ENGL210 Notes and Quizes

11/6/23, 10:55 PM FINAL LAB QUIZ 2: Attempt review
Started on Sunday, 29 October 2023, 7:26 AM

State Finished
Completed on Sunday, 29 October 2023, 7:30 AM
Time taken 4 mins 14 secs
Marks 10.00/10.00
Grade 100.00 out of 100.00
Question 1
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Acoustic phonetics is known for how sounds are produced.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 2
Correct
Auditory phonetics is a branch of phonetics responsible for how sounds are received.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 3
Correct
Phonology is the study of the sound system of particular human language which include the dialects and other language varieties.
Select one:
True ✓
False
https://trimestral.amaesonline.com/2313A/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=160448&cmid=28915 1/3
Question 4
Correct
Grammar is the correct use of language.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 5
Correct
A singular subject followed by “ intervening words or phrase “ like SUCH AS, AS WELL AS, IN ADDITION TO, TOGETHER WITH, takes
singular verb.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 6
Correct
Certain nouns, though plural in form are singular in meaning and therefore takes singular verbs.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 7
Correct
Expressions of time, money, weight and distance are singular even if the form is plural.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 8
Correct
The Basic Rule of Subject and Verb Agreement: Singular Subjects must have Singular Verb and Plural Subjects takes Plural Verbs.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 9
Correct
Articulatory phonetics is how sounds are transmitted.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 10
Correct
Phonetics is the general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received .
Select one:
True ✓
False
◄ Final Quiz 2
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11/6/23, 10:49 PM Final Quiz 1: Attempt review
Started on Saturday, 28 October 2023, 7:26 AM

State Finished
Completed on Saturday, 28 October 2023, 7:30 AM
Marks 10.00/10.00
Grade 100.00 out of 100.00
Question 1
Correct
The sport that involves a goalie is called what in America?
Select one:
a. American Football
b. Soccer ✓
c. none of the answers are correct
d. Football
Question 2
Correct
Loo is to British English, as ________ is to American English
Select one:
a. Toilet
b. Comfort Room
c. Bathroom ✓
d. John
Question 3
Correct
Indicate whether the following words or transcriptions are reflective of British English or American English.
1. Favourite - British English ✓
2. Customary: /ˈkʌstəˌmɛri/ - American English ✓
3. Fork: /fɔrk/ - American English ✓
4. Defence - British English ✓
5. Mould - British English ✓
6. Hot: /hɑt/ - American English ✓
7. Bought: /bɑt/ - American English ✓
8. Institute: /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/ - British English ✓
9. Practise - British English ✓
10. Autumn - British English ✓
11. Analyze - American English ✓
12. Advertise: /ˈædvətaɪz/ - British English ✓
13. Student: /ˈstuːdənt/ - American English ✓
14. Labeled - American English ✓
15. Realise - British English ✓
Question 4
Correct
Which of the following reflects American spelling?
Select one:
Honor ✓
Licence
Customise
Theatre
Your answer is correct.
Question 5
Correct
Which of the following reflects American syllable stress?
Select one:
adVERtisement
BALlet
adDRESS
gaRAGE ✓
Question 6
Correct
Which of the following reflects British pronunciation?
Select one:
/dα:k/ ✓
/pα:rk/
/mα:rk/
/lα:rk/
Question 7
Correct
Which of the following reflects British spelling?
Select one:
a. Customise ✓
b. Honor
c. Theater
d. License
Question 8
Correct
Saying “I haven’t got the keys" is a characteristic of what English language?
Select one:
American
British ✓
Filipino
All of the answers are correct
Question 9
Correct
Which of the following reflects American pronunciation?
Select one:
/dju:/
/rı’dju:s/
/tju:nə/
/tu:n/ ✓
Question 10
Correct
When you say priMARy (stress on MAR), this is reflective of which English language?
Select one:
British ✓
American
Both answers are correct
Both answers are wrong
◄ W10 - Intonations - VIDEO
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FINAL LAB QUIZ 1 ►
Started on Saturday, 4 November 2023, 4:15 PM

State Finished
Completed on Saturday, 4 November 2023, 4:29 PM
Marks 9.00/10.00
Grade 90.00 out of 100.00
Question 1
Correct
True or False. If the statement is true, write the word True. If False, write False and replace the underlined word with the
correct term. Note that the system accepts an exact answer. Wrong spelling is considered wrong.
For example:
Q: Whales are reptiles. A: False - mammals
Inflection can be used to communicate new information about the sentence.
Answer: true ✓
Question 2
Incorrect
For example:
Infection can be used to communicate new information about the sentence.
Answer: true ×
Question 3
Correct
For example:
Changes in intonation can be used to convey the function of the sentence.
Answer: true ✓
Question 4
Correct
For example:
Changes in intonation can be used to convey old information.
Answer: false - new ✓
Question 5
Correct
For example:
When asking a question that starts with a "wh" the intonation falls towards the end of the sentence.
Answer: true ✓
Question 6
Correct
For example:
If the nouns are replaced by pronouns, the verbs are emphasized through a rise in tone.
Answer: true ✓
Question 7
Correct
For example:
Intonation is also called speech music.
Answer: true ✓
Question 8
Correct
For example:
Intonation also refers to modulation of pitch, timing, loudness, voice quality and stress.
Answer: true ✓
Question 9
Correct
For example:
Tag questions can be used to ensure that the conversation continues.
Answer: true ✓
Question 10
Correct
Indicate if the underlined word was used as a noun or a verb.
1. The pregnant woman started contracting early. verb ✓
2. Please project that on the screen. verb ✓
3. Please update me soon. verb ✓
4. They need to survey 100 people to find out. verb ✓
5. I can't believe you deserted me. verb ✓
6. The details about her life are overwhelming. noun ✓
7. They are currently surveying the classrooms. verb ✓
8. We need an update. noun ✓
9. Please rewrite this. verb ✓
10. Africa has a lot of deserts. noun ✓
11. Her conduct in school was perfect. noun ✓
12. He signed the contract this morning. noun ✓
13. This movie really details the story of her life. verb ✓
14. They are working on a major project. noun ✓
15. You should not conduct yourself that way. verb ✓
◄ W11 & W12 - British English - VIDEO
Jump to...
Started on Saturday, 4 November 2023, 4:15 PM

State Finished
Completed on Saturday, 4 November 2023, 4:29 PM
Marks 9.00/10.00
Question 1
Correct
For example:
Inflection can be used to communicate new information about the sentence.
Answer: true ✓
Question 2
Incorrect
For example:
Infection can be used to communicate new information about the sentence.
Answer: true ×
Question 3
Correct
For example:
Changes in intonation can be used to convey the function of the sentence.
Answer: true ✓
Question 4
Correct
For example:
Changes in intonation can be used to convey old information.
Answer: false - new ✓
Question 5
Correct
For example:
When asking a question that starts with a "wh" the intonation falls towards the end of the sentence.
Answer: true ✓
Question 6
Correct
For example:
If the nouns are replaced by pronouns, the verbs are emphasized through a rise in tone.
Answer: true ✓
Question 7
Correct
For example:
Intonation is also called speech music.
Answer: true ✓
Question 8
Correct
For example:
Intonation also refers to modulation of pitch, timing, loudness, voice quality and stress.
Answer: true ✓
Question 9
Correct
For example:
Tag questions can be used to ensure that the conversation continues.
Answer: true ✓
Question 10
Correct
Indicate if the underlined word was used as a noun or a verb.
1. The pregnant woman started contracting early. verb ✓
2. Please project that on the screen. verb ✓
3. Please update me soon. verb ✓
4. They need to survey 100 people to find out. verb ✓
5. I can't believe you deserted me. verb ✓
6. The details about her life are overwhelming. noun ✓
7. They are currently surveying the classrooms. verb ✓
8. We need an update. noun ✓
9. Please rewrite this. verb ✓
10. Africa has a lot of deserts. noun ✓
11. Her conduct in school was perfect. noun ✓
12. He signed the contract this morning. noun ✓
13. This movie really details the story of her life. verb ✓
14. They are working on a major project. noun ✓
15. You should not conduct yourself that way. verb ✓
◄ W11 & W12 - British English - VIDEO
Jump to...
11/6/23, 10:36 PM MIDTERM LAB QUIZ 1: Attempt review
Started on Thursday, 26 October 2023, 1:03 PM

