Curriculum Assignment

1. Highlight the differences between Wheeler and Tyler's models of

curriculum using the Scriven model
The Wheeler model of curriculum development is a model that shows that curriculum

development happens in a continuous cycle. According to this model, creating a school

curriculum should be able to adapt to changes in education and make the right adjustments

for those changes. Additionally, this model focuses on assessing the situation. This is

because the circumstances in which decisions about the curriculum are made are seen as

significant. This practice can help you make the best decisions and it can be identified as an

improvement upon the model introduced by Ralph Tyler.

Ralph Tyler developed the Tyler model in the 1940s. This model is developed as a linear

model that consists of objectives, selection of learning experience, organization of learning

experience, and evaluation. Tyler's model of curriculum provides interactive learning

activities for students. It gives students a chance for social interaction as well as emotional

development. Through this model of curriculum, students get the opportunity to explore their

interests. Similarly, the Tyler model is considered a formal approach to teaching, and it

focuses on the active engagement of students rather than passive interaction in the activities.

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WHEELER AND TYLER'S MODELS OF

CURRICULUM USING THE SCRIVEN MODEL

Both the Wheeler and Tyler models of curriculum development use the Scriven model, which

includes the four components: (1) Planning, (2) Implementation, (3) Evaluation, and (4)

Review. However, the key difference lies in their educational philosophies and approaches:
1) Defining Objectives and Criteria: The first step in Scriven’s Model is to define

clear and specific objectives for the curriculum. While Tyler’s model focused on

defining clear objects, the wheeler model emphasizes a more holistic and learner-

centered approach.

2) Implementation: The Tyler model focuses on offering freedom for students to

select what they learn, while the Wheeler model focuses on motivating students

about opportunities provided for them to learn. Active engagement and interaction of

the students are encouraged by theories of the Tyler model, whereas the Wheeler

model provides opportunities for learners to discover their interests and develop

them. However, the Wheeler model requires teacher engagement where necessary.

3) Designing the Evaluation Plan: In this stage, evaluators develop a detailed plan for

conducting the evaluation. Both Tyler and Wheeler’s models have an evaluation

phase, but in Tyler's model, this evaluation is final because it is the last phase in a

straight-line model. However, in Wheeler's model, the evaluation is not final. The

information from the evaluation is used to adjust and improve the objectives and

goals.

4) Review: Tyler Model focused on defining clear objectives, content selection,

teaching methods, and assessment criteria to achieve specific learning outcomes.

Wheeler Model emphasizes a more holistic and learner-centered approach,

considering the broader social and cultural context of education and considering

students' needs and experiences.

 2. Develop a scheme of work, choose a topic in your subject area, and
develop a lesson note

JSS2 CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS STUDIES FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS SUB-TOPICS/CONTENTS

1. Revision a. Biblical Account of Creation.

b. Human Beings Share in God’s Creative
Activities.
c. Call to Freedom and Repentance.

2 The preparation for the a. The Annunciation in the Old and New Testament.
coming of Christ. b. The Value of Virginity Before and After

Marriage.

3 The Birth of Jesus Christ a. The Visit of the Shepherds to Baby Jesus.
(Matt:11: 8-25, Luke 2: 1-7) b. The Visit of the Wise Men (Magi) to Baby Jesus.
c. Gifts Presented to Him and the Importance

4 Presentation of Jesus in the a. Prophecy of Simeon and Anna. (Luke 2: 25– 35)
Temple b. Presentation of Jesus in the Temple. (Luke 2:21-
24)
5 Jesus Christ and His family a. Jesus and His Siblings. (Matt 13: 53-56)
b. Jesus Obeyed His Parents. (Luke 51–52)
c. Jesus’ Understanding of Family. (Matt 12: 46 –

58)

6 Jesus Christ prepares for His a. The Forerunner of Jesus Christ.

life ministry b. The Baptism of Jesus Christ.

7 Call of the disciples a. Jesus Calls His First Four Disciples.

b. Jesus Calls the Twelve Disciples/Apostles.
c. The Demand of Discipleship. (Matt 8:18-27)
d. The Mission of the Twelve and Seventy.

