Metallurgy 1 Practicum

Report
Module : Hardness
GROUP : 29
LECTURER/CLASS : Suwarno. ST. M.Sc. PhD. / Y

ASISSTANT : Mahdiyyah Dwima Yanisa

MEMBERS :
1. Benedikto Bona Baskoro Saragi 02111940000049

i
 Abstract

In industrial process, material is the vital thing that need to be calculated

carefully with minimum mistakes room. It is because many of industrial things are
uses by many people. If during making process there is a mistakes, it will cause fail
not only to the tools but also hurt the person involved. In order to select the correct
material with the correct purpose, we need to know the materials characterictic and
materials properties. One of materials property is hardness. By doing hardness test
we can measure material’s characteristic. Hardness test have many methods with
different purpose, they are Rockwell test, Brinell test, and Vickers test.
Brinell method is suitable for testing the hardness of soft metals through to
hard metals. In Brinell test, the size of indentation left by the indenter is measured.
The larger the indent left in the surface of a specimen by the Brinell indenter with
a defined ball diameter and a defined test force, the softer the tested material. In
rockwell hardness test, a differential depth method, the residual depth of the indent
made by the indentor is measured. The rockwell method measures the permanent
depth of indentation produced by a load on an indenter. In the Vickers hardness test,
an optical method, the size of indentation (the diagonals) left by the indenter is
measured. In contrast, the depth of indentation caused by the indenter is measured
in the depth measurement
Material have high value of hardness, at the same time it also has high value
of strength. Hardness level of a material equal to it’s strength level. Hardness
measure endurance of materials from deformation at some area on the material that
caused by load while strength is endurance of material from deformation on the
entire material surface.

Keywords : Hardness, Brinell, Rockwell

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………ii
Table of Content………………………………………………………………….iii
Table of Figure…………………………………………………………………….v
List of Table………………………………………………………………………vi
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………….........7
1.1 Background...…………………….…………………………………7
1.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………..7
1.3 Scope of The Problem……………………………………………...7
Chapter 2 Theories…...…………………………………………………………....8
2.1 Hardness…………………………………………………………..8
2.2 Definition, specification, and importance of hardness testing and
material’s hardness number……………………………..…………….8
2.3 Hardness number from hardness testing….………………………8
2.4 Each Hardness test advantages and limitations..………………….9
2.4.1 Rockwell Test…………………………………………………9
2.4.2 Brinell Test…………………………………………………...10
2.4.3 Vickers Test………………………………………………….10
2.5 Hardness Scale Conversion……………………………………...11
2.6 Sinking and Ridging……………………………………………..12
2.7 Mechanical properties of aluminium plate, bolt head and chisel..12
Chapter 3 Methodology…………………………………………………………..13
3.1 Apparatuses and Workpieces Used in Testing……………...…….13
3.2 Testing Steps...…………………………………………………….13
3.3 Flowchart………………………………………………………….14
3.3.1 Rockwell Test………………………………………………..14
3.3.2 Brinell Test…………………………………………………..15
3.3.3 Vickers Test………………………………………………….16
Chapter 4 Result and Analysis…………………………………………………...17
4.1 Test Data Result…………………………………………………...17
4.2 Test Data Exposure………………………………………………..17
4.2.1 Brinell Test…………………………………………………….17
4.2.2 Rockwell Test…………………………………………….........17
4.2.3 Vickers Test……………………………………………………18
4.3 Data Analysis and Calculation……………………………………18
4.3.1 Brinell Test…………………………………………………….19
4.3.2 Rockwell Test………………………………………….............22
4.3.3 Vickers Test……………………………………………………23
4.4 Data Result and Analysis…………………………………….........24
4.4.1 Brinell Test……………………………………….....................24
4.4.2 Rockwell Test………………………………………………….25
4.4.3 Vickers Test……………………………………………………25

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Chapter 5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….27
Chapter 6 Evaluation and Suggestion……………………………………………28
6.1 Evaluation…………………………………………………………28
6.2 Recommendation………………………………………………….28
Reference…………………………………………………………………………29

iv
 TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1………………………………………………………………………...11
Figure 3.1………………………………………………………………………...14
Figure 3.2………………………………………………………………………...15
Figure 3.3………………………………………………………………………...16
Figure 4.1………………………………………………………………………...17
Figure 4.2………………………………………………………………………...17
Figure 4.3………………………………………………………………………...18
Figure 4.4………………………………………………………………………...21
Figure 4.5………………………………………………………………………...22
Figure 4.6………………………………………………………………………...23