State Finished
Completed on Thursday, 26 October 2023, 1:04 PM
Time taken 1 min 41 secs
Marks 10.00/10.00
Grade 100.00 out of 100.00
Question 1
Correct
Vowels are sounds which are produced with the vibration of air in the oral Cavity.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 2
Correct
The indefinite pronouns, SEVERAL, FEW, BOTH, MANY, OTHERS are always singular.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 3
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 4
Correct
The relationship of the vowels to one another is shown by the device known as the Viator Triangle.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 5
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 6
Correct
The pronoun, “ YOU “ always takes a plural verb.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 7
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 8
Correct
singular verb.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 9
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 10
Correct
All vowel sounds are voiced oral sounds.
Select one:
True ✓
False
◄ MIDTERM QUIZ 1
Jump to...
W7 - Vowel Sounds - MODULE ►

State Finished
Marks 7.00/10.00
Question 1
Incorrect
Select one:
True
False ×
Question 2
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 3
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 4
Incorrect
Select one:
True
False ×
Question 5
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 6
Correct
singular verb.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 7
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 8
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 9
Incorrect
Select one:
True
False ×
Question 10
Correct
Select one:
True
False ✓
◄ MIDTERM QUIZ 1
Jump to...

State Finished
Time taken 1 min 41 secs
Marks 10.00/10.00
Grade 100.00 out of 100.00
Question 1
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 2
Correct
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 3
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 4
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 5
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 6
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 7
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 8
Correct
singular verb.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 9
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 10
Correct
Select one:
True ✓
False
◄ MIDTERM QUIZ 1
Jump to...
Started on Friday, 27 October 2023, 5:25 PM

State Finished
Completed on Friday, 27 October 2023, 5:27 PM
Marks 10.00/10.00
Grade 100.00 out of 100.00
Question 1
Correct
Articulatory phonetics is how sounds are transmitted.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 2
Correct
Phonology is the study of the sound system of particular human language which include the dialects and other language varieties.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 3
Correct
Phonetics is the sub category of phonetics.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 4
Correct
Phonetics is the general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received .
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 5
Correct
There are five consonants in English which are a, e,i,o,u.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 6
Correct
A consonant is a sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the air stream of speech organs.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 7
Correct
Acoustic phonetics is known for how sounds are produced.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 8
Correct
Phonemes is a unit of sound in speech.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 9
Correct
A phoneme does not have any inherit meaning by itself, but when you put phonemes together, they can make words.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 10
Correct
Auditory phonetics is a branch of phonetics responsible for how sounds are received.
Select one:
True ✓
False
◄ MIDTERM QUIZ 2
Jump to...
W9 - Liaisons - MODULE ►
11/6/23, 10:42 PM MIDTERM QUIZ 2: Attempt review
Started on Sunday, 29 October 2023, 6:24 PM

State Finished
Completed on Sunday, 29 October 2023, 6:46 PM
Marks 5.00/10.00
Question 1
Correct
For example:
The [η] is a velar stop that is produced nasally.
Answer: true ✓
Question 2
Correct
negative VO ✓ A kind of VOT that occurs when the vibration of the vocal folds precedes the plosive release.
Question 3
Incorrect
For example:
Approximants are produced when the oral cavity is narrowed, allowing the air to pass through limited space, also resulting in
turbulence.
Answer: False - ×
Question 4
Correct
For example:
Plosives are a kind of stop.
Answer: true ✓
Question 5
Incorrect
Place of art × A kind of place of articulation that is made by narrowing the vocal folds to create a fricative, or closing it
completely to create a stop.
Question 6
Correct
For example:
The [p] is a bilabial stop.
Answer: true ✓
Question 7
Incorrect
For example:
Palatal sounds are created when the blade of the tongue touches the soft palate.
Answer: false - velum ×
Question 8
Correct
For example:
Consonants are produced when the air flows from the lungs and is obstructed somewhere along the vocal tract.
Answer: true ✓
Question 9
Incorrect
For example:
Voicing or aspiration is concerned with the vibration of our vocal folds.
Answer: false - Vocal folds ×
Question 10
Incorrect
For example:
Positive VOT means the stop is immediately followed by a plosion.
Answer: false - negative VOT ×
◄ W7 - Consonant Sounds - VIDEO
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MIDTERM LAB QUIZ 2 ►
11/6/23, 10:38 PM PRELIM QUIZ 1: Attempt review
Started on Tuesday, 24 October 2023, 7:33 AM

State Finished
Completed on Tuesday, 24 October 2023, 8:33 AM
Time taken 1 hour
Marks 6.00/10.00
Question 1
Correct
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a vowel?
Select one:
a. It allows air to flow freely in the mouth

b. There are 5 vowels in the alphabet
c. The tip of the tongue does not come into contact with any of the parts in the mouth
d. The teeth should be together when sounding out vowels ✓
Question 2
Correct
When enumerating things, all words have rising tones except the first one.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 3
Not answered
Marked out of 1.00
Which of these words follow the British accent stress?
Select one:
a. ballet
b. laboratory
c. ceremony
d. brochure
Question 4
Correct
What is an accent?
Select one:
a. None of the choices

b. Words that are related to a person's geographical location
c. It encompasses pronunciation, liaisons and intonation ✓
d. The sound a person makes
Question 5
Incorrect
According to Cook (2000), there are fourteen vowel and semivowel sounds in the American Accent.
Select one:
True
False ×
Question 6
Correct
When pronouncing the word category, Filipinos put the stress on the first syllable, just like the Americans.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 7
Correct
Which is not taken into consideration when making consonant sounds?
Select one:
a. How restricted the airflow is

b. Parts of the mouth that restrict airflow
c. Vocal cord vibration
d. None of the choices ✓
Question 8
Correct
When asking a question, the tone usually rises and eventually falls toward the end.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 9
Incorrect
Which of the following is a New York City accent characteristic?
Select one:
a. Rhoticity ×
b. Drawl
c. Dh/Th partition
d. Alternation of -ing to -in
Question 10
Not answered
Marked out of 1.00
What is not an American Accent liaison?
Select one:
a. Linking of a consonant sound to a vowel sound.

b. Linking of a vowel sound to a consonant sound.
c. Linking of a consonant sound to another consonant sound, if sounds are in similar positions.
d. Linking of a vowel sound to another vowel sound.
◄ W1 - American Accent - VIDEO
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PPRELIM LAB QUIZ 1 ►
Started on Saturday, 21 October 2023, 6:54 AM

State Finished
Completed on Saturday, 21 October 2023, 7:17 AM
Marks 5.00/10.00
Question 1
Correct
The family is the basic unit of society.
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 2
Correct
Culture is a part and a "product of human interaction."
Select one:
True ✓
False
Question 3
Incorrect
The British government is an absolute monarchy.
Select one:
True ×
False
Question 4
Correct
The British form of government can be considered a form of dictatorship.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 5
Correct
Which of the following cultures was one of the pioneers of the Industrial Economic System?
Select one:
a. None of the choices

b. American Culture
c. British Culture ✓
d. Filipino Culture
Question 6
Incorrect
Social Organization is focused on the macro systems of a society.
Select one:
True ×
False
Question 7
Incorrect
What type of economic system does the US have?
Select one:
a. Centrally Planned Economy

b. Traditional Economy
c. Socialist Economy ×
d. Capitalist Economy
Question 8
Incorrect
Development of Culture starts when we are
Select one:
a. Adolescence ×
b. Pre-Teens
c. When we want it to
d. Children
Question 9
Correct
The Philippines is a Federal Presidential Republic.
Select one:
True
False ✓
Question 10
Incorrect
Which of the following words reflects British spelling?
Select one:
a. Normalize
b. Honor ×
c. All of the choices
d. Centre
◄ W2 - American Culture - PRESENTATION
Jump to...
PRELIM LAB QUIZ 2 ►
Speech Communication 2
1
American Accent
Introduction to the Standard American English
Welcome to Speech Communication 2! For this course, we will focus on

