PROGRAMME DUB1A

COURSE CODE DCQ10033

COURSE NAME CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC SUBSTRUCTURE WORK

CONSTRUCT 1. PAD FOUNDATION

2. COLUMN STUMP
3. GROUND BEAM
4. GROUND SLAB
5. FLOOR BEAM
6. COLUMN
7. ROOF BEAM
GROUP MEMBERS 1. ELTON ROLAND BIN MUJAH
07DUB21F2017
2. MOHAMAD HAKIM BIN JAMALUDDIN @ ADNIN
07DUB21F2019
3. AHMAD ADHAM BIN AHMAD TARMIZI
07DUB21F2012
4. ALEXZENDER ALLAN AZLAN
07DUB21F2001
5. BIRAVINAA A/P RAJENDRAN
07DUB21F2018

PAD FOUNDATION
What is pad foundation?
- Pad foundations are rectangular or circular pads used to support localized
loads such as columns. They are more common on larger purpose built
structures such as industrial units or other commercial buildings to support
large roofed structures.

Function of foundation
- Pad foundation is commonly used for shallow foundations in order to carry
and spread concentrated loads, caused for example by columns or pillars.
Isolated footings can consist either of reinforced or non-reinforced material.
Design of Pad Footing (foundation)

1. Calculate the size of the footing considering allowable bearing

pressure and service load.

2. Calculate the bearing pressure for ultimate loads.

3. Check the vertical line shear (shear at face of the column)

4. Check for punching shear.

5. Calculate reinforcement for bending.

6. Check shear at critical section.

Pad foundation is generally shallow foundations, but can be deep

depending on the ground conditions. They are a form of spread
foundation formed by rectangular, square, or sometimes circular
concrete pads that support localized single-point loads such as structural
columns, groups of columns or framed structures.

The depth of a pad foundations are typically between 600mm – 2000mm

but once the pad becomes too deep, it may not be economical anymore,
and it may be better to use pile foundations.
COLUMN STUMP

What is column stump?

Column stump is that column is a solid upright structure designed usually to support a
larger structure above it, such as a roof or horizontal beam, but sometimes for
decoration while stump is the remains of something that has been cut off, especially
the remains of a tree, the remains of a limb.

Function of column stump?

The stump is the simplest and most familiar footing used for the vertical support and
the transfer of building loads to the foundation. Stumps are used to support timber-
framed houses for which they are currently the most cost effective.
Advantages of using column stump
The stumps do not rot or decay as easily as wood. They are resistant to the levels of
humidity and the heat in the city, which allows them to retain their shape and solidity
in all weather conditions. Once the stumps are inserted into the ground, they require
minimal maintenance.

Build step by step column stump

-COLUMN LAYOUT WORK. This is first step of column construction. In this step,
the location of columns is decided practically in the field. It is done by laying rope as
per the grids are shown in the drawing and afterward, the location of columns are
marked.
 -COLUMN REINFORCEMENT WORK. When marking of column location is
done, the reinforcement of columns is placed according to the structural drawing.

COLUMN FORMWORK. The floor height is normally kept at 10 feet. If the slab
contains beam, then concrete has to be poured up to the beam bottom level. For
example, if the beam height is given in the drawing is 1’-6”, the casting height of
column and formwork will be 8’-6”.
-POURING CONCRETE INTO COLUMN. Concrete pouring is the final step for
column construction. It can be done in two different methods which is manually and
using machine or pump.
GROUND BEAM
What is ground beam?
Ground beam is an important structure to receive the load of building. The beam fixes
and holds the columns in order to stabilize it. In addition, it also acts to bear all the
loads come from the wall which constructed parallel with the beam.

Function of ground beam

Ground beam is used to support brick work and block work. It is used at the edge
of in situ concrete floor slab, where they form permanent shuttering. They tend to
be square or rectangular in section. Ground beam is also designed to incorporate
notches, end detail and sloping faces.
Ground Beam Construction Proses
1. Preparation and Excavation for Ground Beam

2. Formwork Installation for Ground Beam

3. Placing Reinforcement of Ground Beam

4. Pouring Concrete for Ground Beam

GROUND SLAB
What is a ground slab?
Ground slabs are those slabs that are poured directly into excavated trenches in the
ground. They rely entirely on the existing ground for support. The ground or more
correctly known in the construction industry as the foundation, must be strong
enough to support the concrete slab.