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 LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1 Brinell Test…………………………………………………….............16
Table 4.2 Rockwell Test………………………………………………………….17
Table 4.3 Vickers Test Data………………………………………………………17
Table 4.4 Brinell Calculation Result Table……………………………………….20
Table 4.5 Rockwell Calculation Result Table…………………………………….21
Table 4.6 Vickers Calculation Result Table……………………………………

vi
 Chapter I
Introduction
1.1 Background
In engineering world, steel are common things that usually uses in many
process. We can also see in our daily life like cars, ships, aircraft, etc, that uses
manykind of steel depend on the purpose of it. In industrial world like big
factory also uses steel on their machine to maintain high productivity. It means
steel are a very vital thing in our world especially engineering. By considering
that thing, it is needed to select the correct material with the correct purpose.
In order to select the correct material with the correct purpose, we need
to know the materials characterictic and materials properties. One of materials
property is hardness. Hardness is the strength of the material to withstand plastic
deformation. There are many types of hardness test like Rockwell, Brinell and
Vickers hardness test. Those types of test have their own specification for a
different testing purposes. Overall hardness test done by a small indenter that is
forced into the tested material surface, the size and depth of indentation
measured and turn to hardness number.
For softer material will make larger and deeper indentation area but lower
hardness number value. For harder material will result in smaller and shallower
indentation area but with larger hardness number. Hardness test are test that
done more common than other mechanical test because simple & cheap, non
destructive test process, and some other mechanical test also need the data from
hardness test.
1.2 Objectives
There are some experiment objectives :
1. To find out ability of materials to withstand localized plastic deformation
such as indentation or scratch through hardness test
2. To find out the process, methods, and other important factors that must be
considered in conducting a hardness test
3. To find out the advantages and limitations of each method that’s used in
hardness test
4. To find out the connection between hardness and strength of materials
1.3 Scope of The Problem
There are some problems to solve in this experiment :
1. How the Brinell, rockwell, and Vickers hardness test conducted and the
difference between those testing method ?
2. Which specimen that have the largest hardness number and why that
specimen can have the largest hardness number ?

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 Chapter II
Theories
2.1 Hardness
Hardness is a measure of a material’s resistance to localized plastic
deformation such as indentation, wear, abrasion and scratch. Principally, the
importance of hardness testing has relationship between hardness and other
properties of material.
Hardness is a material’s resistance to surface deformation. Harder
surfaces are subjected to greater internal stresses, and have a tendency to
increase in brittleness, often relying on unhardened internal material for
their structural strength. Hardness is measured in a range of different ways.
One of the most common methods is by indentation, which calculates the
force required to leave an indented mark upon the surface of the material.
2.2 Definition, specification, and importance of hardness testing and
material’s hardness number
Hardness test is a mechanical test for material properties which are
used in engineering design, analysis of structure, and materials
development. There are two types of hardness test :
1.Macro hardness test with load more then 1 kg
• Rockwell hardness test
• Brinell hardness test
• Vickers hardness test
2.Micro hardness test with load below 1 kg
• Knoop diamond test
• Vickers diamond test
The hardness of a material is the property that enables it to resist
deformation, bending, scratching, abrasion, or cutting. If you work in
materials manufacturing, you probably already know that a hardness test is
a crucial step in the production process for your products and the products
you receive from third-party suppliers. You need to set baseline
measurements and ensure that your products meet specific standards for
strength. But if you’re not a materials engineer, you may be surprised to
know that the hardness of any material is not an intrinsic property dictated
by precise definitions and fundamental units of mass, length, or time.
Instead, the value of a material’s hardness is the result of a specific
measurement procedure.
2.3 Hardness number from hardness testing
A hardness test is typically performed by pressing a specifically
dimensioned and loaded object (indenter) into the surface of the material
you are testing. The hardness is determined by measuring the depth of
indenter penetration or by measuring the size of the impression left by an
indenter.