improving your speaking, listening and writing skills. In order to do this, we
will work on developing and mastering the standard American accent, and we
will be reviewing your basic grammar skills.
For the first week, we will learn the features and distinct characteristics of
the American accent. Knowledge of it will help you distinguish the accent
from others, and will help you in learning how to apply it in any speaking
situation.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Differentiate between the 3 distinct accents of the standard American
English
2. Speak English phrases using the three distinct accents of American
English
3. Understand what the standard American accent is
4. Differentiate the American accent from the British and Filipino English
accent
The American Accent
The United States is a melting pot of different cultures. Given its diversity, it is
important for its citizens, especially those who are of foreign descent, to learn
about its culture and language.
Part of learning about its culture and language is learning how to speak in
English, and adapting to how the Americans speak it. In this section, we will
discuss some of the most distinct and prevalent accents in the USA.
Ann Cook (2000), the author of several English training books, suggested that
an accent has three main components: the pronunciation, intonation, and
liaisons. She also describes it as the “spirit of the language” (p. 13)
expounding that it is free and creative.
Course Module
One’s accent is also reflective of a person’s geographical location, social and
educational status (Dimitrova, 2010).
New York Accent
New Yorkers have a distinct accent. It is believed to be one of the most

distinct accents in the United States. Labov (2006) explained that this accent
cuts across districts in New York, and is commonly heard amongst the lower
classes. Some of its most distinct characteristics are the following (World
Heritage Encyclopedia):
• R-lessness: the sound of the letter R is not heard at the end of a syllable,
or before a consonant. So in saying the word bark, the letter R would not
be heard.
• Distinctions before the letter R: A short and lax vowel that precedes the
letter R is not merged to the [ɹ] sound, unlike in other areas in the US.
Northern Accent
The Northern Accent is the most used accent in the US. It is evident in states
such as Seattle, California, Portland and Idaho. Some of its distinct features
are (Coloma, 2011):
• Rhoticity: sounding out the letter R in words such as bar, beer and more.
• Merging of vowels: One merger is known to be the “cot-caught merger”
(p. 3). The phonemes /ɒ/ and /ɔ/ in the words cot and caught are joined
together, as if merging into one sound.
Southern Accent
The Southern Accent is possibly the most distinct of all. It is very evident in
the Southern states such as Texas, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and
Virginia. Some of its most distinct characteristics are (World Heritage
Encyclopedia):
• Merging [ɛ] and [ɪ] before nasal consonants: When this happens, the
sound of the letter E and I are perceived to be identical. As such, words
like pen and pin are pronounced the same way.
• Merging of [ɔr] and [ɑr] before the letter R: The merging allows the
words like card and cord sound similar to each other.
3
American Accent
Standard American Accent
The standard American English is described as “unaccented” (Cook, 2000) as

it does not have any trace of the other accents that are associated to location.
The educated native English speakers, radio announcers, and TV news
anchors are the ones who most commonly use it (Wilson, 1993).
As mentioned earlier, the Standard American accent has 3 main components

(Cook, 2000):
• Pronunciation
• Liaisons
• Intonation
Distinctions of the American Accent
English is one of the most prevalent languages all over the world. Being able
to speak and understand English allows us to communicate with other people
from different cultures. Two countries that are fluent in the use of this
language are England and the Philippines. Despite sharing the language, the
accents of an American, Briton and Filipino are significantly different.
British vs American Accent
In Dimitrova’s (2010) paper, it is explained that the standard accent in

Britain was initially called Received Pronunciation (RP), which means
“generally accepted” (p. 2) This term, however, is no longer deemed
acceptable by majority of today’s youth as it insinuates superiority or elitism.
The more accepted term now is BBC pronunciation – which does not carry
any hints of social prestige. Like the standard American accent, RP or BBC is
described as neutral, lacking any distinguishing features that could be
attributed to a particular location.
Despite sharing the same language, British English is still very different from
American English as seen in their word usage, sentence structure, spelling,
and pronunciation. Below are some examples of their phonetic differences
(BBC and American English, 2005):
Course Module
• A Sound: RP or BBC speakers will make the [a:] sound (long a, as in car),
while Americans use the short [ae] (short a, as in cat) sound. Examples of
this are the words path, grass, and class.
• R Sound: In pronouncing the letter R at the end of certain words,
Americans will curl their tongues while British RP/BBC speakers do not.
Instead, they will use the schwa sound. This is distinct in words like
barter, theater and center.
Filipino vs American Accent
Most Filipinos use Tagalog or another dialect when communicating with one
another. English, usually considered as their second or third language, is mostly
used by the elite or educated class. In spite of this, the Philippines is still
considered to be one of the largest English speaking countries in the world
(Johnson, 2010).
Filipino English follows the same grammatical rules that American English has.
Vocabulary is generally similar, except for certain words that have been given
new meanings (i.e. the word salvage means different things in the US and the
Philippines). The biggest difference between the two is probably heard in how
Filipinos pronounce words. Below are some examples of these phonetic
differences as discovered by Eden Flores (2014):
• Alveolar fricatives: the sounds /s/ and /z/ are pronounced as /s/, regardless of
the position it is in. So words like zoo, thousand and buzz are usually said as
soo, thousand, and buss.
• Interdental fricatives: the sounds /θ/ (voiceless) and /ð/ (voiced) were not used
by the respondents of Flores. Instead, they replaced it with alveolar stops /t/
and /d/ respectively. So instead of using /θ/ phoneme in saying thank or that,
it is pronounced as [t]. In the same way, the /δ/ phoneme in the word those is
pronounced as [d].
American Voice and Diction
Developing your accent means improving your voice and diction. It allows you to
communicate more effectively, as you are taught to choose words wisely and
deliver it distinctly. It becomes an asset in your every day life as it could promote
smoother business transactions, build confidence when delivering speeches, or
even help you assert yourself in daily conversations.
5
American Accent
Glossary
Diction - involves choosing the right words and being able to enunciate it properly
(Oxford Dictionary).
Intonation – is referred to as your speech music (Cook, 2000). It is the sound you
hear when someone is speaking, particularly how the voice rises and falls. As a
listener, you might be able to infer the attitude of a speaker with how his voice
sounds (Roach, 2011).
Liaisons – it is the linking together of words, particularly how the end of one word
connects to the beginning of the next word (Roach, 2011).
Pronunciation – is how you produce the sounds of a language (Roach, 2011).
Voice – technically refers to the vibration of the vocal cords, but it could also be
referred to as the quality of sound once produces (Roach, 2011).
References
Books:
Cook, A. (2000). American Accent Training, 2nd Ed. New York: Matrix Press
Labov, W. (2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. New
York: Columbia University Press
Wilson, K. G. (1993). Columbia Guide to Standard American English. New York:

Columbia University Press
Articles:
Flores, E. (2014). Phonological Features of Basilectal Philippine English: An
Exploratory Study. International Journal of English and Literature. Vol. 5, pp.
128-140.
Course Module
Websites:
(2005). Phonetic and Phonological Differences Between BBC and American
English. Retrieved May 2016, from http://referaty.aktuality.sk/phonetic-and-
phonological-differences-between-bbc-and-american-english/referat-3294
Coloma, G. (2011). The Socio-Economic Significance of Four Phonetic

Characteristics in North American English. Retrieved May 2016, from
https://ideas.repec.org/p/cem/doctra/459.html
Dimitrova, S. (2010). British and American Pronunciation. Retrieved May 2016,

from https://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~llsroach/phon2/sd10.pdf
Johnson, E. (2010). Language Group Specific Informational Report – Filipino.