8 Jesus Christ welcomes all a. Jesus Christ and the Elite Nicodemus. (Jn 3:1–17)
people b. Zacchaeus (Luke19: 1-9)
c. Matthew the Tax Collector. (Matthew 9: 9-12)
9 Jesus Christ and the rejected a. The Samaritan Women. (John 4: 7-47)
b. Cornelius (Acts 10:1-48)
c. Jesus and the Sinner.
d. The Adulterous Women. (John 8:1-11)
e. Mary Magdalene (Mark 16:9, Luke8:2)
 10 Revision

11 – 12 Examination

WEEK TWO LESSON PLAN ON CRS ENDING 27-09-2023

CLASS: JSS2
NO IN CLASS: 19
AVERAGE AGE OF STUDENTS: 14yrs
DATE: 25-09-2023
DURATION: 40mins
SUBJECT: CRS
CURRICULUM THEME: Preparation for the Coming of Christ
TOPIC: The Annunciation in the Old and New Testament.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Explain in Details the Annunciation in the Old Testament.

2. Discuss Angel Gabriel’s Visit to Mary.

3. Define the Term Virginity.

4. State the Advantages of Keeping One’s Virginity Before and After Marriage.

ENTRY BEHAVIOR: The students have learnt the biblical account of creation.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Pictures showing the angel Gabriel’s visit to Mary, lesson

plan, marker and board.

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE

Step 1: Introduction - The Annunciation

Annunciation in the Old Testament (Isaiah 9:6-7, Isaiah 53:3-6, Micah 5:2)
The birth of Jesus Christ was announced in many and different places by many people. Prophets

such as Isaiah and Micah prophesied about the birth of Jesus Christ. The nature and birthplace of

Jesus came as a result of God’s love for mankind/human race. The reason for the coming of
Jesus Christ into the world was to save mankind from the sin and condemnation brought upon

human beings because of the disobedience of Adam and Eve. Prophet Isaiah prophesied the birth

of Jesus thus: “For unto us a Child is born, to us a Son is given and government shall be upon

His shoulder and He shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, and

the Prince of Peace” (Isaiah 9:6-7). Prophet Micah also mentioned the birth place of Jesus when

he said “But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah though you are little among the clans of Judah, yet out

of you shall come forth to me the One to be ruler (Micah 5:2).

Step II: Annunciation in the New Testament (Matt. 1: 22 – 23, Luke 1:26-33)

Annunciation in the New Testament means the announcement to Mary that she was to be the

mother of Jesus Christ. Mary was a young Jewish woman who lived with her parents in Nazareth

in the city of Galilee. She was a virgin and was betrothed (engaged) to a man called Joseph who

was from the lineage of David. One day, Mary was alone when Angel Gabriel visited her and

announced to her that she was going to be the mother of the Saviour - Jesus. Mary was surprised

at the angel’s message because she was a virgin and had not traditionally married Joseph. She

asked the angel how the prophecy would be possible.

The angel in response convinced her on the possibility. The angel told her that He would be

conceived by the Holy Spirit, therefore, the Child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God.

In accordance with the prophecy of the angel, Mary became pregnant. When Joseph discovered

that Mary was pregnant, he was not happy. He thought that Mary had been unfaithful to him.

Joseph being a just man did not want to disgrace her so he planned to put her away privately.

Joseph had a dream in which an angel told him to marry Mary as planned, for the conception

was of the Holy Spirit. The baby should be called Jesus, for He would save his people from their

sins.

Step III: The Value of Virginity Before and After Marriage

Definition: Virginity is the state of a person who has never engaged in sexual intercourse. It

accords the bearer respect in the society. Virginity as a human state is not limited to the girl child

alone for it includes males who have not had sexual intercourse.

Therefore, a virgin can be described as someone who has never had sex. It is important for

young people to abstain from sex before marriage. Mary, the mother of Jesus was a virgin

before she got married to Joseph. Every society has a lot of value, respect and honour for

virginity and there are social, cultural, religious and spiritual aspects of virginity.

The Advantages of Keeping our Virginity Before and After Marriage

a. Respect, honour and God’s blessings.

b. Peace and joy in the marriage.

c. The couple will live healthy lives.

d. Respect for the girl’s family.

e. Love and trust in the marriage.

Disadvantages of Losing One’s Virginity Before and After Marriage

a. Unwanted pregnancy.

b. Guilt.

c. Shame/dishonor.

d. Contracting of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Abortion and Death.

MORAL LESSONS
a. God prepared for the coming of Jesus Christ. This shows the importance of preparation

in anything we want to do.

b. God is faithful. He fulfills His prophecies through genuine prophets.

c. We must make conscious effort to maintain our virginity before marriage.

EVALUATION:
 1. Explain in details the annunciation in the Old Testament.