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 • Hardness tests that measure the depth of indenter penetration include:
Rockwell, Instrumented Indentation Testing, and Ball Indentation
Hardness
• Hardness tests that measure the size of the impression left by the indenter
include: Vickers, Knoop, and Brinell

2.4 Each hardness test advantages and limitations

2.4.1 Rockwell Test

The Rockwell method has the following advantages:

• no specimen preparation required (separation, grinding,

embedding)

• hardness value directly readable, no optical evaluation required

(measurement of diagonals as in the optical methods)

• quick (short test cycle) and cost-effective process (the relevant

hardness testers are relatively inexpensive, as they do not need
to be equipped with elaborate optical systems, such as those
used in Brinell, Vickers and Knoop machines)
• non-destructive testing; the test specimen can be used for other
purposes.

The Rockwell method has the following disadvantages:

• It is not always the most accurate hardness testing method, as

even a slight error in measuring the depth difference can result
in a significant error in the calculated hardness value.

• The test location must be completely free of all contamination

(e.g. scale, foreign bodies or oil) in order to achieve a
meaningful test result.

• The indenter has unknown effects on the test results, e.g. if the
indenter is worn and the point of the tip is no longer sufficiently
acute (only use certified and calibrated indenters in order to
minimise such effects!).

• With increasing hardness, it becomes increasingly difficult to

distinguish between materials.

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2.4.2 Brinell Test

The Brinell method has the following advantages:

• The Brinell method can be used for testing non-homogeneous materials (e.g.
castings), because the large ball comes into contact with many crystals
(different metallographic constituents of the material), thereby forming a
mechanical average value.

• A choice can be made between a large number of test forces and ball
diameters for the widest variety of applications.

• Relatively large test indents that are easier to measure the rather small
Vickers indentations.

• The specimen surface can be rough.

The Brinell method has the following disadvantages:

• The surface quality of the specimen must be good, because the indent is
measured optically. This means that the test location must be prepared.

• High risk of deforming the material to be tested when testing in the macro
range with high test loads (HBW 10/3000) and consequent risk of
measuring errors due to wall formation. Therefore good illumination of the
test indent is important for ensuring correct evaluation of the test indent
(e.g. with the aid of a ring light).
• Limitation in applying the method on thin specimens of very hard materials
(see Brinell method, minimum specimen thickness).
• The process is slow (by comparison with the Rockwell method). The test
cycle takes somewhere between 30 and 60 seconds, not including the time
taken to prepare the specimen.
2.4.3 Vickers Test

The Vickers method has the following advantages:

• The Vickers method can be used with any and all materials and test
specimens, from soft to hard, as the procedure covers the entire
hardness range.

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 • There is only one type of indenter, which can be used for all
Vickers methods.

• Non-destructive testing is possible, so the test specimen can be

used for other purposes.

The Vickers method has the following disadvantages:

• The surface quality of the specimen must be good, because the

indent is measured optically. This means that the test location must
be prepared (ground and polished), otherwise precise evaluation is
difficult.

• The process is rather slow (compared with the Rockwell method).

The test cycle takes somewhere between 30 and 60 seconds, not
including the time taken to prepare the specimen.

• Due to the need to conduct optical indent evaluation, Vickers

hardness testers must be equipped with an optical system, which
makes them more expensive to purchase than Rockwell testers.
2.5 Hardness scale conversion
Hardness conversion data have been determined experimentally and found
to be dependent on material type and characteristics. The most reliable
conversion data exist for steels, some of which are presented in figure for
knoop, Vickers, Brinell, and two rockwell scales

Figure 2.1 Hardness scale conversion

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2.6 Sinking and ridging on indentation
Ridging on indentation is observed in highly worked (ideal plastic
materials) metals when the metal being displaced by the indenter flows
upward around the edge of the indenter. As indentation proceeds, the flow
occurs at still great depths. Consequently, the material at the edge of the
impression is at a lower level than the material further away from the
impression, which results in sinking.
Ridging and sinking around brinnell test constitutes a major source of
error in the reproducibility of measurements between operators. In rockwell
test, ridging and sinking are not a problem because the hardness is
determined with the minor load. Ridging and sinking in Vickers test
influence the diagonal measurement and can produce errors of up to 10%.
2.7 Mechanical properties of aluminium plate, bolt head, and chisel
Aluminium can be severely deformed without failure. This
allows aluminium to be formed by rolling, extruding, drawing,
machining and other mechanical processes. It can also be cast to a high
tolerance.Alloying, cold working and heat-treating can all be utilised
to tailor the properties of aluminium.The tensile strength of pure
aluminium is around 90 MPa but this can be increased to over 690
MPa for some heat-treatable alloys. Below are some mechanical
properties for some type of aluminium. As one part of steel material,
bolts have mechanical properties that are melt voltage. The bolt has a
certain thread and length and a strong structure according to its use,
the bolt also consists of several parts according to its function. The
bolt head serves as a key tool when installing or releasing bolts on the
work object. Chisel is a tool made of iron that has a high level of
hardness and with a pointed tip that aims to cut work objects such as
metal. In its use, chisels should be given the force of pressing objects
to make cuts on the object.

