Ijiset V10 I10 05

IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol.
10 Issue 10, October 2023

ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor – 6.72
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Electrical Energy Monitoring System in Buildings Based on Fuzzy Logic
Atiek Nuraini K, Muhamad Haddin, Arief Marwanto
Electrical Engineering, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Semarang, 50112, Indonesia

Email: krisnaningsihatiek@gmail.com
Abstract
Energy usage, especially the use of electrical energy in buildings, must be inexpensive and efficient. The problem of using electrical
energy in each room in a building is usually done in a bad manner, the lights and AC are often forgotten to be turned off when the room
is not in use. The effect is an increase in the amount of electrical energy consumed, which raises monthly electricity costs. To lower the
cost of paying for electricity usage, one alternative method is to require a monitoring system for electrical energy usage. The goal of
this study is to create a building-based prototype for a fuzzy-based electrical energy monitoring system. Through a control system for
the usage of lighting and air conditioners, electrical energy is to be saved. The following factors are determined: the number of people
in the space, the brightness of the lighting, the space's temperature, and its humidity. The ESP32 uses fuzzy logic to make decisions
that are processed by it. similar to M. Rizky and S. Sahita's research using the fuzzy logic control paradigm [1]. The findings
demonstrate that fuzzy logic can be applied in creating electrical energy monitoring systems. This demonstrates the capability of the
fuzzy-based air conditioning control system using IR and DHT11 sensors to regulate AC temperature by predetermined fuzzy logic
rules. The prototype works well because the results of the prototype test and the system's simulation in Matlab are identical. By
demonstrating in this study that the use of electric loads may automatically turn on and off depending on whether there are people
present or not, this tool can be used as an option to save energy.
Keywords: monitoring, electrical energy, fuzzy logic, building space
1. Introduction
The energy management system, which is a technique for monitoring, analyzing, and managing the flow of energy in a
system so that optimum energy efficiency can be attained, includes the electrical energy monitoring system. Utilizing
energy wisely and effectively to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive circumstances is known as
energy management. [2]–[7]. The amount of energy used and costs incurred in operation are a concern in energy
management. Energy is usually expressed in units of joules (J), kilowatts (kW), or kilowatt-hours (kWh) [8]–[15]. Energy
usage, especially the use of electrical energy in buildings, must be inexpensive and efficient. The lighting and air
conditioning are frequently left on when a room is not in use, which results in inefficient energy use in each area. The
effect is an increase in the amount of electrical energy consumed, which raises monthly electricity costs. To lower the cost
of paying for electricity usage, one alternative method is to require a monitoring system for electrical energy usage.
Previous research on electrical energy monitoring systems has included design and implementation setup, monitoring
household electricity consumption utilizing data collection techniques [16], monitoring the use of electrical power and
protection of electrical loads using the reverse engineering method [12], a building electrical power monitoring system
using the method applies the IoT concept using the blynk website [17]. The creation of an electric power monitoring
system was aided by this research, although no studies on fuzzy-based electric power monitoring systems have been
discovered. Making a prototype of a fuzzy-based electrical energy monitoring system for buildings is the main goal of this
research.
2. Research Method
Electric power is the total quantity of electrical energy that electrical equipment uses or produces at any one time. The
watt, which expresses the amount of electrical energy flowing per unit of time (joule/second), is the SI unit for electrical
energy. Electrical power can be divided into two (two) categories based on its type: AC (alternating current) and DC
(direct current) electrical power. The majority of electrical systems and loads are powered by AC electricity. Active power,
apparent power, and reactive power are the three categories into which AC electric power can be separated [18]–[25].
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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 10 Issue 10, October 2023
www.ijiset.com
Systematically, average power or real power is the product of effective voltage, effective current, and power factor
coefficient, as shown in Eq (1).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
with = average power or real power (watts), = effective voltage (volts), = effective current (amperes), =
power factor coefficient.
Reactive Power (Q), often known as power losses or unwanted power, is the power that emerges as a result of passive
components outside the resistor. By lowering the power factor, this power is avoided, or at least lowered, albeit it won't be
lost entirely [25]. Systematically, reactive power is the product of effective voltage, effective current, and sinɵ value, as
shown in Eq (2).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
Apparent Power (S) The actual power supplied by PLN, which is the resultant power between average power and reactive
power [25]. The unit is Volt Ampere (VA). Systematically, visible power is the product of voltage and effective current, as
shown in Eq (3).
……………………………………..………………………………………………………...….….…….
(3)
Complex power is a combination of average power and reactive power, as shown in Eq (4).
………………………………………………………….…
(4)
with Q = reactive power (VAR) and S = visible power (VA)

