Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • That Confounded P-Value

    Uploaded by

    Andre Lanzer
    5 views2 pages
    Lang, J.M.; Rothman, K.J. and Cann, C.I. Thah counfounded P-value. Epidemiology 9(1): 7-8. 1998.

    Original Title

    That confounded P-value

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Lang, J.M.; Rothman, K.J. and Cann, C.I. Thah counfounded P-value. Epidemiology 9(1): 7-8. 1998.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    5 views2 pages

    That Confounded P-Value

    Uploaded by

    Andre Lanzer
    Lang, J.M.; Rothman, K.J. and Cann, C.I. Thah counfounded P-value. Epidemiology 9(1): 7-8. 1998.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 2
    Epidemiology January 1998, Volume 9 Number 1 usual formulation of a causal hypothesis in terms of counterfactual conditionals is: “If tis sick person had not been exposed, the disease would not have occurred.” Applied to a cohort itis translated: “If these people had not been exposed, the incidence of disease would have been lower.” This formulation’ does-not work for case- ontrl suis because the condition If the cases had rot been exposed” automatically makes the exposure ‘odds zero. But suppose we reformulate the condition as: “Ifthe cases had a been given a preventive that severed the link between exposure and disease.” Now the expo- sure odds among cases (in this counterfactual scenario) would be expected to equal the odds in the denominator population that produced the cases. In other words, “case-counterfactual” (that is, case- control) studies ask the question: what is the ratio be- tween the observed exposure odds and the expected exposure odds that would have been observed among cases if the effect(s) of exposure had been prevented? Sometimes, an actual control group is not needed to answer this question; for example, among cases of schizo phrenia, males substantially outnumber females. We do not need a control group to know that, in the absence of 1a gender effect (or serious confounding), the sex ratio should be about 1. Likewise, the case-specular design does not need an actual control group if power lines are allocated randomly to this or that side of the street:

    You might also like