Retrieved May 2016, from
http://www.ritell.org/resources/documents/language%20project/filipino.p
df
Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved May 2016 from

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/diction
Roach, P. (2011). Glossary – A Little Encyclopedia of Phonetics. Retrieved May

2016, from
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~gene/courses/530/readings/Roach2011.pdf
World Heritage Encyclopedia. New York Accent. Retrieved May 2016, from
http://www.gutenberg.us/articles/new_york_accent
World Heritage Encyclopedia. Southern American English. Retrieved May

2016, from http://gutenberg.us/articles/eng/Southern_American_English
1
American Culture
American Culture
In the previous week, we learned how the United States is a melting pot of
cultures. We also discovered how the way one communicates – the use of
language and the accent one possesses reflect the culture he or she is
immersed in.
For this week, we will focus on what culture is. Particularly what the
important and distinct facets of the American culture are.

1. Identify distinct features of the American Culture
2. Understand what the American culture is
3. Compare and contrast the American culture from the British and
Filipino culture.
4. Understand why culture is important in learning about language.
Culture Defined
According to anthropologist, Ruth Benedict, culture is taught early on in life.
We adapt based on what we experience and learn through our family and
community. A child is already a reflection of its culture – “it’s habits are his
habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities” (Filipino
Culture, 2014, p. 6)
Culture is “a product of human interaction” (Filipino culture, 2014, p. 7). We

are taught standards and accepted practices, and this knowledge is passed on
from generation to generation. Different countries have different cultures
because of several elements that affect it:
Social Organization
This refers to how society is organized in the micro level. It takes into
account kinship – particularly how members of a kin interact with one
another. Different kinds of kin may be taken into consideration in studying
social organization: family, tribes, even social classes.
Course Module
Economic Systems
Refers to how the organization sustains itself. Food, clothing, technology, and
shelter reflect how advanced an economy is.
The management of funds of government officials and labor laws also affect
the economic system of each country. Cultural difference can be seen in each
country’s growth, poverty, and unemployment rates; as well as in their cost of
living and cost of labor.
Religion
Religion dictates our actions – what we deem acceptable and what is taboo.
The way the government runs the country is influenced by religion. The way
we interact with other people is also influenced by religion.
American Culture
The American way of living may be very different from what we are
accustomed to, and it is therefore important to learn how to adapt to it.
Whether we are migrating to the United States, visiting, or conducting
business with an American, we need to learn how they behave and what they
value in order to establish favorable relationships.
Below are some characteristics of the American Culture (New Culture from
https://exchanges.state.gov):
• Punctuality is important.
• Americans value their privacy. They do not like any one invading their
personal space.
• Americans speak their mind and value honesty.
Social Organization
Americans value tight knit families. However, they have the option of divorce
if their marriage turns sour. Nowadays, Americans also marry at a later age,
and prefer to remain childless in order to focus on their careers (Livingston
& Cohn, 2010). Those who do have kids, raise their offspring to be
independent and self reliant (O’Neill), which is why it is not uncommon for
them to try and leave their homes by the age of 18. It is also accepted for
older individuals to be placed in the care of nursing homes.
3
American Culture
Economic Systems
The Economic System of the United States is mainly capitalist (Dobelstein,

2014). This means that select private sectors generally control the economy
of the country (US Economy from http://usa.usembassy.de/), and the
government only oversees its implementation making sure that no one
monopolizes the trade. Businesses create needs amongst their consumers by
presenting new and innovative products, making sure that whatever is being
sold is enough to make them a profit. Entrepreneurship and private
ownership are encouraged in the US.
Religion
The United States is a Christian nation, wherein 51.3% are Protestants and
23.9% are Catholics (America’s Religion, 2015). These statistics, however,
have gone down in the recent years as the Americans have become more
accepting and tolerant of other beliefs. Divorce is also legal, and some states
are fighting to make abortion acceptable. Gay marriage has also been made
legal in some areas. The government also tries to be as fair as possible by
making sure all religions are benefited during their administration.
British Culture
Although the United Kingdom and the United States share the same language,
their culture could not be any more different. Just as discussed earlier,
distinctions are seen because the history, geographical locations and
experiences of each of these countries are different. Below are some of the
characteristics of the British culture:
Social Organization
Britons no longer see marriage as a prerequisite to starting a family. This is

seen in a census wherein it reflects that the percentage of married couples
dropped significantly, at least by 10%, in the last 10 years. Couples prefer to
cohabitate, instead of marrying to save them the trouble of going through a
divorce in case the relationship does not work out. It is of note, however, that
despite this shift in belief, those within a marriage hold the sanctity of their
relationship with high regard as they greatly disapprove of adultery or affairs
(Bingham, 2013).
Aside from the decrease in marriages, there has also been a decrease in
women giving birth. Those who want to have children prefer to postpone
Course Module
conception at a much later age, while there are also others who choose not to
get pregnant at all (BBC News, 2010).
Economic Systems
The UK is one of the first countries to adapt an industrialized system, which

eventually led to innovations in textile equipment and modern tools. In
recent years, they have started to shift towards the services sector (Economy
Watch, 2013), and have opened up opportunities for people in the field of
tourism and finance.
Religion
The religion in the UK has always been primarily Christian, accounting for
59% of the population (National Statistics, 2012). However, in recent years, a
decline has been seen with more people embracing a more individualistic
moral standard (Bingham, 2013). This means that instead of following the
guidelines of a certain religion, they create their own code to live by.
Filipino Culture
Since several elements affect culture, it is only natural that distinct

differences are identified. Lets take for example the Philippines: our culture
is a product of years of colonization, its interaction with neighbouring
countries, its geographical location, etc. Since the experience of the Filipinos
is different from what the Americans have experienced, several differences
will be seen in their behavior. Below are some of the characteristics of the
Filipino culture:
Social Organization
Filipinos have tight knit families. But unlike the US, divorce is not an option
for married couples. Raising children is also the norm, and it is also normal
for us to have our extended family living with us under one roof or in one
compound. We care for our elderly by watching over them, or hiring nurses
that will take care of them in our own home.
Economic Systems
The Economic system of Filipinos is primarily “agricultural, pre-industrial,

and semi-feudalistic” (Filipino Culture, 2014, p. 8). However, in the past
years, we have slowly been becoming more industrial as we produce more in
5
American Culture
the areas of electronics and apparel (Heritage, 2016). At the same time, we
have also ventured into the services industry with the emergence of BPOs.
With the rise of this sector, we have become the 3rd largest global BPO
destination (Usui, 2012). Our economic system is reflected in our culture as
seen by the jobs Filipinos have (i.e. farmers, fishermen, manufacturing,
service oriented).
Religion
The Philippines is primarily a Catholic nation, accounting roughly 86% of the

population (Miller, 1982). Divorce and abortion are not an option,
homosexuality is still a sensitive issue, going to church to hear mass is a
family and community affair, and the Catholic church has an influence over
certain state concerns
Glossary
Arts and Literature – refers to “products of the human imagination”

(Elements of Culture from www.ocs.cnyric.org). It is a reflection of a country’s
culture, and helps pass it on from one generation to another. Examples of this
are literature, art and music.
Culture – an “integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior

that depends upon man’s capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to
succeeding generations” (Filipino Culture, 2014, p. 6).
Customs and Traditions – refers to rules and guidelines that dictate behavior,
and enforces what is right and wrong (Elements of Culture from
www.ocs.cnyric.org).
Economic System – refers to how a society uses their resources to sustain

their wants and needs (Elements of Culture from www.ocs.cnyric.org).
Forms of Government – refers to how people in a society are governed. It

could be through a democracy, republic, dictatorship, monarchy, etc
(Elements of Culture from www.ocs.cnyric.org).
Language – referred to as the “cornerstone” of culture. It is used to

communicate by people within a society (Elements of Culture from
www.ocs.cnyric.org).
Course Module
Religion – refers to how humans relate to a holy and spiritual being. (Helble,
2006).
Social Organization – refers to the micro system within a culture that “creates
social structure by organizing its members into small units to meet basic
needs” (Elements of Culture from www.ocs.cnyric.org).
References
Books:
Dobelstein, A. (2014). Poverty in the United States. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan
Articles:
Helble, M. (2006). On the Influence of World Religions on International Trade.
Journal of Public and International
Affairs, Vol 17, No. 11, pp. 209-232
Miller, J. (1982). Focus on Asian Studies. Asian Religions, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 26-
27.
Papers:
Usui, N. (2012). Taking the Right Road to Inclusive Growth: Industrial
Upgrading and Diversification in the Philippines. Philippines: Asian
Development Bank.
Websites:
BBC News. (2010). The Women Who Choose Not to be Mothers. Retrieved June
2016, from http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-10786279
Bingham, J. (2013). Marriage ‘no longer the foundation stone of family life’. The
Telegraph. Retrieved May 2016, from
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/10296611/Marriage-no-longer-
the-foundation-stone-of-family-life.html
Bingham, J. (2013). Christians Now a Minority in the UK as Half the Population

Have No Religion. The Telegraph. Retrieved June 2016, from
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10297036/Christians-now-a-
minority-in-UK-as-half-the-population-have-no-religion.html
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. Adjusting to a New Culture.