Power Factor or power factor ( ) is the ratio of average power to visible power, shown in Eq (5). The magnitude of the
power factor ( ):
…………………….…………….………………………………………………...
(5)
with = power factor and S = visible power (watts)
Electrical Energy Calculations

Electrical power is produced by energy sources like electric voltage, which is then absorbed by the load attached to it. Eq
(2) can be used to express the relationship between power, voltage, current, and power factor. Eq (6) can be used to
express the electricity price that must be paid by the use of electrical energy.
Cost = energy used x TDL (basic electricity tariff) …………………………………..…………………………...……….

(6)
Fuzzy Mamdani Method

The Fuzzy Mamdani method is often also known as the Max-Min method [26]. There are various steps involved in getting
the output, including the generation of fuzzy sets. The Mamdani method divides input and output variables into one or
more fuzzy sets. When applying the implication function, Min is used. Rule composition is different from monotonous
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reasoning because, if the system consists of multiple rules, inference is drawn from the arrangement and correlation of the
rules. Fuzzy system inference can be done using the max, additive, or probabilistic OR (probor) approaches.
The Max (maximum) technique applies a fuzzy set solution—achieved by taking the maximum value of the rule—to the
output using the OR (union) operator after modifying the fuzzy area. When all hypotheses have been assessed, a fuzzy set
reflecting the contribution of each proportion will be present in the output [27], as shown in Eq (7).
………………………………………………………………...………...… (7)
with = fuzzy solution membership value up to the i-th rule and = fuzzy consequent membership value up
to the i-th rule. The additive (sum) method takes a fuzzy set solution obtained by doing bounded-sum on all fuzzy area
outputs [27] . In general, it is written in Eq (8).
……………..…………………………………………………..……..
(8)
The probabilistic method takes a fuzzy set solution obtained by doing a product on all fuzzy area outputs [27], in Eq (9).
………..…………………………………..……. (9)
Input Parameters and Fuzzy Logic

The logic for a fuzzy-based electrical energy monitoring system must be designed before a prototype is created. input
criteria The number of individuals present and the room's temperature make up fuzzy logic. There is an adjustment for the
light's brightness level and the fan's status at the output (much like an air conditioner). Table 1 displays fuzzy input-
output parameters.
Table 1. Displays Fuzzy Input - Output Parameters

No Parameter Mark
It is said to be small if 0 – 30 people
1 Lots of people It is said to be medium if 15 – 45 people
It is said to be a lot if 30 – 60 people
Cold 0°C – 20°C

Cool 15°C – 25°C
2 Indoor temperature Normal 20°C – 30°C
Warm 25°C – 35°C
Hot 30°C – 40°C
Cool 15°C – 25°C

3 Outdoor temperature Normal 20°C – 30°C
Warm 25°C – 35°C
If a student has entered the room, the lights will start to turn
4 Light on in bright and dim conditions according to the number of
students in the room
The fuzzy logic block diagram image using the simulation in Matlab, the Mamdani method, is shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Fuzzy Logic Block Diagram.
One of the most crucial components in the design of a device is the system circuit block diagram, which shows how the
circuit operates. so that the system created by the full block diagram can function as intended. Figure 2 shows the circuit
block design for the prototype of a fuzzy-based electrical energy monitoring system.
Figure 2. Working System Model Diagram of Fuzzy Based Electrical Energy Monitoring System Prototype.
The goal of this research is to effectively and efficiently manage the usage of electrical energy to lower power costs. A
fuzzy-based electric energy monitoring system prototype is the author's suggested solution. The following equipment are
used in this research: ESP 32, IR Reflective Photocell, Power Supply, DHT11, Relay, AC Light Dimmer Sensor, and
OLED (0.96-inch size). This tool's basic operation entails adjusting the room's air conditioning (AC) usage to the number
of occupants to maintain a suitable temperature as well as adjusting the lighting intensity. Therefore, the AC and lights
can operate automatically when the room is occupied rather than requiring manual control with the AC switch and
remote. When a room is already filled and the temperature rises above 22°C, the AC and dim lights in the room turn on,
and if the room is empty, the AC and lights switch off on their own. This study technique is called fuzzy logic. Figure 3
depicts the research model.
Figure 3. Research Model.
Figure 3 explains that when the prototype processes data, the first step is that the prototype needs an input process,
specifically: the presence of people entering the room and the temperature conditions in the room (if it is still below 22°C,
the AC will not turn on, but if it is above 22°C, the AC will turn on). After the input is received, the next process is
processing the input data, counting the number of people entering and/or leaving the room.
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Figure 4. Block Diagram.
Figure 4 shows a block schematic of the system design used in this study. The door has an IR reflector fitted, which tracks
who enters and leaves the space. ESP32 (a microcontroller with Wi-Fi) processing is used to automatically turn on or off
the load (lights and AC) based on the number of occupants in the room. Data is then sent from the ESP via a Wi-Fi
network connected to the internet using a Wi-Fi router and is then sent to the server (cloud) / database with about the
parameters that are monitored or controlled. It takes advantage of fuzzy integration (ESP/cloud server) for control. The
PIN configuration for the ESP32 is displayed in Table 2.
Table 2. ESP32 Wiring Diagram.