2. Discuss angel Gabriel’s visit to Mary.

3. Define the term virginity.

4. State the advantages of keeping one’s virginity before and after marriage.

3. List and discuss 15 methods of teaching in your subject area and point out
the advantages and disadvantages of using each of the methods
1) Teacher-Centered Teaching Method: This refers to a teaching method that includes
the principles and techniques used by teachers to instruct their students and help them
achieve the intended learning outcomes. This method involves classroom
demonstrations, lectures, assignments/homework, and problem-based activities that
challenge students to apply their knowledge and skills to real-world situations.

Advantages:
i. It highlights the importance of the teacher’s role as a facilitator.
ii. Having been built on behavioral theory, this teaching method facilitates control
over changes in student behavior through direct instruction.

Disadvantages:
i. Critics cite a lack of stimulation in student motivation.
ii. The teacher-centered method used blindly, may not allow students enough
freedom of mind and creativity.
iii. It is poor at promoting analytical thinking and problem-solving skills.
iv. Not having enough opportunities for students to make their own choices may
result in a lack of decision-making skills and even an inability to think critically.
2) Small group instruction (SGI): is a teaching method that typically follows whole-
group instruction. It involves reducing the student-teacher ratio to four to six students
per group, allowing teachers to work more closely with each student to achieve specific
learning objectives. SGI also provides an opportunity to reinforce skills learned in
whole group instruction and check for student understanding. This method involves
constant activities around workstations, where groups work with the teacher and
independently on various activities such as using manipulative or computer/online
resources.
 Advantages:

i. Lessons are adapted to each student’s level. This allows teachers to provide
targeted, differentiated instruction to small groups of students in a natural way.
ii. It helps the instructor to more closely evaluate what each student is capable of and
construct strategic plans around the assessments.
iii. It promotes students’ social adaptation skills. Students who find it difficult to ask
questions and participate in a large group setting may benefit from working in a
small group setting, where they feel more at ease and less overwhelmed.
Disadvantages:
i. It takes more time and effort to prepare materials and organize workstations for
each student group.
ii. Students might feel pressure to always be involved, always contribute to lessons,
and always take some kind of role in group work.

3) Project-based Teaching Method: Project-based learning is a teaching method in

which students complete large-scale projects. Although the name suggests a focus on
project completion, these projects are not small-scale, but rather they are "big, meaty"
projects that require students to acquire knowledge, conduct research, think critically,
evaluate, analyze, make decisions, collaborate, and more. This approach challenges
students to apply their skills and knowledge in a real-world context, resulting in deeper
learning and understanding.

Advantages:
i. Between projects, the teacher may provide scaffolding and smaller bite-sized
projects to help build skills such as how to research, how to solve division
problems, how to write a letter, etc. Thus, students build on what they know by
asking questions, investigating, interacting with others, and reflecting on these
experiences.
ii. Cooperative learning is enhanced by letting students organize their work in
groups.
Disadvantages:

i. It’s quite time-consuming and requires good classroom management skills from

equipment availability to organizing and controlling its usage.

 ii. Students without experience in group work may have difficulties adapting roles

and negotiating a compromise.

4) Differentiated Instruction: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of

1975, which aimed to provide equal access to public education for all children, served
as an inspiration for differentiated instruction. It is a teaching approach that involves
understanding each student's unique learning style and adapting teaching methods to
meet their individual needs. While it is widely practiced to develop Individualized
Education Programs (IEPs) for students with special needs, differentiated instruction is
used by teachers today to cater to learners of all types. It involves offering a range of
options to students on how they access content, the types of activities they do to master
a concept, how student learning is assessed, and even how the classroom is set up. This
approach allows teachers to provide an inclusive and effective learning experience that
engages all students.

Advantages:
i. Teachers would have more sense of self-efficiency
ii. Accommodate each student’s needs more appropriately.
Disadvantages:
i. It takes more time to prepare the lesson
ii. Teachers would feel frustrated.

5) Inquiry-Based Method: Rather than function as a sole authority figure, in inquiry-

based learning teachers offer support and guidance as students work on projects that
depend on them taking on a more active and participatory role in their learning.
Different students might participate in different projects, developing their questions and
then conducting research often using online resources and then demonstrating the
results of their work through self-made videos, web pages, or formal presentations.

Advantages:

i. Teachers guide students to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

To learn these skills, the teacher helps students think through their processes,
teaches them possible approaches, and encourages them to try various methods.
ii. Students are encouraged to fail as a part of the process and then improve their
performance in subsequent activities.
 iii. Instead of repeating answers students have been taught, students learn to seek
their answers to questions. So, students develop strong research skills.