Function of ground slab

The function is to provide a flat surface. To act as sound, heat and fire
insulator. It provides a covering shelter or working flat surface in buildings. Its
primary function is to transfer the load by bending in one or two directions
SLAB CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1. Preparation of formwork

2. Compaction of a slab bed

3. Placement of reinforcement

4. Pouring, compacting and finishing the concrete

5. Removing formwork and curing the concrete slab.

Floor Beam

What is floor beam?

Floor beam is a beam which is the direct support of the floor load of a building
and transfers this load to the adjacent girders or columns is a floor beam or
floor joist. Floor beams are usually made of steel, reinforced concrete or wood.

Function

The function of a floor beam is to support the building’s floor load. Floor beams is to
withstand the combined weight of stacked materials above and transfers the weight to
girders. The larger the building, the larger and heavier beams are used.
Column
What is a column?
A column or otherwise known as a pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a
structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure
above to other structural elements below. Column is a compressive member and it is a
vertical member. It is a large round support with a capital and a base or pedestal.

Function of columns

Columns are designed to resist lateral forces for the purpose of wind and
earthquake engineering. Columns are mostly use to support beams and
arches on which the upper parts of wall or ceilings rest. Columns might also
be used as a decorative element and not structural support. Columns are
typically constructed from stone, bricks, blocks, concrete, timber, steel or
other materials that have good compressive strength. Traditionally column
consists of three main parts which is the base, the shaft and the capital. The
types of columns used in construction are Rectangular column, Circular
column, Axially Loaded Column and Reinforced Concrete Column (RCC).
Method of Construction (RCC Column)

There are FOUR main steps in the construction of a RCC column.

1. Column Layout
The first step in building a column is to have the column layout. In this step,
the locations of columns are decided in the field. The layouts proceeds by
surveying instruments. The locations are identified and marked after marking
the grid lines at the site.
2. Column Reinforcement Work

The second part is the column reinforcement work. The reinforcement work on
site requires to follow a checklist after the marking of column location is done.
For example checking the numbers and diameters of the vertical bars, the
spacing between the vertical bars, Lapping in alternate bars to come at the same
height and not coming inside beam or slab. Lapping l/3 or 2l/3 of column.
Checking the spacing between stirrups and checking if the hook bends properly
at the right angles and also check the stirrups corner.
3. Column Formwork

Formwork or shuttering in concrete construction is used as a mold for a

structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types
of concrete formwork construction depends on formwork material and type of
structural element. Columns carry heavy load of the structure so it is critical
and important to align column for verticality so that the loads transmit properly.
The Shuttering of the column should be strong enough to take the pressure
from fresh concrete and to remain in position throughout the concreting
process. And it is crucial to follow the guidelines while working on the
shuttering of the column to ensure accuracy in concrete work.
4. Concreting of Column

There are two methods for concreting RCC column which is by manual labour
or by the help of machinery or concrete pump. There are a few keypoints that
workers should follow during and after the concreting process for a column.
 Manual concrete pouring

Concrete work by pump machinery

Roofbeam

What is roofbeam?
A roof beam is a load-bearing member that is integral to the strength of the
building.
Function of Roof Beam
The function of the roof beam is to support the floor or the roof above while
adding integrity to the walls. It also supports joists, trusses and other roofing
elements. A roof beam will be the thickest and most important element of a
roof or levels within a building.

Type Of Materials for roof beam

1.Wood
-use of wood is often seen in the construction of roofbeam wooden houses such
as traditional houses, village houses.
2.Steel
- steel are often used on outdoor roofbeams such as roof awnings

3.Concrete
-The use of concrete roofbeam is often seen in the construction of large buildings.
This is because concrete has a strong strength to withstand loads and last longer.
Conclusion

As a conclusion, substructure work is an extremely important part of a building

construction. The hidden substructure or underbuilding plays a huge part for a strong
foundation for a building. Substructure works which includes the pad foundation,
ground beam, ground slab, column stump, column and roof beam are the ultimate
safeguards for buildings against the forces of wind, uplift, soil and pressure. Hence,
the knowledge and professionalism of construction work for substructure is crucial
and important for a strong building.