No ESP32 PIN Configuration Connection
1 Pin D21 ESP32 SDA i2C LCD OLED
2 Pin D22 ESP32 SCL i2C LCD OLED
3 Pin D15 ESP32 IR Obstacle Sensor MH-B I
4 Pin D5 ESP32 IR Obstacle Sensor MH-B II
5 Pin D23 ESP32 DHT 11
6 Pin D18 ESP32 Relay Module IN1
7 Pin D19 ESP32 Relay Module IN2
8 Pin D4 ESP32 AC Light Dimmer Z-C
9 Pin D33 ESP32 AC Light Dimmer PWM
The parts of the fuzzy-based electrical energy monitoring system prototype are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Fuzzy-Based Electrical Energy Monitoring System Prototype Part.
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Description of Figure 5 is: (1) 0.96inc OLED (2) tiny fan/AC simulation (3) USB webcam (4) ESP32 (5) DHT11 (6) IR
obstacle (7) incandescent lamp (8) robotdyn AC light dimmer and (9) 2 channel relay.
Creating a prototype for a fuzzy-based electrical energy monitoring system. Figure 6 is a flowchart the author produced.
The purpose of this flowchart is to facilitate the author's writing and prototype development. The following is a
description of Figure 6: To increase the efficiency of the AC and lights, the first step is to determine the input parameters,
in this case, the number of people and temperature in the room. Next, software and hardware designs are created to create
a prototype, and the method for calculating the number of people and temperature is determined using fuzzy logic.
Software, hardware, and fuzzy logic techniques are tested to determine the system's level of success and precision.
Figure 6. Research Flow Diagram.
3. Result and Discussion
The lights in the room switch off when it is dark and no one has entered, as illustrated in Figure 7. The thingspeak data is
0/LOW in this case since the light dimmer sensor did not detect someone entering via the door. As demonstrated in
Figures 8 and 9, if someone enters the room, the lights will begin to come on in both bright and dim lighting depending
on how many people are there. According to the number of students in the room, this information is gathered through an
IR obstacle sensor with bright lights on. According to the number of individuals in the room, the lights will become
brighter as more pupils enter.
Figure 7. AC Light dimmer test when off with the Thingspeak platform.
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Figure 8. Lamp Brightness Testing Number of students is less than 15 people.
Figure 9. Testing the brightness of the lights. Number of students is more than 15 people.
Figure 9 demonstrates how the number of individuals entering the room affects the lamp's brightness level, with the
brightness value shown being 60% of the lamp's overall 100% brightness. Table 3 shows the results of the tests to measure
the number of individuals entering and the level of light brightness.
Table 3. Testing Lamp Brightness Values.
TESTING TO Number of people Percentage Light INFORMATION
1 16 60% Lamp Brightness 60% Doesn't Vibrate / Drop


