Helminth Parasites of Amphibians and Reptiles From the

Ucayali Region, Peru

Authors: McAllister, Chris T., Bursey, Charles R., and Freed, Paul S.
Source: Journal of Parasitology, 96(2) : 444-447
Published By: American Society of Parasitologists
URL: https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2206.1

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Helminth Parasites of Amphibians and Reptiles From the Ucayali Region, Peru
Chris T. McAllister, Charles R. Bursey*, and Paul S. FreedÀ, RapidWrite, 102 Brown Street, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas 71913;
*Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University—Shenango Campus, 147 Shenango Avenue, Sharon, Pennsylvania 16146-1537; À14149
South Butte Creek Road, Scotts Mills, Oregon 97375. e-mail: drctmcallister@aol.com
ABSTRACT: Twenty individual amphibians representing 9 species within 6
families and 44 individual reptiles representing 15 species within 8 families
from the Ucayali Region, Peru, were examined for helminths. Seven (35%)
of the amphibian species and 15 (34%) of the reptiles were found to harbor
at least 1 species of helminth; 5 (25%) of the amphibians and 4 (9%) of the
reptiles harbored multiple infections. A cyclophyllidean cestode and 14
taxa of nematodes within 7 families were found in the herpetofauna
surveyed. Thirteen new host and 6 new geographic distribution records are
documented.
Compared to neighboring countries, little information is available on
helminth parasites of amphibians and reptiles of Peru. Most of these
reports concern descriptions of new taxa (Baylis, 1926; Freitas and Ibáñez,
1962, 1963, 1965; Rêgo and Ibáñez, 1965; Freitas et al., 1968; Vicente and
Ibáñez, 1968; Tantaleán and Naupay, 1974; Ibáñez and Córdova, 1976;
Vaucher, 1981; Jones, 1987; Gray, 1993; Ben Slimane et al., 1995; Durette-
Desset et al., 2000; Bursey and Goldberg, 2007). However, Naupay (1974)
reported 2 species of nematodes from the warty toad, Rhinella spinulosa
(5Bufo spinulosus), while Iannacone (2003a, 2003b) listed parasites of the
Acancocha water frog, Telmatobius jelskii, and Azuay stubfoot toad,
Atelopus bomolochus, and Bursey et al. (2001, 2005) reported on helminths
of 51 species of anurans and 13 species of lizards. Goldberg and Bursey
(2004) described nematodes from Peter’s leaf-toed gecko, Phyllodactylus
reissii, and Pérez et al. (2007) listed nematodes from 3 species of lizards.
To our knowledge, no additional surveys on helminths exist for
amphibians or reptiles of Peru. There is an obvious need for further
collection of amphibians and reptiles and documentation of Peruvian
helminths, since several species remain to be examined. Herein, we report
several new host and locality records from a survey of 64 amphibians and
reptiles from Peru.
During June and July 1987, 20 individual amphibians and 44 individual
reptiles were collected from a site in the Ucayali Region, Coronel Portillo
Province, 65 km ENE of Pucallpa (07u359N, 73u459W, elevation 5 300 m)
(Fig. 1). Habitat was typical of Amazon primary rainforest. The following
amphibians were examined (sample sizes in parentheses): Bufonidae,
spotted toad, Rhaebo guttatus (1), South American common toad, Rhinella
margaritifera (7); Dendrobatidae, three-striped poison frog, Ameerega
trivittata (2); Hylidae, Günther’s banded treefrog, Hypsiboas fasciatus (1),
Bereis’ treefrog, Dendropsophus leucophyllatus (2), white-lined leaf frog,
Phyllomedusa vaillantii (2); Leiuperidae, Peter’s dwarf frog, Engystomops
petersi (2); Microhylidae, dotted humming frog, Chiasmocleis ventrimacu-
lata (1); and Strabomantidae, common big-headed frog, Oreobates
quixensis (2). The reptiles examined were Gekkonidae, Trinidad gecko,
Gonatodes humeralis (3); Hoplocercidae, Guichenot’s dwarf iguana,
Enyalioides laticeps (1); Gymnophthalmidae, Alopoglossus copii (1),
white-lipped prionodactylus, Cercosaura argulus (2), common stream
lizard, Potamites ecpleopus (2), Boulenger’s largescale lizard, Ptychoglos-
sus brevifrontalis (3); Polychrotidae, roughskin anole, Anolis trachyderma
(15); Scincidae, black-spotted skink, Mabuya nigropunctata (1); Teiidae,
forest whiptail, Kentropyx pelviceps (2); Tropiduridae, green thornytail
iguana, Uracentron azureum (1); Colubridae, brown sipo, Chironius fuscus
(4), Catesbyi’s snail-eater, Dipsas catesbyi (3), blunthead tree snake,
Imantodes cenchoa (3), Wucherer’s ground snake, Xenopholis scalaris (1),
no common name, Xenoxybelis argenteus (2).
Methods of processing specimens for necropsy and the preparation and
staining of parasites follow McAllister et al. (2010a). Prevalence, mean