Retrieved May 2016, from https://exchanges.state.gov/non-us/adjusting-
new-culture
7
American Culture
Economy Watch. (2013). United Kingdom Economy. Retrieved June 2016,

from http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/united-kingdom
The Heritage Foundation. (2016). 2016 Index of Economic Freedom:

Philippines. Retrieved May 2016, from
http://www.heritage.org/index/country/philippines
Innotech. (2014). The Filipino Culture. Retrieved May 2016, from

http://www.seameo-innotech.org/iknow/wp-
content/uploads/2014/03/COMPETE-29.-The-Filipino-culture.pdf
Livingston, G. & Cohn, D. (2010). Childlessness Up Among All Women; Down

Among Women with Advanced Degrees. Retrieved June 2016, from
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/06/25/childlessness-up-among-all-
women-down-among-women-with-advanced-degrees/
O’Neill, D. Social Organization: An Overview of How we Create and Maintain

Social Groups. Retrieved May 2016, from
http://anthro.palomar.edu/status/stat_2.htm
Office for National Statistics. (2012). Religion in England and Wales 2011.
Retrieved June 2016, from
http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/re
ligion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11
Pew Research Center. (2015). America’s Changing Religious Landscape.

Retrieved May 2016, from
http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-
landscape/
The Seven Elements of Culture. Retrieved June 2016, from

www.ocs.cnyric.org/webpages/phyland/global_10.cfm?subpage=19595
US Department of State. How the US Economy Works. Retrieved May 2016,

from http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/oecon/chap2.htm
Course Module
1
Basic Grammar Skills
Basic Grammar Skills (Part 1)
For the third week, we will do a quick but extensive review of something we
already know: grammatical rules. We will go back to basics, relearn what
we’ve been taught, and we will work together in understanding the
principles behind it. Mastery of it will help you improve your speaking and
writing skills, and will also give you confidence when conversing in English.

1. Identify properly the parts of the sentence.
2. Write grammatically correct sentences.
3. Speak confidently in English.
Subject Verb Agreement
There are two important parts of a sentence: the Subject and the Verb. The subject
refers to what is being talked about. It is the person, thing, animal, place, event, or
idea that is being described. The verb is the word that describes an action or state
in a sentence. It essentially tells us what the subject is doing (UVU Writing
Center).
An important thing we need to remember is this: the Subject and the Verb
always come hand in hand. Since the latter describes the former, they have to
be consistent all the time. Therefore, if the subject is singular, the verb we
use has to be singular. In the same way, if the subject is plural, then the very
we use is also plural.
Examples:
He loves basketball.
My brothers and I play basketball all the time.
Please take note that a singular verb has an -s in the end, while a plural verb
has no -s in the end.
Pronouns
Course Module
Pronouns are words that replace a noun or a noun phrase (Killmister).
Pronouns are used to keep sentences or paragraphs more concise.
There are 8 kinds of pronouns we need to take note of (Killmister):
• Personal Pronouns – refers to the person or thing in a sentence.
• Possessive Pronouns – refers to pronouns that communicate ownership or

possession.
• Reflexive Pronouns – refers to pronouns that “reflect” the action back to

the subject of the sentence. It can easily be identified because the word
“self” is added to the personal and possessive pronouns.
• Demonstrative Pronouns – refers to pronouns that help us “demonstrate”

something. The use of demonstrative pronouns depends on the number
and the distance of the object from the person talking.
• Interrogative Pronouns – refers to the pronouns that ask questions.
• Relative Pronouns – these are pronouns that we use to connect a clause

to a noun or a pronoun. The clause usually adds information about the
noun being talked about.
• Indefinite Pronouns – refers to pronouns that are not specific in nature. It

may refer to a person, a group of people, or a quantity, but does not give
us exact details.
• Reciprocal Pronouns – refers to pronouns express a “give-

and-take relationship” (p. 17).
Adjectives
Adjectives are essentially describing words, but not all descriptive words are
adjectives. Adjectives add specific details to nouns or pronouns only. It
answers the questions What kind? How many? and Which ones?
(Southeastern Writing Center, 2011)
There are different types of adjectives we need to master (Southeastern

Writing Center, 2011):
3
• Descriptive Adjectives – these give us an idea of the quality of the noun it

modifies.
• Proper Adjectives – it adds descriptive qualities with the use of proper nouns.
• Limiting Adjectives – modifies a noun by restricting its meaning.
• Interrogative Adjectives – these are adjectives that are used to ask a question.
• Coordinate Adjectives – refers to two or more adjectives that describe the

same noun. Neither of the adjectives out weigh the other in terms of
importance. These adjectives are usually separated with the use of a comma.
• Compound Adjectives – “consist of two or more words that function as a unit”

(p. 2). It can be hyphenated if it comes before the noun it modifies. Do not use
a hyphen if it comes after the noun it modifies.
• Determiners as Adjectives – determiners may come in the form of an article, a

pronoun, or a number. It acts like a Limiting Adjective because it restricts the
noun it modifies.
Since we know what adjectives are and how to identify it, we also need to
know how to use it correctly. Below are the guiding principles on how to use
adjectives (Southeastern Writing Center, 2011):
• Adjectives as Subject Complements – A subject complement, as we

discussed earlier, is a word that immediately follows a linking verb. It
always refers to the subject of the sentence, and not the verb.
• Adjectives as Object Complements – An object complement is a word that

immediately comes after the direct object.
• Adjectives with Past and Present Participle Verbs – Adjectives can come
in the form of a verb when it is used as a past participle (-ed, -t, or –en) or
a present participle (-ing).
Course Module
Mastering how to use adjectives will take time and practice. In your journey
to fully understanding it, be mindful to avoid any of these errors:
• Misplaced Modifiers – A misplaced modifier is a word that does not

clearly point out what noun or phrase it modifies (Everett Community
College Writing Center, 2009).
• Dangling Modifiers – A dangling modifier is a word that does not modify

anything in the sentence. It often modifies something that is insinuated,
but is not explicitly mentioned in the sentence (Connors Writing Center).
Dangling Modifiers are usually found at the beginning or the end of a
sentence (Benner, 2000).
Glossary
Adjectives – describing words that add specific details to nouns or pronouns

only (Southeastern Writing Center, 2011)
Pronouns – words that replace a noun or a noun phrase (Killmister)
Subject – refers to what is being talked about in the sentence (UVU Writing
Center)
Verb – word that describes an action or state in a sentence. It essentially tells us

what the subject is doing (UVU Writing Center).
References
Websites:
Benner, M. (2000). Avoiding Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. Retrieved June
2016, from https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/moduleDangling.htm
Connors Writing Center. Conjunctions. Retrieved June 2016, from

http://www.unh.edu/writing/cwc/handouts/grammar/Conjunctions%20FI
NAL.pdf
Connors Writing Center. Dangling Modifiers. Retrieved June 2016, from

http://www.unh.edu/writing/cwc/handouts/grammar/grammar-
danglingmodifiers.pdf
5
Everett Community College Writing Center. (2009). Misplaced Modifiers.