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 Chapter III
Methodolgy
3.1 Apparatuses and Workpieces Used in Testing
1. Wolpert Hardness Testing Machine
2. Indenter a. Hardened Steel ball (d = 2,5 mm) for Brinell method b. Diamond
Pyramid (tip’s angle = 136 degrees) for Vickers method c. Diamond Cone for
Rockwell method
3. Aluminium plate
4. Chisel
5. Bolt head (SS 316L)
6. Loupe
3.2 Testing Steps
1. Specimen’s surface is cleaned
2. The specimen is placed on the machine’s circular baseplate.
3. The indenter is mounted on the machine’s indenter holder
4. The load is placed onto the machine (62,5 kgf for Brinell, 30 kgf for Vickers,
and 150 kgf for Rockwell)
5. The machine’s circular baseplate is raised by turning the handwheel until
the small scale needle is pointing to the number 3, and then wait for 10
seconds. At this point of time, an initial load of 10 kgf is placed on the
specimen.
6. Side handle is touched lightly so that it start to move. This will start full
loading and indentation process. Let the movement of side handle happened
naturally, unforced, and unobstructed, so that the loading happened slowly
enough to simulate static loading.
7. The handle is turned to its initial position after it stopped moving for about
10 seconds.
8. The machine’s circular baseplate is lowered by turning the handwheel
9. The specimen is repositioned so that the indenter would be located on a place
roughly 1,5 times of the length of first indentation’s longest
diameter/diagonal.
10. Repeat step 4 to 9 to do the second and third indentation.
11. Brinell and Vickers resulting indentation’s impressions (diameter for
Brinell, diagonal for Vickers) is measured using loupe. Rockwell’s
resulting indentation is not needed to be measured, because the hardness
number is showed directly on the machine’s scale.

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3.3 Flowchart
3.3.1 Rockwell Test
START

Wolpert Hardness Testing Machine, Diamond Cone,

Aluminium plate, Chisel, Bolt head, Loupe

Specimen’s surface is cleaned

The specimen is planed on the machine’s circular baseplate

Diamond Cone is mounted on the machine’s indenter holder

The 150 kgf of load is placed onto the machine

The machine’s circular baseplate is raised

by turning the handwheel to the number 3

Side handle is touched lightly so that it starts to move

The handle is turned to its initial position after it stopped moving

The machine’s circular baseplate is lowered by turning the handwheel

The specimen is repositioned so that the indenter would be located

The hardness number is showed directly on the machine’s scale

FINISH

Figure 3.1 Rockwell Test Flowchart

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3.3.2 Brinell test
START

Wolpert Hardness Testing Machine, Hardened Steel

Ball, Aluminium plate, Chisel, Bolt head, Loupe

Specimen’s surface is cleaned

The specimen is planed on the machine’s circular baseplate

Hardened Steel Ball is mounted on the machine’s indenter holder

The 62,5 kgf of load is placed onto the machine

The machine’s circular baseplate is raised

by turning the handwheel to the number 3

Side handle is touched lightly so that it starts to move

The handle is turned to its initial position after it stopped moving

The machine’s circular baseplate is lowered by turning the handwheel

The specimen is repositioned so that the indenter would be located

Diameter of resulting indentation’s impressions is measured using loupe

FINISH

Figure 3.2 Brinell Test Flowchart

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3.3.3 Vickers test
START

Wolpert Hardness Testing Machine, Diamond

Pyramid, Aluminium plate, Chisel, Bolt head, Loupe

Specimen’s surface is cleaned

The specimen is planed on the machine’s circular baseplate

Diamond Pyramid is mounted on the machine’s indenter holder

The 30 kgf of load is placed onto the machine

The machine’s circular baseplate is raised

by turning the handwheel to the number 3

Side handle is touched lightly so that it starts to move

The handle is turned to its initial position after it stopped moving

The machine’s circular baseplate is lowered by turning the handwheel

The specimen is repositioned so that the indenter would be located

Diagonal of resulting indentation’s impressions is measured using loupe

FINISH

Figure 3.3 Vickers Test Flowchart

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 CHAPTER IV
Result and Analysis
4.1 Test Data Result
(Attached)
4.2 Data Test Exposure
4.2.1 Brinell Test
In this test there are some point that used as test point on the
specimen surface

...