intensity, and range of infection are provided and are in accordance with
terminology in Bush et al. (1997).
DOI: 10.1645/GE-2206.1
444
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J. Parasitol., 96(2), 2010, pp. 444–447
F American Society of Parasitologists 2010
Photovouchers of amphibians and reptiles were deposited in the
Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology Herpetological Collection
(ASUMZ), State University, Arkansas as ASUMZ 31384. Helminths were
deposited in the U.S. National Parasite Collection (USNPC), Beltsville,
Maryland. Anuran taxonomy follows Frost (2009); reptile taxonomy
follows the TIGR Reptile Database (Uetz and Hallermann, 2009).
Seven (35%) of the individual amphibians and 15 (34%) of the
individual reptiles were infected with at least 1 helminth species (Table I).
Five (25%) of the amphibians and 3 (7%) of the reptiles harbored multiple
infections of 2 helminth species; 1 (2%) of the reptiles (M. nigropunctata)
harbored 3 helminths. Seven of 20 (35%) of the anurans (5 of 8 [63%]
toads; 2 of 12 [17%] frogs), 8 of 31 lizards (26%), and 6 of 13 snakes (46%)
were infected. A cyclophyllidean tapeworm and 14 species of nematodes
within 7 families, namely, 3 cosmocercids, 2 heterakids, 2 kathlaniids, 3
molineids, 1 onchocercid, 1 pharyngodonid, and 2 physalopterids, were
recovered from hosts (Table I).
The following amphibians and reptiles (n 5 22 individuals) were
negative for helminths: R. guttatus, H. fasciatus, D. leucophyllatus, P.
vaillantii, E. petersi, C. ventrimaculata, G. humeralis, A. copii, P.
brevifrontalis, U. azureum, C. fuscus, and X. scalaris.
A single cyclophyllidean tapeworm, Cylindrotaenia americana Jewell,
1916, was found in the small intestine of R. margaritifera. Dyer (1986)
previously reported C. americana in 1 of 13 (8%) R. margaritifera from
Ecuador. Bursey et al. (2001) also reported C. americana from Rhinella
marina (5Bufo marinus), Allobates marchesianus (5Colostethus marche-
sianus), and Scinax pedromedinae (5Scinax pedromedinai) from Reserva
Cuzco Amazónico, Peru. In addition, the parasite has been reported from
other anuran hosts in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay,
and Uruguay (Jones, 1987; McAllister, 1991; McAllister et al., 2010a).
A single female cosmocercoid (5Aplectana sp. Railliet and Henry, 1916)
occurred in the intestinal tract of C. argulus. Without males, unfortu-
nately, we were not able to determine to generic identity of these worms,
although they are most likely Aplectana. At least 23 species of Aplectana
have been reported from various hosts with a Neotropical distribution
(Bursey et al., 2006; Ramallo et al., 2008). McAllister et al. (2010a)
reported unknown cosmocercoids thought to be Aplectana sp. from the
gray ground snake, Atractus occipitoalbus from Ecuador. This is the first
report of any cosmocercoid nematode in C. argulus.
Cosmocerca parva Travassos, 1925, has been reported from numerous
anurans in Central and South America (Bursey et al., 2001; Goldberg and
Bursey, 2008; McAllister et al., 2010a, 2010b). Bursey et al. (2001) found
C. parva in 17 species of anurans from Peru. The species has also been
recorded in O. quixensis from Ecuador (Dyer and Altig, 1977). Here, we
report a new host record for C. parva in A. trivittata.
Falcaustra belemensis Baker and Bain, 1981, appears to be specific to
gymnophthalmid lizards. This nematode has been previously reported
from these lizards from Brazil (Baker and Bain, 1981; Goldberg et al.,
2007) and Ecuador (McAllister et al., 2010a). In our study, we found F.
belemensis in P. ecpleopus, which represents a new distributional record.
Seven male and 7 female Spinicauda spinicauda (Olfers, 1819) Travassos,
1920, were found in the large intestine of E. laticeps. Additional hosts
include Ameiva ameiva, Anolis armouri, Anolis leachi, Anolis oculatus,
Enyalioides cofanorum, Tupinambis merianae, and Tupinambis teguixin (see
Bursey et al., 2005; Ramallo et al., 2009; McAllister et al., 2010a). The
species is known from Antigua, Brazil, Dominica, Ecuador, Haiti, Peru,
Trinidad, and Venezuela (Ramallo et al., 2009; McAllister et al., 2010a),
and here we report a new host record for S. spinicauda.
Strongylurus oscari Travassos, 1923, was found in the large intestine of
A. trachyderma and I. cenchoa. McAllister et al. (2010a) reported this
heterakid from Anolis punctatus, Plica umbra, and Stenocercus roseoventris
from Ecuador. It is also known from Brazil in leiosaurid, teiid, and
tropidurid lizards (Baker, 1987; Vrcibradic et al., 2008). Bursey et al.
 RESEARCH NOTES 445

