d.

Active Site
- It is a crucial region where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical
reaction.
- It plays a central role in catalyzing the reaction by facilitating the binding of
the substrate and reducing the activation energy required for the reaction to
occur.
- Small cleft or cavity within the enzyme, composed of approximately 10-15
amino acid residues.
- The primary function of the active site is twofold: binding activity and catalytic
activity.

EXPLANATION:
- The active site of an enzyme is a crucial region where substrate molecules
bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
- It plays a central role in catalyzing the reaction by facilitating the binding of
the substrate and reducing the activation energy required for the reaction to
occur.
- The active site is often described as a small cleft or cavity within the enzyme,
composed of approximately 10-15 amino acid residues.
- The primary function of the active site is twofold: binding activity and catalytic
activity. Binding activity refers to an enzyme's binding to its substrate or other
molecules, occurring at its active site while Catalytic activity accelerates or
facilitates a chemical reaction involving its substrate, converting it into a
product.

e. Absolute specificity
- Substrate specificity is also called as absolute specificity.
- Maltase only acts on maltose
- Sucrase only acts on sucrose
- Enzyme specific to one substrate and one reaction
- For example, amylase only acts on starch, Urease breaks down only urea, Arginase
only breaks down arginine and Glucokinase only phosphorylates D-glucose.

EXPLANATION:
Substrate specificity is also called as absolute specificity, since here the
specificity is very high.
Maltase only acts on maltose and Sucrase only acts on sucrose
Enzymes showing substrate specificity are specific only to one substrate and one
reaction.
For example, amylase only acts on starch, Urease breaks down only urea, Arginase only
breaks down arginine and Glucokinase only phosphorylates D-glucose.
f. Stereo specificity
- Optical specificity of enzyme is also called as stereo-specificity.
- Enzyme is not only specific to substrate but also specific to optical
configuration.
- Specificity is very high.
- Starch can be digested with alpha glycosidase but cellulose cant be digested
by the same enzyme. As the sugars in cellulose are in beta orientation to the
cellulose digestion needs beta glycosidase.
- Example: L-Amino Acid Oxidase only acts on L-Amino Acid.

EXPLANATION:
Optical specificity of enzyme is also called as stereo-specificity.
Here the Enzyme is specific not only to substrate but also to its optical
configuration.
Optical Specificity or stereo specificity is considered as the highest of specificity
by any class of enzyme in the living world.
Starch can be digested with alpha glycosidase but cellulose cant be digested by
the same enzyme. As the sugars in cellulose are in beta orientation to the
cellulose digestion needs beta glycosidase.
Example: L-Amino Acid Oxidase only acts on L-Amino Acid.
References:
Sourav B. (2023). Active Site For Enzymes – Definition, Features, Mechanism,
Example. Microbiologynote.com Active Site For Enzymes - Definition, Features,
Mechanism, Example (microbiologynote.com)
What is Enzyme Substrate Specificity. (n.d.). EasyBiologyClass. What is Enzyme
Substrate Specificity? | EasyBiologyClass
Sani D. (201). Enzyme Specificity. PPT (slideshare.net). Enzyme specificity | PPT
(slideshare.net)