CEM3

Conventional vs mechanized methods

Mechanization is the process of shifting from working largely or exclusively by hand to do that
work using machines. The construction projects are becoming more demanding and
complicated in construction and delay of projects would arise if conventional construction
method is used.

Delays in construction are costly and have prompted developers to embrace mechanization.
Construction machineries are used in order to achieve larger output, cost-effective, execution of
work that is not feasible by manual efforts, reduce the amount of heavy manual work which
would cause fatigue, maintaining large output, and finalize projects on time.

Mechanization is based on rented construction equipment is cost effective. construction

equipment when rented can be exactly to match the requirement. For rented equipment, time to
make the equipment ready for operation is important.

Conventional construction is a method of ordinary or standard construction. It commonly

involves the utility of traditional materials, and remains within a particular set of parameters.
Most conventional structure buildings are based upon plans of moderate and simple
measurements, as well as regular floor plans. While prefabricated construction is quicker, it
doesn’t always produce the same dependability as conventional construction. The beauty of
conventional construction is that it causes no two buildings to be the same; each building
constructed this way is individually designed from the ground up. Conventional structure
buildings also possess an exceptional durability that is specific to this method. Progressive
Construction, Inc. has gained experience in an extensive amount of construction types; if a
commercial/industrial conventional structure building is the choice for you, PCI will go above
and beyond to first satisfy, then transcend your demands

Shallow Foundations
Foundations provided immediately beneath the lowest part of the structure, near to the ground
level are known as shallow foundations.
Shallow foundations are further classified into the following types:

Wall footings
Spread footing or open trench foundations
Grillage foundations
Raft foundations
Stepped foundations
Inverted arch foundations

Foundations constructed by increasing the are at the base of the structure by means of offsets,
are called spread footing foundations. In such foundations, spread is given under the base of a
wall or a column by providing offsets. This spread is known as footing and the foundation itself is
called spread footing.

This is a common and the simplest type of spread footing foundation; It consists of a number of
courses of bricks, the lowest being usually twice the thickness of wall above. In this type of
foundation, the base width of the wall is increased by providing 5cm (one-fourth of brick length)
offsets on either side of the wall. The depth of each course is usually 10 cm
In some cases, however, the bottom course is made 20cm deep. In the case of footing for store
walls, the size of offset is slightly more than that of the brick wall footing

Method of Construction of Wall Footing:

For constructing wall footing, a bed of lean cement concrete (1:8:16) is first laid over the entire
length of the wall. The thickness of this lean concrete bed is usually kept 15cm and its width is
kept 20 to 30 cm more than that of the bottom course.
Grillage Foundation:
The foundation which consists of one or two tiers of wooden or rolled steel section with space
filled up with concrete is known as Grillage foundation. This is so called because the bed
constructed in this type of foundation is called grillage. This type of construction avoids deep
excavation and provides the necessary area at the base of the structure to reduce the intensity
of pressure within the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

RAFT FOUNDATION :
The foundation consisting of a thick R.C.C slab covering the whole area of a mat is known as
raft foundation.

Method of construction of Raft Foundation:

In Raft Foundation construction the whole area is dug out to the specified depth and 30 cm
more wide than the area to be covered.
The bed is compacted and sprinkled over with water.
Then a layer of lime concrete or lean concrete ( 1: 8 : 16 ) is laid to a suitable thickness to act as
a bottom cover.
After this, the reinforcement is laid. The reinforcement consists of closely spaced bars placed at
right angles to one another.
Then the cement concrete (1 : 2 : 4 ) is laid and compacted to the required thickness.
The concrete slab so laid is then properly cured
When loads are excessive, thick concrete beams running under the columns can also be
constructed.
STEPPED FOUNDATION :
Another types of foundation is stepped foundation, For Stepped Foundation Construction,
excavation is done into steps having short length and uniform thickness and the masonry work
is done on the horizontal bed of concrete thus prepared.

