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C. PROBLEM 3

“A young married lady was frequently commuting during the non-peak hours from a
distant suburb to the university centre where she was attending Post-Graduate classes.
Her body was found lying dead with multiple stab wounds in the first class ladies
compartment of a suburban train. With the help of a dog squad, a blood stained
handkerchief was found along the railway track, and the police were led to the
assailants village located across a large lake. A pair of chappals, a blood stained knife
and a ‘mangalsutra’ were recovered from one of the assailants.”

In the light of above, answer the following questions:

1. Explain the importance of blood evidence at a crime scene and what are the
important

places to search for the presence of blood stains?

ANS- Since blood evidence associated with a crime can provide information that may
solve the case, it is essential to correctly document, collect, and preserve this type of
evidence. Improperly handled blood evidence can weaken or destroy a potential source of
facts in a case. Properly collected and preserved blood evidence can establish a strong link
between an individual and a criminal act. Blood evidence or the lack of blood evidence can
also be used to bolster or contradict a witness statement or any statements that the suspect
may make. Blood evidence can also point the investigator in the direction he or she needs
to go to solve the case. If blood evidence is documented, collected, and stored suitably, it
can be presented to a judge or jury several years from the time of the criminal act. Perhaps
the most powerful application of blood evidence is the ability to absolutely eliminate a
person as a potential suspect in a crime 1.

1
State of Maharashtra v. Shekhar Dhotkar (2010) 5 SCC 1

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Blood evidence at a crime scene plays a crucial role in forensic investigations. It provides
valuable information about the events that occurred, the nature of the crime, the identity of
the individuals involved, and can help establish the sequence of events 2. Here are some
reasons why blood evidence is important:

1. Establishing the presence of a crime: The presence of blood at a crime scene indicates
that a violent act has taken place. It confirms that an injury or harm has occurred,
leading investigators to focus their efforts on understanding the circumstances and
identifying potential suspects.

2. Determining the nature of the crime: Bloodstains can reveal important details about
the nature of the crime, such as the type of weapon used, the force applied, the
manner of injury, or the direction of an attack. This information helps investigators
reconstruct the events leading to the crime.

3. Identifying individuals involved: Blood evidence can provide DNA profiles, which
can be matched with potential suspects or victims. DNA analysis helps establish the
identity of individuals present at the crime scene, link suspects to the scene, or
exclude innocent individuals.

4. Corroborating or challenging witness accounts: Bloodstain patterns can provide

objective evidence to support or challenge witness statements. They can help
determine the position of individuals, movement patterns, or the sequence of events,
providing a more accurate understanding of what transpired.

5. Linking suspects to the crime scene: Blood evidence can link a suspect directly to the
crime scene through DNA analysis or the presence of their bloodstains 3. This linkage
is crucial in establishing their involvement and supporting the prosecution's case.

In the Indian Evidence Act, there are several sections relevant to blood evidence and
its admissibility in court. Here are some key sections:

1. Section 45: Opinion of experts:

2
State of Punjab v. Ramdev Singh (2004) 156 SCC 7
3
State of Rajasthan v. Darshan Singh (2001) 18 SCC 6

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 This section allows the court to obtain the opinion of experts in matters related
to blood analysis, such as determining the origin, nature, and age of
bloodstains.

2. Section 51: Grounds for the opinion of experts:

 This section states that the court may base its opinion on the statements of
experts regarding matters that require scientific or specialized knowledge,
including blood evidence.

3. Section 45A: Opinion on identity, handwriting, or finger impressions by experts:

 This section allows the court to seek the opinion of experts in matters of blood
analysis pertaining to the identification of individuals through bloodstains or
DNA evidence.

When searching for the presence of blood stains, investigators focus on specific areas where
blood may be found. Some important places to search for blood evidence include:

1. Floors and surfaces: Blood may pool or spatter on floors, walls, furniture, or other
surfaces near the crime scene.

2. Weapons and tools: Blood can be present on weapons used in the crime, such as
knives, blunt objects, or firearms. It is important to thoroughly examine these items
for traces of blood.

3. Clothing and personal belongings: Suspects or victims may have bloodstains on their
clothing, shoes, or personal items, providing crucial evidence.

4. Entry and exit points: Blood may be present on doors, windows, or other entry/exit
points, indicating the movement of individuals involved in the crime.