Retrieved June 2016, from
https://www.everettcc.edu/files/programs/communications/writing-
center/grammar/misplaced-modifiers.pdf
Killmister, J. Conjunctions. Retrieved June 2016, from

https://www.newcastle.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/74247/3-
Conjunctions.pdf
Killmister, J. Pronouns: Their Different Types and Roles. Retrieved June 2016,
from
https://www.newcastle.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/74252/8-
Pronouns.pdf
Nova Southeastern University. Prepositions. Retrieved June 2016, from

http://www.nova.edu/tutoring-testing/study-
resources/forms/prepositions.pdf
Santa Barbara City College. Using Prepositions. Retrieved June 2016, from
http://www.sbcc.edu/clrc/writing_center/wc_files/handout_masters/Using
%20Prepositions.pdf
Southeastern Writing Center. (2011). Adjectives. Retrieved June 2016, from

https://www.southeastern.edu/acad_research/programs/writing_center/ha
ndouts/pdf_handouts/adjectives.pdf
Southeastern Writing Center. (2011). Adverbs. Retrieved June 2016, from

ndouts/pdf_handouts/adverbs.pdf
Southeastern Writing Center. (2011). Verb Forms and Tenses. Retrieved June
2016, from
ndouts/pdf_handouts/verbs.pdf
Course Module
Uchiyama, K. (2006). English Verb Tenses. Retrieved June 2016, from
https://www.chabotcollege.edu/languagearts/esl/verb%20tense%20book--
pdf.pdf
University of Minnesota. Active vs. Passive Voice. Retrieved June 2016, from
http://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/activevpassive.pdf
UVU Writing Center. Active vs. Passive Voice. Retrieved June 2016, from
https://www.uvu.edu/writingcenter/docs/handouts/activevspassive.pdf
UVU Writing Center. Types of Verbs. Retrieved June 2016, from

https://www.uvu.edu/writingcenter/docs/handouts/typesofverbs.pdf
Wheeler, K. What are Prepositions. Retrieved June 2016, from

https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Prepositions.pdf
1
Phonology and Phonetics
Welcome to Week 6! Starting here, we will be learning more technical details

about Speech Communication. For this week in particular, we will study the
importance of Phonology. This will serve as your foundation as your learn
how to sound out vowels and consonants, and eventually how to pronounce
words correctly.

1. Define what Phonology is
2. Understand how to use and interpret the symbols of Phonology
Phonology, Phonetics and Phonemes
Phonology
Phonology is focused on how language makes use of sounds, particularly for

distinguishing words (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010). It is essential because it is
the foundation of learning how to read, and eventually mastering the
American accent.
Phonetics
Phonetics, on the other, is more concerned with the system that records the
sounds. This includes the symbols that are composed of letters and the
brackets and slashes.
• Angular brackets represent the letters used for spelling.

• Square brackets represent sounds.
The square brackets tell us that the letter inside represents the sound of a
phoneme (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010). For instance, the letter <e> can have
the sounds [ē] as in iy and [ε] as in eh.
Course Module
Phonemes
A phoneme is the basic unit of language, and it assigns meaning to sounds

(Delahunty & Garvey, 2010). For instance, the phoneme /ē/ is found in
words like meet, greet, and pleats. To differentiate it from the letters used for
spelling and the basic sounds, phonemes are enclosed in slashes //.
Not all languages make use of the same phonemes. Since we have different
accents and different words, it is only natural that there will be differences
also in the phonemes we use. For instance, the single r [Γ] and a rolled [r] is
the same in English. However, distinctions between the two are needed in the
Spanish language (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010).
Phonemes can also differ in length. Delahunty & Garvey (2010) explained
that in the American English language, words like beat and bit are
distinguished because the former has a long vowel sound, while the latter a
short vowel sound.
Airstream Mechanism
Producing sounds comes naturally to us. It is part of every day life, but we do
not really pay any attention as to how we produce it. In this section of
Chapter 4, lets take a look at the process we experience when we produce
sounds.
There are three major parts of the human anatomy that are essential in
helping us produce sound. These parts are collectively known as the vocal
tract (Hayes, 2009):
• The lungs
• The larynx
• The passages above the larynx
Letterforms and Handwritten Forms
Letterforms
Letterforms are created to reflect characteristics of the Latin alphabet, which

is why most of the letters assigned to phonemes are either in Greek or Latin
(Omics Group).
A letter may have more than one sound, which is why we use the Greek
uppercase and lowercase letters to differentiate.
3
Handwritten Forms
Handwritten forms of the IPA were developed to encode the symbols in

manuscripts. Nowadays, these are used while people were doing fieldwork,
or to write symbols not found in the computer.
Glossary
Phonemes – basic unit of language, and it assigns meaning to sounds

(Delahunty & Garvey, 2010).
Phones – the most basic unit of human sound (Hickey).
Phonetics – concerned with the system that records the sounds (Delahunty &
Garvey, 2010).
Phonology – study of how language makes use of sounds (Delahunty &
Garavey, 2010).
References
Books:
Delahunty, G. & Garvey, J. (2010). The English Language From Sound to Sense.
Colorado: WAC Clearinghouse
Online:
Handwritten IPA. Retrieved June 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritten_IPA
Hickey, R. Phonetics and Phonology. Retrieved June 2016, from

https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/Phonetics_and_Phonology.pdf
Omics Group. International Phonetic Alphabet. Retrieved June 2016, from

http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
#Letterforms
Course Module
1
Vowel Sounds
Vowel Sounds
We have now defined what Phonology is and what the symbols mean. For
this week, we will continue with our study of it, focusing on the vowels in
particular. We will look into the technical aspects of it like which parts of the
oral cavity to be engaged, what the sounds are, and how to distinguish these
sounds.

1. Identify the different vowel sounds
2. Produce the different vowel sounds
3. Transcribe the different vowel sounds
Vowel Sounds
Vowel Sounds are produced when the air flows freely through the oral cavity
(Hickey). Two essential parts of the mouth that affect vowel sounds are the
tongue and the lips (Coxhead, 2006), particularly which part of the tongue is
tense, its height, and the rounding of the lips. The slightest bit of change in
these elements can significantly affect the Vowel sounds we produce.
For instance, the words beat and boot sound differently because of the
movement of the tongue and lips (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010, p. 98):
beat → [i] → high, front of the tongue

boot → [u] → high, back of the tongue
Vowel sounds are subdivided into two major groups: the tense vowel sounds
and the lax vowel sounds. The former requires more muscle movement
compared to the latter. Marla Yoshida also believes that the classification can
be based on tongue position and movement. After careful study, she realized
that tense vowels require extreme tongue positions, either it is stretched or
pushed further to produce the sound. The lax vowels, on the other hand, do
not require too much stretching or pushing.
American English is known to have fourteen vowel sounds, even if there are
only five vowels: <A, E, I, O, and U> (Cook, 2000). Below is a summary of
these sounds:
Course Module
Tense Vowels
Tense vowels are also known as long vowel sounds. Delahunty & Garvey
(2010), identified six tense vowel sounds in the American English accent.
Below are the corresponding letters and symbols of each of these sounds
(Delahunty & Garvey, 2010, p. 102; Cook, 2000, p. 15; Yoshida, p. 2 & 5):
Lax Vowels
Lax vowels are known as short vowel sounds. There are five known short
vowel sounds in the American English accent (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010).
Below are the corresponding symbols and sounds of each one as discussed
by Delahunty & Garvey (2010), Cook (2000) and Yoshida:
Special Vowel Sounds
Diphthong
Special vowels sound like a combination of more than just one sound. It also
involves having more than one position of the tongue and lips, as it changes
in position and form while the sound is being articulated. When this happens,
the vowel being produced is considered a diphthong.
To complete the 14 vowel sounds, Delahunty and Garvey (2010), and

Yoshida discussed the three remaining vowels that are classified as
diphthongs:
3
Vowel Sounds
Schwa
Say the words some and about. These two words have different vowels, but
share the same sound: the schwa. It is a lax vowel that sounds like uh.
AE Vowel
Try saying the word cat. Although there is just one vowel, the sound we
produce seems like the marriage of two phonemes, particularly the /ä/ and
/ε/. The [æ] is a lax vowel sound that is very common in the American
English accent.
Glossary

(Delahunty & Garvey, 2010).
Phones – the most basic unit of human sound (Hickey).
Garvey, 2010).