The test is broken down into phases in Table 3, starting with counting the number of persons at the table and moving on
to determining whether the lamp produces 60% of the desired brightness without vibrating or dropping. Additionally, the
brightness can be described as stable.
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Figure 10. Status if there are students in the room.
When someone enters the room through the door, the AC (fan) and lights switch on. Two fans are turned on, as seen in
Figure 10. The fan will turn on 2 to lower the current temperature if the room temperature increases or begins to get
warm. The fan will switch on if the temperature begins to decline and the environment appears normal. These two fans
have the purpose of maintaining the room's temperature.
Figure 11. Results of temperature measurements in the room.
Figure 12. Results of measuring humidity in the room.
Figures 11 and 12 demonstrate that the measurement findings on Thingspeak and the tool are identical and the
measurements are identical. In this instance, DHT11 performs adequately and appropriately for its purpose. The DHT11
temperature and humidity sensor test results are listed below. The temperature and humidity will rise as the number of
people in the room increases, as shown in Table 4, but because two fans were used in the trial to prepare for this rise, the
second fan will balance the temperature and humidity and can shut off automatically, if the fuzzy parameters indicate that
the temperature is generally good and comfortable. In the meantime,
Table 4. Room Temperature and Humidity Sensor Testing.
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Figure 13 displays a graph of the room's humidity measurement data, which are said to be identical and devoid of
variation. In this instance, DHT11 performs nicely by its intended use.
Figure 13. Graph of humidity measurement results in the room.
Testing using fuzzy logic was done to understand the fuzzy system process, which controls the AC output temperature
based on the outside temperature, the interior temperature, and the number of occupants in the room. Then, as the tool
control system, ESP32 is utilized to program the fuzzy system. The prototype's fuzzy system uses room temperature and
humidity readings from the DHT11 sensor as input data. The AC output temperature control produced by Matlab is the
output data processed by the fuzzy system. Figure 14 illustrates that there are 32 persons in the room, the temperature
inside is 22°C, the outside temperature is 20°C, and the AC is producing a temperature of 18.9°C.
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Figure 14. Fuzzy Matlab display

The Matlab application displays vertical red lines that represent the values of the room's interior and exterior temperatures
as well as the occupancy rate. The fuzzy function value that matches the input value is displayed on the yellow triangle
graph. The defuzzification process produces an AC output temperature that is in compliance with the input value. The
output value that matches the input value is displayed on the red single-line graph.
4. Conclusion
The following conclusions can be taken from the testing and development outcomes of the Fuzzy Based Electrical Energy
Monitoring System design:
a. A fuzzy-based air conditioning control system may regulate the AC temperature by the desired fuzzy rules logic by
using IR and DHT11 sensors.
b. The prototype works well because the results of the prototype's testing and the system's simulation in Matlab are
identical.
The intended system still has flaws, but it can be improved by adding auxiliary software to smartphones running Android
or iOS.
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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol.

10 Issue 10, October 2023

Electrical Energy Monitoring System in Buildings Based on Fuzzy Logic

Atiek Nuraini K, Muhamad Haddin, Arief Marwanto

Electrical Engineering, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Semarang, 50112, Indonesia

with Q = reactive power (VAR) and S = visible power (VA)

with = power factor and S = visible power (watts)

Electrical Energy Calculations

Cost = energy used x TDL (basic electricity tariff) …………………………………..…………………………...……….

Fuzzy Mamdani Method

Input Parameters and Fuzzy Logic

Table 1. Displays Fuzzy Input - Output Parameters

Cold 0°C – 20°C

Cool 15°C – 25°C

Figure 1. Fuzzy Logic Block Diagram.

Figure 3. Research Model.

Figure 4. Block Diagram.

Table 2. ESP32 Wiring Diagram.

Figure 5. Fuzzy-Based Electrical Energy Monitoring System Prototype Part.

Figure 6. Research Flow Diagram.

3. Result and Discussion

Figure 8. Lamp Brightness Testing Number of students is less than 15 people.

Table 3. Testing Lamp Brightness Values.

TESTING TO Number of people Percentage Light INFORMATION

1 16 60% Lamp Brightness 60% Doesn't Vibrate / Drop

6 24 60% Lamp Brightness 60% Doesn't Vibrate / Drop

Figure 10. Status if there are students in the room.

Figure 11. Results of temperature measurements in the room.

Figure 12. Results of measuring humidity in the room.

Table 4. Room Temperature and Humidity Sensor Testing.

Figure 13. Graph of humidity measurement results in the room.

Figure 14. Fuzzy Matlab display

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