5. Surrounding areas: Investigators may also search the immediate vicinity of the crime
scene, including adjacent rooms, vehicles, or outdoor areas, as bloodstains can be
transferred or dispersed during the commission of the crime.

In the present case blood stains were found in the train compartment along with the
material stud belonging to the victim including her chappals, mangalsutra, her
handkerchief and the weapon used for the crime the knife.

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2. Explain the procedure that needs to be adopted for the collection of blood evidence.

ANS- There are two different types of blood that can be collected at a crime scene: liquid and
dried blood.

Liquid blood evidence is generally collected from blood pools but can be collected off of
clothing as well, using a gauze pad or a sterile cotton cloth. Once the sample is collected it
must be refrigerated or frozen and brought to the laboratory as quickly as possible. The
sample must first be dried thoroughly at room temperature. It is important to get the sample
to the laboratory as quickly as possible because after 48 hours the sample might be useless. If
the sample has to be mailed it should be completely air dried before packaging. If the sample
isn’t completely dry when it needs to be packaged, the sample should be rolled in paper and
labeled and then put into either a brown paper bag or a box. The paper bag or box is then
sealed and labeled again. It is important to only place one item per container to avoid
contamination and samples should not be placed in plastic containers. Samples shouldn’t be
in plastic containers because if the sample is still damp the moisture from the sample can
cause microorganisms that can destroy the evidence. Also, due to this fact, samples should
not be in any container for more than two hours.

Dried bloodstains can be found on small objects, larger objects and on clothing. When dried
blood is found on a small object the entire object can be sent to the lab after it’s been properly
packaged and labeled. When dried blood is found on a larger object that is transportable, an
investigator should cover the stained area with paper and tape the paper to the object to avoid
contamination. If the object that is stained is not transportable there are different ways that an
investigator can collect the sample. One option is to cut out the stained area of the large
object. If the portion is cut out the sample is packaged the same way as described above but a
control sample should also be provided in a separate package. Another option is to use
fingerprint tape and lift the sample as well as the surrounding control area. If this method is
used it is important for investigators to not touch the sticky side of the tape with bare hands
and the investigator should run an eraser or some type of blunt object over the placed tape to
ensure that contact is made with the dried stain.

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The collection of blood evidence at a crime scene is a critical process that requires proper
procedures to ensure its integrity and admissibility in court. Here is a general outline of the
procedure that should be followed for the collection of blood evidence:

1. Secure the scene: Before any evidence collection begins, the crime scene must be
secured to prevent contamination or tampering. Only authorized personnel should be
allowed entry, and the area should be cordoned off to maintain its integrity.

2. Personal protective equipment: Crime scene investigators (CSI) should wear

appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, masks, and
disposable shoe covers, to prevent cross-contamination and protect themselves from
potential biohazards.

3. Document the scene: The CSI should thoroughly document the crime scene by taking
photographs and making sketches. This includes capturing the overall scene, close-
ups of bloodstains, and any relevant context, such as the location of the victim,
potential weapons, or points of entry/exit.

4. Establish a chain of custody: Each piece of collected blood evidence should be

properly documented, labeled, and sealed to maintain a chain of custody. This ensures
that the evidence can be traced from the crime scene to the laboratory and ultimately
to the court.

5. Identify and mark bloodstains: Bloodstains should be identified and marked for
documentation and collection. The CSI should use evidence markers or labels to
indicate the location of each bloodstain and its relationship to other elements in the
scene.

6. Photograph bloodstains: Detailed photographs of individual bloodstains should be

taken, capturing their size, shape, pattern, and other relevant characteristics. Both
overall and close-up photographs should be taken, with a scale reference included for
accurate measurement.

7. Collect swabs and samples: CSI should collect swabs or samples of bloodstains using
sterile cotton swabs or collection kits. The swabs should be gently rolled over the
stain to absorb the blood. If necessary, a portion of the stained material or the entire
item may be collected, depending on the size and nature of the stain

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8. Preserve larger bloodstained items: If there are larger items with bloodstains, such as
clothing or weapons, they should be collected, properly packaged, and sealed to
prevent contamination or degradation of the evidence.

9. Document collection details: Detailed notes should be made regarding the location,
date, time, and method of collection for each piece of blood evidence. Any relevant
observations, such as the presence of spatter or projected patterns, should also be
recorded.