If there is any possibility of slipping of the structure bodily, R.C.C piles can be driven along its
base concrete on the sloping side

INVERTED ARCH FOUNDATION :

The foundation consisting of inverted arches between the piers is known as inverted arch
foundation. In this type of foundation, the load from the piers is transferred to the soil by
constructing arches in inverted position at their at their base. The rise of the inverted arches is
about one - fifth to one - tenth of the span and they are usually build in half-brick rings
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:
For constructing this type this type of foundation;
Excavation is done to the required depth.
The bottom of the excavation is leveled and compacted
Then the foundation concrete is laid to the required thickness and finished according to the
layout of the arches to be constructed under the piers.
The arch rings, usually half brick thick, are then built in cement mortar and piers are
constructed.
The end piers should be designed and constructed to take the outward thrust caused by arch
action.

DEEP FOUNDATION:
The foundation constructed sufficiently below ground level with some artificial arrangements
such as piles, wells etc, at their base are called deep foundations. Deep foundation are further
classified into the following types ;
Pile foundation
Well foundation
Caisson foundation
1) PILE FOUNDATION:
Pile Foundation
A foundation (spread footing or grillage) supported on piles is called a pile foundation. A pile
foundation usually consists of a base of spread footing or grillage supported by piles at their
bottom. Piles distribute the load of structure to the soil in contact either by friction alone or by
friction combined with bearing at their ends

The Basic Requirements of Formwork

FORM WORK

The mould made up from some rigid materials such as timber or steel plates in which concrete
is placed and in which it is hardens is called as formwork.

Form work is generally made from inexpensive timber planks.

These are combined or stick together to form a required mould for structural members like
beams, slabs, columns, foundation etc....

Steel formwork is used in the form of plates which can be bolted together to form the different
moulds of different shapes.

Formwork is combination of- Shuttering, Centering, Staging, Scaffolding.

1. Shuttering
Shuttering is a vertical temporary arrangement which is arranged to bring concrete in a desired
shape.
Formwork which supports vertical arrangement is known as shuttering.
Formwork for columns, footings, retaining walls is called as a Shuttering.
2. Centering
Centering is a temporary arrangement & part of formwork which is arranged to support
horizontal members.
In a technical point of view, the formwork for floor beams & Slabs is called as a Centering.
3. Scaffolding
Formwork is arranged to support the structural members, whereas scaffolding is provided as a
worker’s platform around the building to work at heights.
Scaffolding is a movable or fixed platform depending upon the use and site conditions.
4. Staging
Materials such as wooden ballies, pipes, props, jacks which support both shuttering & centering
are known as Staging.
FORM-WORKS GENERALLY CONSISTING OF TWO PARTS
1. Mould or platforms.
2. Support system or centering
MATERIALS USED FOR FORMWORK -
The materials used in the formwork are depends upon their availability and the cost.
Mainly three materials are used for formwork
1. Timber
2. Plywood
3. Steel

Modular construction refers to a process in which building components are constructed off-site.
These components are then transported as a completed component to a building site. The
modular construction institute reported that modular construction allowed projects to be
completed in a half the time of the conventional construction, with the conclusion that the
modular construction eliminated weather delays because 60%–90% of the construction work
was achieved inside the factory

It showed modular structures of being lifted and assembled. Easier construction management,
improvement of safety and security, sustainable designs, and substantial reduction in the
construction period can be offered by the modular construction
It suggested the use of modular construction to save construction time compared with that of the
site-built construction schedule. Although the conventional modular construction shortens the
construction period, the modules were not suitable for high-rise building systems.

What are the Types of Frame Structures?

Rigid Frame System
Rigid frame system, which is also termed as moment frame systems, consists of linear element
like beams and columns. The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. It is used in
steel and reinforced concrete buildings. Rigid frames are characterized by the lack of pinned
joints within the frame, and typically statically indeterminate.
A rigid frame is capable of resisting both vertical and lateral loads by the bending of beams and
columns

Braced Frame System

Braced frames are composed of beams and columns that are “pin” connected with bracing to
resist lateral loads. This type of frame simple to analyze and simple to construct. The resistance
to lateral forces in obtained through both horizontal and vertical bracing.
Many types of bracing can be used for example,
knee-bracing, diagonal bracing, X bracing, K or chevron bracing, and shear walls that resist
lateral forces in the plane of the wall. This frame system provides more efficient resistance
against the earthquake and wind forces. It is more effective than rigid frame system.
What are Modern Methods of Construction?
Precast Flat Panel System
This method of construction involves the procedure of making floor and wall units off site. For
this, separate factory outlets and facilities is required.