1
3

2
Figure 4.1 Testing point on the specimen of Brinell Test

From the test obtained result as shown on table below :

Table 4.1 Brinell Test Data
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
TEST TESTING DIAMETER
LOAD INDENTOR SCALE
MATERIALS POINT d1 d2 davg2

1,335 1,4 1,3675

1
Plate 62,5 Steel Ball
HBN 1,3 1,4 1,35
Aluminum kgf (d = 2,5 mm) 2

1,4 1,4 1,4

3

4.2.2 Rockwell Test

In this test there are some point that used as test point on the specimen
surface 95
mm

Figure 4.2 Testing Point on the specimen of Rockwell Test

17
 From the test obtained result as shown on table below :
Table 4.2 Rockwell Test Data
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
TEST TESTING AVERAGE
LOAD INDENTOR SCALE HARDNESS
MATERIAL POINT HARDNESS

47,9
1
Diamond
Chisel 150 kgf HRC 47,6 47.83
cones 2

48,0
3
4.2.3 Vickers Test
In this test there are some point that used as test point on the
specimen surface
57 mm

Figure 4.3 Testing Point on the specimen of Vickers Test

From the test obtained result as shown on the table below :

Table 4.3 Vickers Test Data
VICKERS HARDNESS TEST
TEST TESTING DIAGONAL
LOAD INDENTOR SCALE
MATERIAL POINT d1 d2 davg2

Pyramid 0,5 0,5 0,5

1
Intan
Bolt Head 30 kgf (Angle HV 0,5 0,5 0,5
2
Peak
136o) 0,5 0,5 0,5
3

4.3 Data Analysis and Calculation

From the experiment obtained data, it will be calculated and analysis.
There are different ways to calculate hardness number depend on the type of
the test. To calculate using Brinell test method, the load divided by

18
 combination of indentor diameter and side diameter. For Rockwell data, the
hardness number automatically obtained from the testing machine. And for
Vickers test method, the load multiplied the angle and divided by diameter. For
more clear calculation and hardness number calculation, below are the steps to
get the hardness number using each test method.
4.3.1 Brinell Test
a. First Point

2𝑃
𝐵=
𝜋𝐷(𝐷 − √𝐷2 − 𝑑 2 )

Calculation based on experiment data :

Known :
P = 62,5 kgf
d1 = 1,335 mm
d2 = 1,4 mm
davg = 1,3675 mm
D = 2,5 mm
Description :
P = Load
𝑑1 = Side diameter
𝑑2 = Diameter of the other side
𝑑1 +𝑑2
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔2 = 2
𝐷 = Indenter diameter
2(62,5)
𝐻𝐵 = = 39.11
𝜋2,5(2,5− √(2,52 −1,36752 )

b. Second Point
2𝑃
𝐻𝐵 =
𝜋𝐷(𝐷 − √𝐷2 − 𝑑 2 )

Calculation based on experiment data :

Known :
P = 62,5 kP
d1 = 1,3 mm
d2 = 1,4 mm
davg = 1,35 mm

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 D = 2,5 mm
Description :
P = Load
𝑑1 = Side diameter
𝑑2 = Diameter of the other side
𝑑1 +𝑑2
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔2 = 2
𝐷 = Indenter diameter
2(62,5)
𝐻𝐵 = = 40,23
𝜋2,5(2,5− √(2,52 −1,352 )
c. Third Point
2𝑃
𝐻𝐵 =
𝜋𝐷(𝐷 − √𝐷2 − 𝑑 2 )

Calculation based on experiment data :