Physalopteroides venancioi (Lent et al., 1946) Sobolev, 1949, was

FIGURE 1. Map of Peru showing study site in Ucayali Region (star)
where herpetofauna were collected.
(2005) identified S. oscari from the polychrotids, Anolis fuscoauratus and
A. punctatus, and the tropidurids, Plica plica, P. umbra, and S. roseoventris
from Peru. We add 2 new host records for S. oscari.
Physaloptera obtusissima Molin, 1860, is known from boid, colubrid,
and viperid snakes from Brazil and the United States (Molin, 1861;
Morgan, 1943; Grundmann, 1959), here adding a new host and
distributional record for P. obtusissima.
described from Rhinella schneideri (5Bufo paracnemis) from Paraguay
(Lent et al., 1946). In addition, Bursey et al. (2001, 2005) reported this
nematode from 9 species of anurans and 4 species of lizards, respectively,
from Peru. We add 2 new hosts (I. cenchoa and X. argenteus), the first
snake species known to harbor P. venancioi.
Eight (3 males, 5 females) Kentropyxia sauria Baker, 1982, occurred in
the small intestine of K. pelviceps. This monotypic species was previously
described from Kentropyx calcarata from Brazil (Baker, 1982) and, here,
we add a second host and a new geographic distribution record for K.
sauria.
Oswaldocruzia brasiliensis Lent and Freitas, 1935, was found in the
small intestine of M. nigropunctata, a new host and geographic record. The
species has been reported previously from 2 colubrids and a gekkonid
from Brazil (Lent and Freitas, 1935; Freitas, 1956; Rodrigues and dos
Santos, 1974).
In total, 21 male and 13 female Oswaldocruzia proencai Ben Slimane and
Durette-Desset, 1995 (syn. Oswaldocruzia mazzai sensu Travassos, Freitas,
and Lent, 1939) were found in the small intestine of 5 R. margaritifera.
This parasite was reported previously from Leptodactylus bufonius,
Leptodactylus ocellatus, and R. schneideri (5B. paracnemis) from
Paraguay (Lent et al., 1946), and also Rhinella arenarum (5Chaunus
arenarum), Rhinella marina (5Chaunus marinus), and R. schneideri from
Argentina (Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset, 1995; Ramallo et al., 2007a,
2007b). We add a new host and geographic record for O. proencai.
Six Cruzia rudolphi Ruiz, 1947, were removed from the rectum of D.
catesbyi. This nematode was described from the Aesculapian false coral
snake Erythrolamprus aesculapii in Brazil (Ruiz, 1947). More recently,
McAllister et al. (2010b) reported C. rudolphi from the Bolivian tree snake,

TABLE I. Helminths recovered from amphibians and reptiles of the Ucayali Region, Peru.