10. Transport and storage: Collected blood evidence should be properly packaged,
labeled, and transported to the forensic laboratory following chain of custody
protocols. It should be stored in appropriate containers or packaging to prevent
degradation and contamination until analysis.

The collection of blood evidence and the procedures followed by forensic investigators are
governed by the guidelines and protocols established by forensic science institutions, law
enforcement agencies, and the judicial system in India. These guidelines are based on
scientific principles and best practices in forensic investigation.

In India, the collection and handling of blood evidence are typically conducted in accordance
with the guidelines provided by the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) under
the Ministry of Home Affairs. These guidelines outline the recommended procedures for the
collection, packaging, and preservation of various types of physical evidence, including
bloodstains.

3. How will the forensic experts preserve the discovered evidence (blood and other)?

ANS- Forensic experts follow specific procedures to preserve the discovered evidence,
including blood and other biological materials, to ensure its integrity and admissibility in
court. The preservation process involves careful handling, packaging, labeling, and storage of
the evidence.

Here are the general steps followed by forensic experts for evidence preservation(BLOOD):

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1. Documentation: Before collecting and preserving the evidence, forensic experts

document its location, appearance, and any relevant details. They take photographs,
make sketches, and write detailed notes to create a record of the evidence at the crime
scene.

2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Forensic experts wear appropriate PPE,

including gloves, masks, and protective clothing, to prevent contamination and to
protect themselves and the evidence.

3. Collection: Blood evidence is typically collected using sterile swabs or applicators.

The experts gently swab the stained area to absorb any blood present. In cases where
there is a large bloodstain, experts may use a clean, dry, and sterile cloth to carefully
lift and collect the stained material.

4. Packaging: Once collected, the blood evidence is carefully placed into clean, dry, and
appropriately labeled packaging. The packaging may include paper bindles,
envelopes, or sterile containers, depending on the nature and size of the evidence.
Each item is sealed to prevent tampering and contamination.

5. Labeling: Forensic experts label each package with unique identifiers, including the
case number, date, time, location, description of the evidence, and the name of the
collector. This information ensures proper tracking and chain of custody
documentation.

6. Storage and Transportation: The packaged evidence is stored and transported under
suitable conditions to maintain its integrity. Blood evidence is typically stored in a
cool and dry environment to prevent degradation and the growth of biological
contaminants. Chain of custody protocols are followed to maintain a record of all
individuals who handle the evidence, ensuring its integrity and admissibility.

7. Laboratory Analysis: The preserved blood evidence is sent to a forensic laboratory for
further analysis. The laboratory technicians use specialized techniques, such as DNA
profiling, blood typing, and serological tests, to extract information from the
bloodstains that can be used as evidence in criminal investigations.

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Here is an overview of how forensic experts preserve different types of evidence:

1. Physical Evidence:
a. Packaging: Forensic experts carefully package physical evidence to prevent
contamination, breakage, or degradation. They use appropriate containers, such as
paper bags, envelopes, or boxes, depending on the nature of the evidence.
b. Labeling: Each package is labeled with unique identifiers, including the case
number, date, time, description of the evidence, and the name of the collector. This
labeling ensures proper identification and tracking throughout the chain of custody.
c. Sealing: The packaging is sealed using tamper-evident seals or evidence tape to
maintain its integrity and prevent unauthorized access or tampering. d.
Documentation: Forensic experts document the packaging and sealing process
through written notes, photographs, and chain of custody forms to create a detailed
record of the evidence

2. Biological Evidence (e.g., blood, DNA samples):

a. Collection: Forensic experts use specialized tools, such as swabs, collection kits, or
sterile containers, to collect biological evidence. They ensure proper collection
techniques to avoid contamination and preserve the evidentiary value.

b. Packaging: The collected biological evidence is carefully placed into appropriate

packaging. For instance, blood swabs are placed in airtight containers or envelopes,
while DNA samples may be stored in sterile tubes or containers.

c. Preservation: Biological evidence requires proper preservation to prevent

degradation. Forensic experts store biological evidence in a cool and dry environment
to maintain its integrity and prevent the growth of microorganisms. d. Chain of
Custody: The evidence is handled following strict chain of custody protocols,
ensuring that a detailed record is maintained at every stage of handling, storage, and
transportation.