Known :
P = 62,5 kP
d1 = 1,4 mm
d2 = 1,4 mm
davg = 1,4 mm
D = 2,5 mm
Description :
P = Load
𝑑1 = Side diameter
𝑑2 = Diameter of the other side
𝑑1 +𝑑2
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔2 = 2
𝐷 = Indenter diameter
2(62,5)
𝐻𝐵 = = 37,14
𝜋2,5(2,5− √(2,52 −1,42 )
From the result above, we can determine the hardness number average from
Brinell test
(39.11 + 40.23 + 37.14)
𝐻𝐵𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 38.83
3

d. Table of Result

20
 TEST TESTING DIAMETER HARDNESS
LOAD INDENTOR SCALE HARDNESS
MATERIALS POINT d1 d2 davg2 AVERAGE

1,335 1,4 1,3675 39,11

1
Plate 62,5 Steel Ball
HBN 1,3 1,4 1,35 40,23 38,83
Aluminum kgf (d = 2,5 mm) 2

1,4 1,4 1,4 37,14

3

Table 4.4 Brinell calculation result table

e. Hardness Distribution Graphic

Brinell Hardness Number

41
40
39
38
37
36
35
1 2 3

Nilai Kekerasan Brinell

Figure 4.4 Brinell Hardness Number Distribution Graphic

f. Hardness and Strength Correlation

Hardness and strength is two things that cannot be separated.
Hardness measure endurance of materials from deformation at some
area on the material that caused by load while strength is endurance of
material from deformation on the entire material surface. It means if
material have high value of hardness, at the same time it also has high
value of strength. Hardness level of a material equal to it’s strength
level. From Brinell test we can determine the strength value from this
following equation,
Tensile Strength (MPa) = 3,45 × HBN

= 3,45 × 38,83 kgf

= 1313,733157 Mpa

21
 4.3.2 Rockwell Test
In Rockwell Test there is no need to calculate the hardness number
manually, because the hardness value will appear on the testing machine
after the test done. We only need to calculate the average hardness value
from the machine. The result will be shown on table below.

• Calculation Result Table

Table 4.5 Rockwell calculation result table
TEST TESTING AVERAGE
LOAD INDENTOR SCALE HARDNESS
MATERIAL POINT HARDNESS

47,9
1
Diamond
Chisel 150 kgf HRC 47,6 47.83
cones 2

48,0
3
• Hardness Distribution Graphic

Rockwell
48,1
48
47,9
47,8
47,7
47,6
47,5
47,4
Titik Uji 1 Titik Uji 2 Titik Uji 3

HRC

Figure 4.5 Rockwell Distribution Graphic

• Hardness and Strength Correlation

HRC (48) convert to HBN = 461

Tensile Strength (MPa) = 3,45 × HBN

= 3,45 × 461 kgf

=15596,98649 Mpa

22
 4.3.3 Vickers Test
In this experiment due to same value of indenter diagonal at all
point, then the calculation will only show one formula.
1,854𝑃
𝐻𝑉 =
𝑑2
Calculation based on experiment data :
Known :

𝑃 = 30 𝑘𝑃

𝑑1 = 0,5 𝑚𝑚
𝑑2 = 0,5 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑎2 = 0,5 𝑚𝑚
1,854(30)
𝐻𝑉 = = 222,48
0,55
Here is the result table of Vickers test,
Table 4.6 Vickers calculation result table

TEST TESTING DIAGONAL AVERAGE

LOAD INDENTOR SCALE 2
HARDNESS
MATERIAL POINT d1 d2 davg HARDNESS

Pyramid 0,5 0,5 0,5 222.48

1
Intan
Bolt Head 30 kgf (Angle HV 0,5 0,5 0,5 222.48 222.48
2
Peak
136o) 0,5 0,5 0,5 222.48
3

• Hardness Distribution Table

Figure 4.6 Vickers Hardness Distribution Graphic

23
 • Hardness and Strength Correlation
VHN (222) convert to HBN = 217

Tensile Strength (MPa) = 3,45 × HBN

= 3,45 × 217 kgf

= 7341,748522 Mpa
4.4 Data Result Analysis
4.4.1 Brinell Test

The Brinell hardness test is the formation of indentations on the

surface of the material using a steel ball with a diameter of 2.5 mm which
is then given a load of 62.5 kgf. For soft materials, load reduction is carried
out to avoid deep traces, the load is applied over a certain time interval.
The diameter of the indentation that is formed is measured with a
measuring instrument after the load is removed, which is then searched for
the average value of 2 diameter measurements of the traces trending
perpendicularly. The relatively large footprint on brinell hardness provides
the advantage of evenly distributing the applied force. Using the brinell
method can simplify measurement through an indentation trail which is
larger, clean and smoother and can be used to test non-homogeneous
materials.

However, the time required to perform the test is relatively longer

and a large indentation footprint can affect the use of small test materials
or in stress-critical areas, the resulting indentation can cause test failure.