Garavey, 2010).
Vowel Sounds – these are produced when the air flows freely through the
oral cavity (Hickey).
Course Module
References
Books:
Online:
Handwritten IPA. Retrieved June 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritten_IPA

Omics Group. International Phonetic Alphabet. Retrieved June 2016, from

http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
#Letterforms
1
Consonant Sounds
Consonant Sounds
We have just learned about the vowel sounds - how it is produced, what the
sounds are, etc. Now, we’ll devote our time to learning about the consonants.
This week we will discover how we make consonant sounds, and how it is
classified.

1. Identify the different consonant sounds
2. Produce the different consonant sounds
3. Transcribe the different consonant sounds
Consonant Sounds
Consonant sounds are produced when air flowing from the lungs is
obstructed along the vocal tract. It could be through the vibration of vocal
folds, the movement of the tongue, or even the closing of the velar port.
Essential dimensions we need to consider are the following (Hayes, 2009;
Delahunty and Garvey, 2010):
• Voicing or Phonation
• Manner of Articulation
• Place of Articulation
Phonation
Voicing is concerned with the vibration of our vocal folds. Our consonants are
either voiced or voiceless. To illustrate the difference, Delahunty and Garvey
(2010) gave a tip: sound out letters with your hands covering your ears. Let’s
try it. Produce the following sounds: [s], [z], [f] and [v]. Did you notice any
difference? Now try to say these words, sip, zip, ferry and very.
Manner of Articulation
The Manner of Articulation is also a classification consonants have. It refers to

the kind of obstruction we do when we make the sound (Delahunty & Garvey,
Course Module
2010). There are various kinds of manners of articulation (Hayes, 2009, p. 7;
Delahunty & Garvey, 2010, p. 93):
• Stops
• Fricatives
• Affricates
Place of Articulation
The Place of Articulation refers to area in the mouth where the stoppage or
constriction occurs (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010). There are several possible
places of articulation (Hayes, 2009, p. 10; Delahunty & Garvey, 2010, p. 94):
• Bilabial
• Labiodental
• Interdental
• Alveolar
• Alveo-palatal
• Palatal
• Velar
• Glottal
Other Characteristics of Consonant Sounds
Approximants
Approximants are produced when the oral cavity is narrowed, allowing the
air to pass through limited space. Unlike fricatives, the passageway of the air
is a bit bigger in approximants allowing the air to flow smoothly flows
through the mouth (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010). The English language has
two kinds of approximants (Hayes, 2009, p. 7; Delahunty & Garvey, 2010, p.
93):
• Liquids – [r] and [l]
• Glides – [j] and [w]
Nasality
Most consonant sounds are produced orally, but there are also a few that are
produced through the nasal cavity. A consonant sound is described as nasal
when the air passes through the nose due to the lowering of the velum
(Delahunty & Garvey, 2010). Examples of it are the [m], [n] and [η] sounds.
3
Consonant Sounds
Voice Onset Time
Voice Onset Time (VOT) refers to the period of time between the release of a
stop and the beginning of a vowel (Rife & Rice). Mismatches are measured in
milliseconds, and occur only when stops are followed by voiced vowels as in
/ba/, /pa/, /da/, etc (Rife & Rice). There are at least three types of VOT
(Hong Kong Baptist University):
• Zero VOT
• Positive VOT
• Negative VOT
Length of Consonants
Just like vowels, length is also a characteristic of consonants. Long

consonants are called geminates. It is not a characteristic of English, but it
occurs quite often in European langauges. Hickey gave Italian as an example:
the word bella (meaning beautiful) has a long /l/ sound, so it should be
pronounced longer than the /l/ in sole (which means sun). When it is
transcribed, the long consonant is doubled. To determine vowel length, a
“length mark” is placed beside the vowel in question. Hickey gave the word
see as an example, which is transcribed as /si:/ (Hickey).
Course Module
Glossary
Consonant Sounds – these are produced when air flowing from the lungs is
obstructed along the vocal tract (Hayes, 2009)

Garavey, 2010)

(Delahunty & Garvey, 2010)
Phones – the most basic unit of human sound (Hickey)
Garvey, 2010)
References
Books:
Hayes, B. (2009). Introductory Phonology. United Kingdom: Wiley and

Blackwell
Articles:
Forel, C. & Puskás, G. @2005). Phonetics and Phonology: Reader for First Year
English Linguistics. University of Oldenburg
Rife, L. & Rice, J. A Voice Onset Time Comparison of English and Spanish Stop
Consonant Productions: Perception of Foreign Accent. Indiana University –
Purdue University Fort Wayne
Online:
5
Consonant Sounds
Hong Kong Baptist University. Voice Onset Time. Retrieved July 2016, from
http://linguisticglossary.hkbu.edu.hk/PDF-HO/VOT.pdf
Voice Onset Time. Retrieved July 2016, from

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/siphtra/plostut2/plostut2-2.htm
Course Module
1
Liaisons and Glides
Liaisons and Glides
Welcome to Week 9. By now you already know how vowel and consonant
sounds are produced and distinguished from each other. This week, we will
put our knowledge to the test as we learn about liaisons. The distinction
between sounds is important because it is used as the basis for the principles
followed in using liaisons.

1. Understand the use of liaisons
2. Apply liaisons naturally to every day speech
Liaisons and Glides
Liaisons are word connectors. It is concerned with how the last syllable or
sound of a word is linked to the first syllable or sound of the next word
(Cook, 2000). Using liaisons is a characteristic of the American accent, which
is why it is essential in learning about it. Connected speech should be
delivered in a very normal and casual way, so that it allows spoken language
to sound smooth and continued.
Consonant/Vowel
When a consonant sound is immediately followed by a vowel sound, it seems

like the former “straddles” the last syllable and the first syllable of both
words (Brinton).
Consonant/Consonant
A liaison is heard when a consonant sound is followed by another consonant

sound. But only if the last consonant and the initial consonant in the next
word share the same position (i.e. behind the teeth, lips, etc), or share the
same phonation.
Course Module
Vowel/Vowel
Liaisons are applied when the vowel sound is followed by a vowel sound. In
cases such as this, a glide is added between the two vowels, which connects
the two. The glides can come in the form of a slight [j] or a slight [w].
T, D, S or Z + Y
• T + Y produces the sound CH

• D + Y produces the sound J
• S + Y produces the sound SH
• Z + Y produces the sound ZH
3
Liaisons and Glides
Glossary
Liaisons – it is the linking together of words, particularly how the end of one
word connects to the beginning of the next word (Roach, 2011).
References
Books:
Online:
Brinton, D. Introduction to Connected Speech. Retrieved August 2016, from
http://www.dlf.ac.th/uploads/train/125507132015214.pdf
Course Module
1
Intonation
Intonation
We learned in Week 1 that the American accent does not only involve the
proper pronunciation of words, but also includes liaisons and intonations
(Cook, 2000). This week we will complete our journey to mastering the
American Accent by learning about the third and final component:
intonation.