3. Digital Evidence (e.g., computer data, photographs, videos):

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a. Imaging and Extraction: Forensic experts create forensic images or copies of digital
evidence using specialized software and tools. This process involves making a
complete and accurate copy of the original evidence while maintaining its integrity.

b. Hash Values: Forensic experts generate hash values, unique digital signatures, for
the digital evidence to ensure its integrity and detect any unauthorized modifications
during the investigation.

c. Storage: Digital evidence is stored on secure, encrypted devices or servers to

prevent unauthorized access or tampering. Strict access controls and backup
procedures are implemented to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of the
evidence. d. Documentation: Forensic experts document the process of capturing,
handling, and storing digital evidence, including timestamps, software used, and any
relevant metadata.

4. What tests are employed by the Forensics Serologists to confirm whether the stain are

actually blood or not?

ANS- Forensic serologists are forensic scientists who specialize in the examination and
analysis of biological evidence, particularly body fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, and
other bodily fluids. Their expertise lies in identifying, characterizing, and interpreting
biological evidence found at crime scenes to provide valuable information for criminal
investigations.

The role of forensic serologists is crucial in criminal investigations as body fluids can often
provide critical evidence linking a suspect to a crime or victim. By analyzing biological
samples, forensic serologists can determine the presence of specific body fluids, identify the
species or individual the fluid belongs to, and provide information about the circumstances
surrounding a crime.

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Blood is a complex viscous red fluid with a pH of about 7.4. It is mainly composed of two
parts: Cells and plasma. The liquid part is called plasma and the solids are red cells
(erythrocytes), white cells (leukocytes) and thrombocytes (platelets). The cells are also
known as corpuscles. When the blood flows out of the body a part separates out as blood
clots consisting of blood cells, discs and fibrin. Fibrin comes out of plasma and is responsible
for clotting of blood. The liquid left is called serum. It is the plasma without fibrinogen which
turns into fibrin

Forensic serologists employ various tests to confirm whether a stain is actually blood or not.
These tests help in determining the presence of blood and differentiating it from other
substances. Here are some common tests used by forensic serologists:

1. Presumptive Tests:

a. Kastle-Meyer Test: This test involves applying a solution of phenolphthalein and

hydrogen peroxide to the stain. If the stain contains blood, the solution will turn pink
due to the presence of hemoglobin.

b. Luminol Test: Luminol is a chemical that reacts with the heme group in
hemoglobin. When luminol is sprayed on a suspected blood stain, it emits a blue glow
in the presence of blood, even if the stain is not visible to the naked eye.

c. Hemastix Test: Hemastix are strips of paper impregnated with chemicals that react
with the heme group in blood. When the strip is pressed against a stain, it changes
color if blood is present.

2. Confirmatory Tests:

a. Microscopic Examination: Forensic serologists use a microscope to examine the

stain. They look for the characteristic appearance of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and
other cellular components present in blood.

b. Serological Tests: These tests involve the use of specific antibodies to detect the
presence of human or animal blood. For example, the precipitin test uses antibodies to
determine if the blood is of human origin or from a specific animal species.

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c. DNA Analysis: DNA analysis is a highly accurate method to confirm the presence
of blood and identify the individual it belongs to. DNA can be extracted from blood
stains and compared to reference samples to determine a match.

The identification and evaluation of blood is based in its composition and behaviour under
various conditions.

1) Cell structure: Since blood is composed of red and white cells, platelets and plasma. The
cells have definite shapes and sizes which in different species. For example, human blood
cells have characteristic non-nucleated discs with a diameter of about 0.08mm. The
identification of cell structure is possible when the blood is fresh and moist usually less than
1 day old. When the blood has dried, it is not always possible to completely regenerate the
blood cells. The study of cells is made through microscopy.

2) Enzymatic activity: Blood contains heme group in haemoglobin. It behaves like

peroxidase. It catalyses the liberation of oxygen from oxygen rich compounds like hydrogen
peroxide or sodium perborate. The oxygen is used to carry out certain color reactions. The
common color reactions for blood detection are benzidine, phenolphthalein, leucomalachite
green and luminol reactions. Other enzymes have been utilized in electrophoretic techniques.
When they are subjected to an electric field due to some polarity, they move towards opposite
polarity. The rate of movement varies with their structure, weight and electric charge. The
pattern of separation is characteristic of blood.