Once the panel units are made as per the design specification and requirements, they are
brought to the site and placed. This method is best suited for repetitive construction project
activities

3D Volumetric Construction
As the name implies, the 3D volumetric construction involves the manufacture of 3D units in the
form of modules in off site. At the time of installation, they are brought to the site and assembled
module by module.

Each modular unit manufactured are 3D units, hence this construction is called as 3D volumetric
construction or modular construction

Flat Slab Construction

The flat slabs are structural elements that are highly versatile in nature. This is this versatility
that it is used widely in construction. The flat slab provides minimum depth and faster
construction. The system also provides column grids that are flexible.

Flat Slab Construction

Fig.3.Flat Slab Construction

Wherever it is necessary to seal the partitions to the slab soffit as a reason of acoustic and fire
concerns, the flat slabs are a desirable solution

Precast Concrete Foundations

For the rapid construction of foundation, the precast concrete system can be employed. This
method is more suited for a bespoke design.

Here, the elements required for the construction of foundation are constructed separately in the
factory (off site) and brought to the site and assembled. The manufactured product must have
the assured quality as specified by the designer.

Twin Wall Technology

The twin wall technology is a hybrid solution of wall system that combines the qualities of
erection speed and precast concrete with the structural integrity of in-situ concrete. This type of
wall system guarantees structural integrity and waterproof reliability for the structure
Insulating Concrete Formwork

The system of insulating concrete formwork (ICF) have twin walled panels that are either
polystyrene panels or blocks are employed. These are built quickly to create the formwork as
the wall of the buildings
Concrete Walls and Floors
Concrete walls are mainly applied for seat walls, retaining wall, decorative exterior, and interior
finishes.

The concrete is also used a flooring material. As per the latest technology, the concrete floors
can be provided with good finish to provide smooth and attractive flooring

Meaning of PERT
Program (Project) Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is an activity to understand the
planning, arranging, scheduling, coordinating and governing of a project. This program helps to
understand the technique of a study taken to complete a project, identify the least and minimum
time taken to complete the whole project. PERT was developed in the 1950s, with the aim of the
cost and time of a project.

Meaning of CPM
Critical Path Method or CPM is a well-known project modelling technique in project
management. It is a resource utilising algorithm that was developed in the 1950s by James
Kelly and Morgan Walker.
CPM is mainly used in projects to determine critical as well as non-critical tasks that will help in
preventing conflicts and reduce bottlenecks.
In essence, CPM is about choosing the path in a project that will help in calculating the least
amount of time that is required to complete a task with the least amount of wastage.
The Critical Path Method or CPM has been used in many industries starting from defence,
construction, software, aerospace, etc.

Advantages of CPM

Provides an outline for long term coordination and planning of a project

Recognizes critical activities
Easy to plan, schedule and control project
It improves productivity
Manages the resource needed
Disadvantages of CPM

For beginners its difficult to understand

Software too expensive
Sometimes, to structure CPM is too time-consuming
It cannot control and form the schedule of a person involved in the project
Allocation of resources cannot be monitored properly

CPM in Project Management?

The Critical Path Method in project management is a step-by-step technique used in the
planning process that explains the critical and non-critical activities of a project. CPM goals are
to check time-bound issues and process that causes blockage in the project. The CPM is
preferably applicable to projects that involve various activities that are associated with a
complex method. Once CPM is applied, it will help you keep your projects on track.
Helps you recognize the action that needs to be performed on time so that the whole project is
completed on time.
Indicates which responsibilities can be delayed and for how long without affecting the overall
project plan.
Determines the least amount of time it will take to accomplish the project.
Tells you the newest and latest time each activity can start on in order to manage the schedule.
The term of each action is listed above each joint in the diagram. For an individual path, insert
the duration of each node to ascertain the total duration. The critical path is the one that has the
longest duration.

How to Make a PERT Chart?

To prepare a PERT Chart, the following steps need to be followed.
Recognize particular projects and milestones.
Decide the precise sequence of the project.
Create a network diagram.
Determine the time needed for each project activity.
Manage the critical path.
Update the PERT chart as the project progresses.