Disadvantages:

i. Because students are always encouraged to speak up, participate, and not be
afraid to fail, there is always a risk of embarrassing students who may not be
quick thinkers or who suffer from learning disabilities and processing issues. This
leads to a higher level of anxiety and loss of motivation.
ii. It may result in poorer standardized testing performance. When too much time is
dedicated to student inquiries, there’s always the risk that important “core” topics
could be left out. Naturally, this hurts standardized testing performance.

6) Flipped Learning Method: The idea behind flipped learning is to dedicate more time

in class to active learning rather than instruction. By providing students with lecture

material beforehand, they can watch the lectures at their own pace and come to class

prepared to engage in discussion, collaborative activities, and hands-on learning. This

approach also allows for a more personalized learning experience, catering to individual

student needs and learning styles.

Advantages:
i. Students have more control over their learning. When viewing video content or
other materials at home, students have the option of learning at their own pace.
ii. It promotes student-centered learning and collaboration.
Disadvantages:
i. It is difficult to implement: unequal access to technological resources
disadvantages certain populations.
ii. It is based mostly on the auditory perception of students, which leads to less
effective comprehension.
iii. It depends highly on students’ compliance: the approach assumes that students
will complete the out-of-class preparation and always be prepared to participate
in class. There’s a risk though that not all students will always be prepared for
the lesson.
7) Cooperative Learning Method: As the name suggests, cooperative learning involves a
lot of group work. However, it also requires a lot of structure and intervention on the
part of the teacher to make learning as effective as possible. Some commonly used
cooperative learning strategies include “think-pair-share.” Discussions in small groups
or pairs can also be effective, as can a “jigsaw” approach. In the jigsaw model, students
are broken into small groups to read or learn from a certain perspective. Then, changing
their groups, members spread the information and share it with others.

Advantages:
i. It improves social skills through cooperative work, recreating real-world work
situations in which collaboration and cooperation are required.
ii. It improves critical thinking: during the group work process, students will
express their opinions or ideas with the other students in the group providing
feedback.
iii. This feedback to each student will include critique as well as the interpretation
of the opinions or ideas expressed.
Disadvantages:
i. There may be difficulties with distributing social roles among group members
and, as a result, the detachment of one student from the group.
ii. There are risks of possible conflicts between group members, which demands
more attention from the teacher.
iii. Students working in the same group may have different speeds of learning.

8) Expeditionary Learning (Low Tech): Expeditionary learning is based on the idea that
there is considerable educational value in getting students out of the classroom and into
the real world. Examples include trips to the Historical Museum or Cathedrals, to learn
about the workings of the church and government, or out into nature to engage in
specific study related to the environment. Technology can be used to augment such
expeditions, but the primary focus is on getting out into the community for real-world
learning experiences.
Advantages:
i. It facilitates a self-learning experience for the students.
ii. Learners are made aware of what they can achieve through learning.
 iii. There is a balance between emotional and intellectual components.

Disadvantages
i. The students will only believe in experiments.
ii. The role of the teacher may be questioned.
iii. The classroom would have a lack of textbooks and conventional ways.

9) Dramatization (plays, skits, etc.): Dramatization is a teaching technique that involves

casting roles on a subject using gestures and mimics. It is a form of animation that

brings a subject to life and makes it more engaging for students. Dramatization allows

students to experience events that they may not be able to witness firsthand and helps

make abstract concepts more concrete.

Advantages:
i. Engages kinesthetic learners (those who learn through moving or doing)
ii. Can boost students’ self-esteem and confidence
iii. Can be used to teach teamwork and to help new classmates bond
iv. Can help students to engage with difficult or dull plays
v. Useful when trying to teach Shakespeare to a young class with a short attention
span
Disadvantages:
i. Children can get disorderly and over-excited
ii. Some students may feel inadequate or self-conscious compared to those who are
naturally good at drama
iii. Some children may see it as an opportunity to avoid “real” work
iv. Not everybody likes drama
v. Not all students will be kinesthetic learners
vi. The focus of the activity is often lost, especially with younger groups of students

10) Video Lesson: Video learning and utilization of educational videos is a simple solution
to help break up the monotony and keep kids engaged.