3) Spectrophotometry :Haemoglobin on treatment with acids, alkalis, reducing agents or

oxidizing agents gives a variety of products which have characteristics absorption spectra.
They help to identify the blood. The absorption bands are seen in length which are
characteristic of blood.

4) Visual examination: It is useful to determine whether the given stain is of blood or not.
Ordinarily, there is no difficulty in fresh but old stains may not be identifiable. The
examination permits: 1. Determination of number and size of stains. 2. Rough estimate of
amount of blood shed. 3. The direction from which the blood has fallen is found from the tip
of the elongated stain. The tip of the elongated points out the direction.

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5) UV and IR Examination Ultraviolet: or infrared rays reveal washed or invisible

bloodstains from clothes, furniture, earth, doors etc. They also reveal stains on coloured
garments or on painted surfaces. They help to reveal minute blood traces.

6) Microscopy :Microscopic examination of bloodstains is important in many situations:

 Species of origin of fresh bloodstains can be established through microscopic studies and
micro measurements sometimes.

 The part of the body from which the blood has come can found out from the nature of
extraneous matter. Thus, blood from nose, mouth, vagina or anus can be identified.

 Diseases like leukaemia or syphilis can be detected microscopically.

It is important to note that presumptive tests provide initial indications of the presence of
blood, but confirmatory tests are necessary to conclusively establish the presence of blood.
Forensic serologists employ a combination of presumptive and confirmatory tests to ensure
accurate results and support their findings in court.

7) Spectroscopy :Spectroscopic examination of blood is very useful as well as convenient.

The test is usually carried out microscopically. The blood haemoglobin is changed in two or
three forms on the slide itself and characteristic absorption are observed. Usually alkali
hematin and cyanhaemochromogen are studied for their characteristic spectra.

8) Chromatography:Ascending paper chromatography using acetic acid, methanol and

water solvent system has been employed to study the Rf values.

9) Electrophoresis :It is used for separation of various enzyme systems. It is being adopted
to study the body proteins. This technique is becoming important to distinguish between
blood samples.

10) Colour tests: These tests are the first series of tests employed after visual study of stains.
If a stain gives positive color reactions in any of the two color tests, the stain is possibly a
bloodstain. If it fails to give color reactions in all probability it is not a bloodstain or the same
cannot be established.

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11) Precipitin reaction:The reaction is performed to identify the species of the origin of the
bloodstains. It is very delicate test and requires only small amounts of blood. A dilute blood
solution is used for precipitin reaction. The antisera are not diluted. The blood solution and
antisera should be free from turbidity and contamination.

5. Choose two cases on any offence (e.g., murder/burglary/rape etc) that explains how
the

forensic investigation principles helps in criminal investigation.

ANS-

CASE 1 : THE JESSICA LAL MURDER CASE

The Jessica Lal4 murder case is a landmark case that highlights the importance of forensic
investigation in solving crimes. In 1999, Jessica Lall, a model, was shot dead while working
as a bartender at a party in a restaurant in Delhi, India. The accused, Manu Sharma, the son of
a prominent politician, was acquitted in the trial court due to a lack of evidence. However, the
case was reopened after public outcry and the forensic investigation played a crucial role in
securing a conviction.

In the Jessica Lall murder case, forensic investigation principles played a pivotal role in
unraveling the truth and ensuring justice for the victim. The case initially faced challenges
due to a lack of eyewitnesses and reluctance of witnesses to come forward. However, the
meticulous forensic investigation helped bridge the gaps and establish the guilt of the
accused. Here are the key forensic investigation principles that contributed to the case:

4
State of NCT of Delhi v. Manu Sharma (2010) 6 SCC1

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1. Crime Scene Examination: Forensic experts thoroughly examined the crime scene
to gather crucial evidence. They documented and collected physical evidence,
such as the bullet and cartridge casing found at the scene. The careful
documentation of the crime scene ensured that no evidence was missed or
contaminated.
2. Ballistics Analysis: The recovered bullet and cartridge casing were subjected to
ballistics analysis. This involved comparing the bullet and casing to determine if
they were fired from the same firearm. By conducting ballistic tests, experts were
able to establish a crucial link between the bullet recovered from the victim's body
and the cartridge casing found at the crime scene. This evidence helped connect
the accused to the crime.
3. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Forensic experts analyzed the bloodstain patterns at
the crime scene to reconstruct the events leading to the murder. They examined
the location, shape, and distribution of bloodstains to understand the dynamics of
the crime. This analysis helped establish the sequence of events and determine the
positions of the victim, accused, and other individuals present during the incident.
4. Forensic Toxicology: Toxicological analysis was conducted to determine the
presence of drugs or alcohol in the victim's body. This analysis helped establish
the victim's state during the incident and debunk any claims that her judgment or
actions may have been influenced by substances.
5. Expert Testimony: Forensic experts provided expert testimony in court to explain
the scientific findings and their significance in the case. Their testimonies helped
the court and the jury understand the forensic evidence and its implications,
strengthening the prosecution's case against the accused.

This case highlights the importance of forensic investigation in solving crimes. The forensic
evidence provides a scientific basis for the investigation, which can be used to establish the
guilt or innocence of the accused. In this case, the forensic evidence was crucial in
establishing the guilt of the accused and ensuring justice for the victim.

CASE 2 : THE NIRBHAYA GANG RAPE CASE

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The Nirbhaya gang rape5 case is another landmark case that highlights the importance of
forensic investigation in solving crimes. In 2012, a 23-year-old woman was gang-raped and
brutally assaulted on a bus in Delhi, India. The victim later succumbed to her injuries, and the
incident led to widespread public outrage and protests. The forensic investigation played a
crucial role in securing a conviction against the accused.

In the Nirbhaya case, the application of forensic investigation principles played a vital role in
the investigation and subsequent conviction of the perpetrators. The case involved the brutal
gang rape and murder of a young woman in Delhi, India. Forensic investigation principles
were crucial in establishing the guilt of the accused and presenting concrete evidence in
court. Here's how forensic investigation principles aided the criminal investigation in the
Nirbhaya case:

1. Medical Examination: The victim underwent a detailed medical examination

following the assault. Forensic medical experts documented and collected evidence of
the sexual assault, including DNA samples, injuries, and traces of bodily fluids. The
medical examination played a crucial role in establishing the nature and extent of the
assault.

2. DNA Analysis: DNA analysis was conducted on the collected samples to identify and
match the genetic material of the accused. DNA profiling helped link the accused to
the crime scene and establish their involvement. The presence of DNA evidence
strengthened the case against the perpetrators.

3. Forensic Odontology: Dental examination was conducted to identify bite marks found
on the victim's body. Forensic odontology experts analyzed the bite marks and
compared them with dental impressions of the suspects. This analysis helped establish
the identity of one of the accused and further supported the prosecution's case.

5
State v. Mukesh & Ors. (2013) 5 SCC 546

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4. Forensic Psychology: Forensic psychologists played a crucial role in assessing the

mental state and behavior of the accused. Their evaluations provided insights into the
mindset and motivations of the perpetrators, helping establish their criminal intent and
establishing the case for premeditated actions.

5. Crime Scene Reconstruction: Forensic experts reconstructed the crime scene based on
available evidence, witness statements, and forensic analysis. This helped establish
the sequence of events, positions of the individuals involved, and the nature of the
assault. Crime scene reconstruction aided in presenting a clear narrative of the crime
during the trial.

6. Mobile Forensics: Mobile phones recovered from the accused were subjected to
forensic analysis. Call records, text messages, and other digital evidence were
examined to establish communication between the accused, their location during the
incident, and their involvement in the crime.

7. Expert Testimony: Forensic experts provided expert testimony in court, explaining the
scientific findings and their significance. Their testimonies helped the court and the
jury understand the forensic evidence and its implications. The expert testimonies
reinforced the credibility of the investigation and supported the prosecution's case.

The application of forensic investigation principles in the Nirbhaya case played a crucial role
in gathering concrete evidence, establishing the guilt of the accused, and ensuring a fair trial.
The medical examination, DNA analysis, forensic odontology, forensic psychology, crime
scene reconstruction, mobile forensics, and expert testimonies collectively presented a strong
case against the perpetrators. The use of forensic evidence helped bring about justice in a
high-profile and heinous crime, serving as a reminder of the importance of forensic
investigation principles in criminal investigations.

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