Helminth (USNPC no.) Host Intensity* Prevalence{

Cestoidea
Nematotaeniidae
Cylindrotaenia americana (84979) .Rhinella margaritifera 1 1/7 (14)
Nematoda
Cosmocercidae
Aplectana sp. (84991) .Cercosaura argulus{ 1} 1/2 (50)
Aplectana hylambatis (84980) .R. margaritifera 2.3 ± 0.3 (2–3) 4/7 (57)
Cosmocerca parva (84977) .Oreobates quixensis 3 1/2 (50)
(84978) .Ameerega trivittata{ 2 1/2 (50)
Heterakidae
Spinicauda spinicauda (84983) .Enyalioides laticeps{ 14 1/1 (100)
Strongylurus oscari (84982) .Anolis trachyderma{ 1, 2 2/15 (13)
(84994) .Imantodes cenchoa{ 2, 3 2/3 (67)
Kathlaniidae
Cruzia rudolphiI (84992) .Dipsas catesbyi 1, 5 2/3 (67)
Falcaustra belemensisI (84990) .Potamites ecpleopus 2 1/2 (50)
Molineidae
Kentropyxia sauriaI (84984) .Kentropyx pelviceps{ 8 1/2 (50)
Oswaldocruzia brasiliensisI (84989) .Mabuya nigropunctata{ 3 1/1 (100)
Oswaldocruzia proencaiI (84981) .R. margaritifera{ 6.8 ± 1.0 (3–9) 5/7 (71)
Onchocercidae
Piratuboides zeae (84988) .M. nigropunctata{ 1 1/1 (100)
Pharyngodonidae
Parapharyngodon scleratus (84985) .K. pelviceps 3 1/2 (50)
(84987) .M. nigropunctata{ 1 1/1 (100)
Physalopteridae
Physaloptera obtusissimaI (84986) .K. pelviceps{ 6, 7 2/2 (100)
Physalopteroides venancioi (84993) .I. cenchoa{ 3 1/3 (33)
(84995) .Xenoxybelis argenteus{ 1, 5 2/2 (100)

* Mean ± 1 SE (range).
{ No. infected/no. examined (%).
{ New host record.
} Single female found, without males, specific identity not possible.
I New geographic distribution record.

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 446 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 96, NO. 2, APRIL 2010
Sibynomorphus turgidus from Paraguay. To our knowledge, this is the
third host and a new locality record for C. rudolphi.
Three female Parapharyngodon scleratus (Travassos, 1923) Freitas,
1957, were found in the large intestine of K. pelviceps. In addition, a single
female P. scleratus was found in the large intestine of Mabuya
nigropunctata. This nematode has been reported previously from K.
pelviceps in Peru (Bursey et al., 2005). We report a new host record for P.
scleratus in M. nigropunctata.
A single male Piratuboides zeae (Bain, 1974) Bain and Sulahian, 1974,
occurred in the body cavity of M. nigropunctata. The species was originally
described by Bain (1974) from Mabuya bistrata (5Mabuya mabouya, Bain
1974) in Brazil. Bursey et al. (2005) previously reported P. zeae from M.
bistrata in Peru. We report a new host record for P. zeae.
Peru supports a rich and diverse herpetofauna, including at least 145
species of amphibians and 153 species of reptiles (http://www.peruwildlife.
info/species), and many of these remain to be surveyed for helminths.
However, some habitat supporting this herpetofauna is threatened by
expansion of the agricultural and pastoral frontier, gold mining, and
selective logging that erodes the genetic diversity of a few valuable timber
species (World Wildlife Fund, 2008), making studies such as this
imperative in the future, not only in Peru, but in other developing
countries as well.
P.S.F. thanks the Houston Zoological Gardens for support in this and
other projects concerning conservation in Latin and South America. He
also thanks John O’Neil (Louisiana State University) for the invitation to
participate in the faunal survey of eastern Peru. Appreciation is also
extended to J. R. Lichtenfels (USNPC) and S. E. Trauth (ASUMZ) for
curatorial assistance.
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