From the data calculation shows that different diameter resulting

different hardness number. Second testing point shows the largest hardness
number, followed by first testing point and the last is third testing point.
The different between those testing point hardness number due to diameter
difference.

In theory hardness value same at every point in correlation with

strength. When the diameter larger it means the hardness value will
smaller, while if the diameter smaller it means the hardness value will
higher. But the data said different thing, that every point with different
diameter not always give diameter and hardness value correlation. Where
if the diameter larger the hardness lower. It is caused by many factors that

24
 affect the result during the experiment like circumstances around the
experiment area, the indenter position on the specimen during the
experiment, vibration on the machine, operator carelessness, and other
technical error.

4.4.2 Rockwell Test

The Rockwell hardness test is a material hardness test using a

diamond cone indenter with a load of 150kgf, this hardness test is in the
form of indentation on the metal surface with major and minor loads
pressed within 10 seconds. After applying pressure, the results of the
hardness test will appear on a major scale. This test should be done 3 times
in order to get maximum results. Rockwell hardness testing is easier to
perform because the results of the test are immediately listed on a major
scale.

Usually, the results of the tests carried out 3 times have results that
are not much different. The difference in results is caused by the uneven
surface of the material. The hardness number can be determined by the
difference in the depth of the compression results from the application of
the initial minor load and followed by the major load, the use of minor
loads can increase the accuracy of the test. In theory this test used for hard
material and between 3 time of testing the result will not have a big
difference.

At first point the hardness point equal to 47.9, the second point equal
to 47.6 and the third point equal to 48. From the data shows that the
hardness number quite close in result at different point.it means during the
experiment the specimen experienced quite correct condition and make
correct data. If the result have big difference between those 3 points, it
means the specimen surface might not be flat or slightly bumpy that affect
to result even other technical error possible.

4.4.3 Vickers Test

The Vickers test aims to determine the hardness value of a material

in the form of a hardness test using a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter
with a square base and a peak angle of 1360 and when testing is given a
load of 30 kgf with an interval of 10 seconds and then it will produce a
trail or indentation on the surface of the material. test. To find out the value
of the hardness of the test material, the average diagonal of the trace must
first be measured using a microscope.

25
 The Vickers hardness figure is obtained by dividing the test load to
be used by the surface area of the trail. Testing with the Vickers method
needs to pay attention to the minimum distance from the center point of
the trail to the edge of the material. Vickers experiment was carried out 3
times to obtain more accurate results. There are 3 testing point in this
method and all the testing point have same diagonal of indentation equal
to 14 mm. The hardness number can be calculated by P multiplied 1.854
divided by the diameter.

Because all the diagonal of indentation have same value, it means

the hardness number also same at every testing point that is 222.48.
compare to Brinell and Rockwell test, Vickers test have the smallest load
and it will affect the test result. From the data shows that all the result are
the same because the diameter also same and we can conclude that this test
is success.

26
 CHAPTER V
Conclusion
From the test there are few statements as conclusion in order to answer the
objectives of this experiment.
1. The hardness number of every testing method is different. This difference also
means the ability of every materials to withstand localized deformation. At
Brinell test the hardness number equal to 38.83, followed by Rockwell test
hardness number equal to 47.83 and Vickers hardness number equal to 222.48.
the difference also because every test is used to measure different purpose.
2. Brinell hardness test in the form of indentation on the metal surface using a
steel ball. The Rockwell hardness test method is to indent the sample material
with a diamond cone or steel ball indenter. The Vickers hardness testing
method is a method of testing the surface of the test object is pressed with a
diamond penetrator in the form of a pyramid in the form of a square pyramid
base and the angle between two inclined planes opposite 136.
3. Data and experiment shows that more greater hardness number of a material
means more greater those material to withstand to deformation and it also mean
the strength of that material also increase.
4. Hardness and strength is two things that cannot be separated. Hardness measure
endurance of materials from deformation at some area on the material that
caused by load while strength is endurance of material from deformation on
the entire material surface. It means if material have high value of hardness, at
the same time it also has high value of strength. Hardness level of a material
equal to it’s strength level.