Advantages:
i. It’s a great visual tool to back up what’s in a textbook
 ii. Your students can see what they’re reading, giving more context to what they’re
learning
iii. If it is extremely difficult or a topic that’s not very interesting, videos will create
more engagement in the classroom than a textbook
iv. It’s great for reinforcement

Disadvantages:
i. If you’re creating the videos, you have to record and edit them, and this takes
plenty of time to get to the right format for your classroom
ii. There might be some issues with the clarification of topics
iii. If you teach one thing, and there’s a contradiction or different opinion in the
videos you’re showing, this can cause some confusion for students who are
watching the videos and listening to your classroom instruction
iv. Setting up projectors, and video equipment in the classroom, and making sure
you find the right educational videos, takes additional time

11) Discussion methods: Discussion methods are a variety of forums for the open-ended,

collaborative exchange of ideas among a teacher and students or among students to

further students thinking, learning, problem-solving, understanding, or literary

appreciation.

Advantages:
i. Learners actively participate in the learning process. They engage in meaningful
dialogue and exchange ideas and thoughts.
ii. Class discussions can prompt learners to analyze concepts and ideas critically.
iii. It provides learners with an opportunity to express their thoughts and ideas in
front of others.
iv. It can build their self-confidence and public speaking skills.
v. Class discussions foster a sense of community within the classroom. Learners
learn to work together, listen to others, and build relationships.
vi. This method provides immediate feedback to learners. They can gauge their
understanding of the topic and clarify doubts in real time.

Disadvantages:
 i. Unequal Participation: Some learners may dominate the discussion, while others
may remain silent. This can hinder the effectiveness of discussions.
ii. Time-consuming: Class discussions can take up a considerable amount of time
in the classroom, leaving little time for other teaching methods.
iii. Lack of Preparation: Some learners may not prepare adequately for the
discussion, resulting in a lack of quality input.
iv. Divergent Opinions: Sometimes, learners may have very different opinions,
resulting in disagreements and heated arguments.
v. Concentration Issues: Learners may lose focus during class discussions, leading
to distractions and disengagement.

12) Textbook assignments: The Assignment method is the most common method of
teaching. It is a technique that can be used in the teaching and learning process. It is an
instructional technique that comprises guided information, self-learning, writing skills,
and report preparation among the learners.
Advantages:
i. Provides opportunities for self-learning for the students.
ii. Better learning experiences will be gained when combined with other teaching
methods.
iii. The textbook assignment method provides sufficient flexibility in the learning
pace of the students. The slow learners also adapt to this method.
iv. Teachers’ interruption is very much reduced and the students’ active
participation is encouraged.
v. The information seeking and retrieval behavior is developed among the students.
Disadvantages
i. It is a time-consuming and burdensome process.
ii. The teacher has to collect the information from various sources before assigning
the work to the students.
iii. Work burden extends in holidays too.
iv. There are no source books and guidebooks available in the market. The teacher
has to prepare the assignments at his own risk of time and money.
v. There are divergent groups of students in a class, it poses problems for the teacher
assigning a unique or uniform topic for assignment. The slow learners need much
more attention from the teacher.
 13) Student presentations: A presentation is a channel for students to share with others

what they have learned. It is also a chance to challenge and expand on their

understanding of the topic by having others ask questions. It's a great way to share

knowledge and engage in meaningful discussions.

Advantages:
i. This teaching method not only helps students learn the material in a deeper
manner
ii. It also provides them with practice in public speaking.
iii. While this instructional strategy is largely passive for the student audience, the
student presenting is active demonstrating a high level of understanding.
Disadvantages:
Students may get bored and unwilling to participate

14) Learner-Centered Teaching Method: Student-centered classrooms are designed to

involve students in the planning, implementation, and assessment of their learning. By
including learners in these decisions, they take on more responsibility and ownership of
their education, shifting the focus of learning from the teacher to the student. To facilitate
a student-centered classroom, teachers must be comfortable changing their leadership
style from directive to consultative. This means that they are no longer the sole decision-
makers, but rather, they act as facilitators and guides in the learning process. In a student-
centered classroom, students may work in small groups, access centers, and move about
the classroom freely. This allows for more flexibility in how they participate in the
learning process and promotes a collaborative and interactive approach to learning. With
students at the center of the learning experience, they become more engaged, self-
directed, and motivated to learn.
Advantages:
i. Students play a more active role in their learning and develop a sense of
responsibility.
ii. Thanks to teachers avoiding the transmission of knowledge directly, students
have a chance to stimulate their analytical thinking.
Disadvantages:
 i. There is a risk of facing some behavioral problems by giving students

independence, especially when it comes to young children.

ii. This method works best when the instructor makes the lesson interesting. Without

this, students may get bored, their minds may wander, and they may miss key

information.