1. Deliver sentences using the correct intonation
2. Determine sentences based on the rising and falling of the tone
3. Understand different meanings that are communicated due to changes
in inflection
Intonation
Intonation is described as “speech music” (Cook, 2000, p. 13) because it

refers to the variation of the sound we produce. It primarily refers the
modulation of pitch (i.e. rising and falling of our tone), but also refers to
timing, loudness, voice quality, and stress (Nolan, 2006).
Although we follow certain guidelines in speaking, it has to be noted that we

do not and cannot use the same pattern of rising and falling for every
statement we say.
Staircase Intonation
When using the Staircase Intonation, we imagine the words going down a
flight of stairs as it is delivered. This means that the tone of our voice falls as
we deliver a statement.
Nonsense Syllables
Nonsense syllables may be used to practice intonation. It is particularly used

to help people identify where the stress is and should be placed in a sentence.
Course Module
Syllable Stress
Stress refers to the emphasis we place on a certain syllable; or a word within

a sentence. It can be done by increasing “articulatory force,” (Denham &
Lobeck, 2013, p. 127) airflow, and muscle tension in the articulators. This
results in “higher pitch, longer duration, and greater intensity” (p. 127) as
compared to the unstressed syllables or words.
Noun/Pronoun Intonation
Since intonation can also be used to introduce new information, the nouns in
a statement are usually stressed to direct attention to it (Cook, 2000).
However, if the nouns in a sentence are replaced by pronouns, the verb is
emphasized instead of the pronouns (Cook, 2000).
Noun/Pronoun – Adjective Intonation
If the noun is being modified by an adjective, you can make a decision on

what to stress depending on what you want to emphasize (Intonation on
www.americanaccent.com).
Intonation Patterns
We follow different intonation patterns depending on the function of our

discourse. For instance, in delivering statements, we follow the downward
motion of the staircase intonation. In asking yes-no questions, there is a
slight rise towards the end, which is immediately followed by downward
trend. In asking rhetorical or emotional questions, the tone rises towards the
end.
These intonation patterns help facilitate our conversations as it gives the

people we are talking to an idea of what we are communicating, and also
relays our desire to continue or end the dialogue.
3
Intonation
Inflection and Meaning Change
Inflection can be defined as change in pitch, or can be used to communicate

new information about the sentence (Denham & Lobeck, 2013). An inflection
is used by changing the stressed word in order to draw attention to it can.
This word is called the intonation nucleus (Denham & Lobeck, 2013). The
stress can be done by emphasizing – making it louder, changing pitch, or
lengthening it further. Changing the nucleus in a sentence can also change
what you are trying to communicate, or the conversation altogether.
Glossary
Intonation – is referred to as your speech music (Cook, 2000). It is the sound

you hear when someone is speaking, particularly how the voice rises and
falls. As a listener, you might be able to infer the attitude of a speaker with
how his voice sounds (Roach, 2011).
References
Books:
Denham, K. & Lobeck, A. (2013). Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. 2nd

Ed. Massachusetts: Wadsworth
Nolan, F. (2006). The Handbook of English Linguistics. United Kingdom:

Blackwell Publishing
Online:
Stress, Rhythm and Intonation. Retrieved August 2016, from
http://web.univ-pau.fr/~parsons/intonationdoc.html
American Accent. Intonation. Retrieved May 2016,

from http://www.americanaccent.com/intonation.html
Course Module
1
British Accent
British Accent
Welcome to our final module for Speech Communication 2. By now, you are
already well aware of the elements of the American English accent. To get a
better and complete understanding of it, we will now devote time in
comparing it to the equally popular, British English accent. Knowing the
differences between the two will help you detect the American English accent
better, and will hopefully help you perfect it as well.

1. Differentiate the American and British accents
2. Speak words and phrases using the British accent
3. Transcribe words spoken through the American and British pronunciation
British English
The American and British English languages are vastly being used as a
medium of instruction, and it is widely used in communicating in America,
Europe, and even Asia.
In this section, we will review how the British English is different from
American English by identifying the distinctions in their vocabulary,
grammar, sentence structure, spelling, syllable stress and pronunciation.
Vocabulary
Although Britons and Americans share the same language, there are
significant differences in their word usage. These differences are well-known
amongst the two cultures. Some words can be used interchangeably, while
others are exclusively used by either one of them. Knowledge of these words
will help you communicate better, and will prevent you from being
embarrassed especially when you are talking to native English speakers.
Grammar and Sentence Structure
Course Module
British and American English also have differences in the way they construct
sentences. Although these differences in grammar do not necessarily hinder
communication, it is essential to distinguish what rules are deemed
acceptable in one culture, and which ones are not. This is important because
it allows you to speak the language or dialect of your preference more
fluently and naturally. Some of these differences are seen in the following:
• Use of present perfect tense
• Use of verbs
• Use of possessive verbs
Spelling
There are basic rules that are followed, which organize these differences in a
way that is easy to remember and understand. Some of the most important
distinctions are the following:
Syllable Stress
Syllable Stress is a significant difference we need to take note of between the

British and American English. Similar to the aforementioned elements, these
differences will not result in the break down of communication. Examples of
these differences are:
British English: BALlet, adDRESS, Garage
American English: balLET, ADdress, gaRAGE
Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the most significant and obvious difference between British

and American English.
Vowel Sounds
1. The short o is a back, rounded vowel spoken in some languages, including

British English. In American English, this is replaced with a back, unrounded
vowel sound.
3
British Accent
2. In British English, there are words that do use the /α:/. In American English,
however, it is replaced with the /æ/.
3. The long, back, mid rounded vowel /ɔ:/ in British English is more open and
less rounded in American English.
4. The difference between the unstressed /ı/ and /ə/ is usually not present in
American English.
5. Brtish English has three diphthongs, which are very different from the
American English diphthongs: /ıə/ that is heard in the word here, /eə/ that is
heard in the word there, and /υə/ that is heard in the word poor (Dimitrova,
2010).
Consonant Sounds
1. In American English, the /t/ is enunciated as a quick tap with voicing, thus
making it a voiced consonant. This occurs when it is between vowels. In
effect, it sounds more like a /d/ than it does a /t/.
2. American English is rhotic while British English is not. This characteristic is

evident when the /r/ is preceded by a vowel or a vowel sound (Dimitrova,
2010).
3. American English speakers do not also enunciate the /j/ in a stressed syllable
if it follows an alveolar consonant /t, d, n/ (Dimitrova, 2010).
4. The consonant sound / / is pronounced as / / in American English.
Course Module
References
Online:
Beare, K. Differences Between American and British English. Retrieved, August
2016, from
http://facultad.bayamon.inter.edu/bvalentino/British%20Enlish.pdf
Dimitrova, S. (2010). British and American Pronunciation. Retrieved May 2016,

from https://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~llsroach/phon2/sd10.pdf
Kaplan International Colleges. Differences Between American and British

English. Retrieved August 2016, from
https://www.kic.org.uk/pathways/files/British-American-differences.pdf
Lindell, C. (2014). British or American English? An Investigation of Awareness

of the Differences in British and American Vocabulary and Spelling. Retrieved
August 2016, from http://www.diva-
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:688472/FULLTEXT01.pdf

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11/6/23, 10:55 PM FINAL LAB QUIZ 2: Attempt review

Started on Sunday, 29 October 2023, 7:26 AM

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Acoustic phonetics is known for how sounds are produced.

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Grammar is the correct use of language.

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Articulatory phonetics is how sounds are transmitted.

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Started on Saturday, 28 October 2023, 7:26 AM

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The sport that involves a goalie is called what in America?

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Loo is to British English, as ________ is to American English

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1. Favourite - British English ✓

2. Customary: /ˈkʌstəˌmɛri/ - American English ✓

3. Fork: /fɔrk/ - American English ✓

4. Defence - British English ✓

5. Mould - British English ✓

6. Hot: /hɑt/ - American English ✓

7. Bought: /bɑt/ - American English ✓

8. Institute: /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/ - British English ✓

9. Practise - British English ✓

10. Autumn - British English ✓

11. Analyze - American English ✓

12. Advertise: /ˈædvətaɪz/ - British English ✓

13. Student: /ˈstuːdənt/ - American English ✓

14. Labeled - American English ✓

15. Realise - British English ✓

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Which of the following reflects American spelling?

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Which of the following reflects American syllable stress?

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Which of the following reflects British pronunciation?

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Which of the following reflects British spelling?

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Saying “I haven’t got the keys" is a characteristic of what English language?

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Which of the following reflects American pronunciation?

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◄ W10 - Intonations - VIDEO

FINAL LAB QUIZ 1 ►

Started on Saturday, 4 November 2023, 4:15 PM

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Q: Whales are reptiles. A: False - mammals

Inflection can be used to communicate new information about the sentence.

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