27
 CHAPTER VI
Evaluation and Suggestion
6.1 Evaluation
From the experiment there are few evaluation for future experiment to improve
the quality of the experiment and result accuracy
1. Even there is one method that give accurate result, there are still
other method that give unaccurate result. If the measurement during
the experiment accurate the hardness number will be specific.
2. More option for the experiment type to make sure the data accuracy
for better result.
6.2 Recommendation
In future experiment, the option of the test can be increased to ensure the
data accuracy and the measurement need to be improve.

28
 References

Callister, William D and David G.Rethwisch. 2015. Fundamentals of Materials

Science and Engineering Fifth Edition. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Askeland, Donald R. and Pradeep P.Fulay. 2009. Essentials of Materials Science
and Engineering Second Edition. 1120 Birchmount Road, Toronto, Canada.
Cengage Learning
Callister, William D. and David G. Rethwisch. 2008. Fundamentals of Materials
Science and Engineering An Integrated Approach Third Edition. 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Berg Engineering & Sales Company. The Importance of a Hardness Test in
Materials Production. https://www.bergeng.com/blog/the-importance-of-a-
hardness-test-in-materials-production/
EmcoTest. Hard Facts Theory of Hardness Testing.
https://www.emcotest.com/en/the-world-of-hardness-testing/hardness-
know-how/theory-of-hardness-testing/rockwell-53/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-the-rockwell-method-237/.
Azo Materials. Aluminium: Specification, Properties, Classifications and Classes.
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2863#:~:text=Mechanical%2
0Properties%20of%20Aluminium&text=It%20can%20also%20be%20cast,f
or%20some%20heat%2Dtreatable%20alloys.
Hardnesstester. Rockwell Hardness Testing. https://www.hardnesstesters.com/test-
types/rockwell-hardness-testing
Struers. Hardness Testing, Hardness testing is a key element in many quality control
procedurs and R&D work.
https://www.struers.com/en/Knowledge/Hardness-testing#

29
 ATTACHMENT
LEMBAR DATA PRAKTIKUM METALURGI 1

Jenis Pengujian : HARDNESS TEST

Kelompok : 29

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

MATERIAL TITIK KEKERASAN
BEBAN INDENTOR SKALA KEKERASAN
UJI PENGUJIAN RATA-RATA

47,9
1

Pahat 150 kgf Kerucut intan HRC 47,6 47.83

2

48,0
3

VICKERS HARDNESS TEST

MATERIAL TITIK DIAGONAL KEKERASAN
BEBAN INDENTOR SKALA KEKERASAN
UJI PENGUJIAN d1 d2 drata2 RATA-RATA

Piramid 0,5 0,5 0,5 222.48

1
Intan
Kepala Baut 30 kgf (Sudut HV 0,5 0,5 0,5 222.48 222.48
2
Puncak
136o) 0,5 0,5 0,5 222.48
3

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

MATERIAL TITIK DIAMETER KEKERASAN
BEBAN INDENTOR SKALA KEKERASAN
UJI PENGUJIAN d1 d2 drata2 RATA-RATA

1,335 1,4 1,3675 39,11

1
Plat Bola Baja
62,5 kgf HBN 1,3 1,4 1,35 40,23 38,83
Alumunium (d = 2,5 mm) 2

1,4 1,4 1,4 37,14

3

30
 LEMBAR ASISTENSI
PRAKTIKUM METALURGI 1
SEMESTER GANJIL 2020/2021
HARDNESS

Nama Praktikan Asistensi 1 Asistensi 2 Asistensi 3

Pemaparan Presentasi Perhitungan dan
Praktikum Laporan

Daffa Satryo
(02111840000180)

Benedikto Bona
Baskoro Saragi
(02111940000049)

Ananda Ezra
Yohanes Parluhutan
(02111940000083)

Yosef Ardiansyah
Saputro
(02111940000104)

Bimo Satrio Hutomo

(02111940000117)

Anggito Kusumo
Pamungkas
(02111940000141)

Farhan Ramadhan
Edgyanto
(02111940000198)

31
Agnes Cahyaning
Rosari
(02111940000208)

32
 LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

PRAKTIKUM METALURGI 1
SEMESTER GANJIL 2020/2021

HARDNESS
Diajukan Guna Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan
Kelulusan Praktikum Metalurgi 1

Surabaya, 3 Januari 2021

Mengetahui,
Ketua Kelompok 29

(Agnes Cahyaning Rosari)

NRP. 02111940000208

Asisten

(Mahdiyyah Dwima Yanisa)

NRP. 02111740000193

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK MESIN

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI DAN REKAYASA SISTEM
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
2021

33