15) Personalized education: Personalized education takes the student-centered approach to

a new level by, as much as possible, responding to each individual learner’s unique
needs, strengths, and weaknesses. Each student gets a learning plan that's based on what
he or she knows and how he or she learns best. Through individualized instruction,
learning is tailored to the student. It provides numerous and yet-to-be-discovered
advantages for both teachers and students.
Advantages:
i. Personal attention is given to ensure that every child develops his or her
intellectual and creative talents.
ii. Studying in a supportive and caring environment promotes respectful student-
teacher relationships and even teacher partnerships with parents.
Disadvantages:
i. It can be time and organization-demanding: teachers have to modify their pace,
do a lot of preparation, and learn to comprehend and attend to each student's
needs.
4. Explain the roles of various stakeholders in education and the
contributions of various stakeholders in education to curriculum
development
Stakeholders play crucial roles in education and curriculum development, implementation, and

evaluation. They contribute their expertise, perspectives, and resources to ensure the

effectiveness and relevance of the curriculum. Here are the roles of stakeholders in education

and their contributions to curriculum development:

A) Students: Given that students are the primary reason for a school's existence, they are
the most important stakeholders. Any changes made to the system inevitably affect them.
They rely on the system to provide them with a quality education and equip them with
 the necessary skills to succeed in life as adults. In exchange, they attend classes,
complete their homework, and prepare for exams. Many educators believe that students
should have a say in what they learn and how they are taught.
Contribution to Curriculum Development: Their input is valuable in understanding
their needs, interests, and learning styles, which helps in designing a student-centered
curriculum.
B) Parents and Guardians: Parents are vital stakeholders as they bear the cost of their
children's education. In return, they expect their children to receive a high-quality
education that prepares them for their future careers. Parents also ensure that their
children attend classes and comply with the school's policies. They support their
children's formal education by ensuring that they complete their homework, study for
exams, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Parents expect the school to keep their children
safe and reinforce the values taught at home.
Contribution to curriculum development: They provide insights into the students'
backgrounds, aspirations, and expectations, ensuring the curriculum meets their needs.
C) Teachers: Teachers are directly responsible for student education. They have a degree of
control over what they teach and how they instruct their classes. Teachers prepare lessons
according to the curriculum and prepare students to progress to the next year. They also
help children accept and adapt to a class of students with different abilities, diverse
cultures, and various backgrounds.
Contribution to Curriculum Development: They provide their knowledge and
expertise to design the curriculum content, learning objectives, and instructional
strategies.
D) School administrators: Administrators include school principals, assistant principals,
and other senior staff members. They're responsible for ensuring that the school runs
efficiently and effectively. They collaborate with other stakeholders to help them make
strategic decisions and implement improvements.
Contribution to Curriculum Development: They oversee the curriculum development
process, ensuring alignment with educational goals, policies, and standards.
E) Community Members: As stakeholders, the school board is composed mostly of
community members elected to oversee the facilities in their local area. Their primary
responsibility is to ensure that the facilities provide a quality education that meets
educational standards while also using taxpayer money and other resources sensibly.
 Board members ensure that their schools help students succeed by requesting
administrators to develop and implement programs tailored to meet educational goals.
Contribution to Curriculum Development: They contribute their knowledge and skills
relevant to the curriculum, fostering connections between education and the real world.
F) Government and local authorities: Government and local authorities play an essential
role in the education system as stakeholders. Government officials are responsible for
determining the protocols and objectives of the education system, while different
ministers regulate educational strategies, including health and nutrition. Local authorities
and officials aim to ensure that the future workforce learns essential knowledge and
skills. They want to guarantee that students are prepared to become productive members
of their communities. Well-educated students are more employable and able to earn
decent wages, thereby reducing the number of people relying on the benefits system and
other government and council assistance packages.

REFERENCE:

1) Aykan, Zuleyha. “Wheeler s Model.” Academia.edu,.

2) https://www.studocu.com/ph/messages/question/3641919/explain-the-roles-of-

stakeholders-in-curriculum-development-implementation-and-evaluation

3) Robert E. Slavin’s essential work “Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and

Practice”. John Hopkins University, USA

4) “Tyler’s Model of Curriculum Evaluation.” UK Essays.

5) “UNIT 4: Models of Curriculum Design.” Evaeducation.Weebly.