The gaps near the shuttered joints should be sealed with plaster or a piece of wood to prevent
any leakage of slurry.
7) The inner face of the shutter must have enough room to accommodate strengthening by
mounting cover blocks that are about 40mm thick.
8) It is preferable to remove shutters after 24 hrs. of casting and if they need to be removed
earlier, it should not be removed within sixteen hours.
9) To avoid damaging the edges of the columns, the shutters must be removed slowly and
without jerks.
10) Care should be taken regarding fixing and supports of column shuttering to prevent it from
movement during concreting.
11) To maintain dimensional accuracy, shuttering angles need to be examined.

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 4. Pouring of Concrete

Pouring concrete can be done by :

Manual

With the help of machine

Following points to be followed during and after concreting:

 For smaller quantities, machine-mixed concrete is produced, and ready-mixed concrete

(RMC) is obtained for greater quantities.
 Any concrete placement, whether done manually or with a pump, requires the client's
approval.
 Up to the bottom of the slab, concrete should be poured; the remaining column will be
concreted after the slab and beam are poured.
 The column must use a mechanical vibrator, however excessive vibration can lead to
segregation. Each layer needs to be firmly crushed.
 The desired droop is 160 mm.
 Concrete should not be poured above 1.5 metres.
 In the column, construction joints ought to be avoided.
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  Maintain proper cover in accordance with structural drawings.
 Concrete should be poured while the temperature is below 30 degrees.
 The horizontalness and verticality of the column must be verified after the concrete has been
poured and vibrated with the use of a vibrator.

6.0 Conclusion

To sum up, Understanding an architectural design or building's organisation, structure, and

functionality requires knowledge of its floor plan. They provide essential insight into the spatial
organisation, scale, proportions, structural elements, building systems, circulation, accessibility, and
architectural intent of the project, which aids in its evaluation, communication, and execution.

In addition, Building columns and beams is a multi-stage procedure that includes design and
engineering, the installation of formwork, the placement of reinforcement, the pouring of concrete,
and more. It also affects a building's structural stability, load distribution, construction efficiency,
quality assurance, level of safety, and need for future maintenance. Adherence to industry laws and
regulations as well as suitable construction techniques have an impact on the overall success and
durability of the structure.

7.0 Reference

Types of RCC Column and its Construction Methods. (2016, October 16). The Constructor.

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-rcc-column-construction/13700/?amp=1

Concrete Grade Beam Construction Process - The Constructor. (2018, September 12). The
Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/concrete/grade-beam-construction-process/24513/?amp=1

Beam | architecture | Britannica. (2023). In Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/beam-architecture

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