ORAL COM REVIEWER GAWA TO NI ROGEN MAE J.

DASMARIÑAS FROM HUMSS T – NAOMI

HAHAHAHAHAHHAHAHAHAHAHA

Week 8 nung 1st quarter (included)

Title: Communicative Strategies

Communicative Strategy

- Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used to start and maintain a conversation. Knowing and
applying grammar appropriately is one of the most basic strategies to maintain a conversation.

Types of Communicative Strategies

1. Nomination

- A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. Basically, when
you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to.

Ex: How about we discuss about mental health?

2. Restriction

- Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker.

Ex: Please do not talk about her past.

3. Turn-Taking

- Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor.

Ex: What do you think?

4. Topic Control

- Topic control covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in
conversations.

Ex: Going back about education

5. Topic Shifting

- Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving from one topic to another.

Ex: By the way

6. Repair

- Repair refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that
they may encounter in a conversation. (Schegloff et al, 1977). If there is a problem in understanding the
conversation, speakers will always try to address and correct it.

Ex: I mean ___

7. Termination

- Termination refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation.

Ex: Thank you! Bye!

2ND QUARTER LESSON

LESSON 1: FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFT IN SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT AND
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY: LANGUAGE FORM, DURATION OF INTERACTION, MESSAGE AND
DELIVERY

Language Form - refers to the so-called surface features of language and how these are arranged.

Language form can be divided into at least two categories (Lahey, 1988):

1. Morphology

- examines how words are formed in any language

Ex: Walking

 free morpheme can stand alone as its own word. Ex: Walk
 bound morpheme only occurs as part of a word. Ex: ing, ly
2. Syntax

- refers to the rules that govern how words combine to create meaningful utterances

Ex: You are pretty.

The SVO Pattern (Subject Verb Object)

Subject – who?

Verb – what action?

Object – what?

All Syntactic Patterns

In total, there are 7 syntactic patterns, but all must contain at least a subject (S) and a verb (V). Other
elements include a direct object (O), indirect object (IO), complement (C), and adverbial (A).

1. S + V: Alicia laughed.

2. S + V + O: Alicia caught the ball.

3. S + V + C: Alicia is happy.

4. S + V + C: Alicia plays well.

5. S + V + IO + O: Alicia passed Mark the ball.

6. S + V + O + C: Alicia got her shoes muddy.

7. S + V + O + A: Alicia wrote her number on the card.

Parallel structure is also important for proper syntax. This is most often an issue when expressing a
series of items or verbs.

Ex: I like running, swimming, and skiing. (Correct) I like running, swimming, and to ski. (Incorrect)

Purpose of Syntax

- A single sentence can be rearranged in several ways to produce new sentences, while remaining
grammatically correct.
DURATION OF INTERACTION

This refers to the time the speaker and listener/audience communicate with each other. Often, when
you think of a speech, you think of a one-way message from public speaker to audience.

Verbal Interaction

- While you may not necessarily engage in a two-way dialogue with your audience, there are plenty of
ways to interact with them verbally.

Non-Verbal Interaction

- Your non-verbal interaction with your audience consists largely of body-language cues. Whether it’s
eye contact with individual members of the audience or specific gestures and face expressions as you
speak, your actions are just as important as your words when you’re in front of an audience.

MESSAGE

- The message is the most important and intrinsic element of all speech.

- The word “message” actually comes from the Latin mittere, “to send.” The message is fundamental to
communication.

Verbal and Non-Verbal Content

- A message may include verbal content, such as written or spoken words, sign language, email, text
messages, phone calls, snail-mail, and even skywriting. A message will also include nonverbal content,
such as meaningful behavior beyond words.

DELIVERY

The most important element of an oral presentation is, of course, the content and ideas you are trying
to communicate. However, the communication of content is often impeded by a poor manner of
delivery.

Rehearsing Oral Presentations

- You must rehearse so that your presentation will be clear, concise, and delivered in a relaxed and
understandable manner. Part of your rehearsal is the drafting and report-planning process you must go
through to organize your topic, as well as the process of preparing your visuals.
LESSON 2: RELATIONSHIP OF SPEAKER, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SPEAKER

Relationship of the Speaker

- Relationship of the speaker refers to the bond between the speaker and receiver which may depend on
how the discussions relate to receivers’ interests and knowledge. The speaker is expected to create a
positive relationship to his/her listeners.

You Can Overcome Speaker Challenges

You may not face all of these challenges in your every exchange as a speaker, but they're out there, and
their main points rise to varying degrees:

• Lack of confidence, for which the only cure is practice;

• Noise in the form of interference. It could be environmental noise (phones ringing, doors slamming) or
psychological noise triggered by internal thoughts;

• Fear or even anxiety - of the encounter itself, the preceding reaction or the listener(s); and

• An unstable purpose.

Step into the Shoes of a Speaker

The result of the communication - success, confusion, and disaster - may not end up on your shoulders
alone. But it does begin with you, and you can set the proper tone if you remember to:

 Ensure that you are truly "present."

 Put the listener at ease by being relational. A little small talk can go a long way to calm anxieties
– yours and those of the listener.
 Adapt your language and word choices to your audience.
 Maintain good eye contact, but keep other nonverbal cues, especially touching, to a bare
minimum.
 Emphasize important points through repetition.
 Ask the listener if he has any questions - and then pause long enough to assure him that it's truly
OK to ask. When communication breaks down, it's often the case that people are confused
about a message but are afraid to ask for clarification.

Listener Face Challenges

Beyond cautions to "be quiet and pay attention," many people do not understand what good listening
is, much less how to become a great listener. Many people may not even find themselves in an
authentic "active listening" situation.
You Can Overcome Listener Challenges

All hope is far from lost, though, even though listeners may have other issues on their minds too,
including:

 The same noisy influences - both internal and external - that speakers face;
 Fear of the speaker or of the unknown message she is about to deliver;
 Nervousness about being able to correctly understand the message and follow any information;
and
 Focusing on personal feelings about the speaker rather than the message she is trying to convey

Practice Active Listening

Just as you expect the speaker to be present in the moment, you should be too. This means:

 Turning your smartphone to "mute" as a signal of respect to the speaker;

 Maintaining eye contact, though not a steady, unblinking stare that the speaker could
misinterpret as boredom;
 Smiling and occasionally nodding to convey that you're engaged and interested in the
communication;
 Waiting for an opportune time to speak with a quick comment or add-on statement to signal
that you're on the same page with the speaker; and
 Asking for clarification or illustration of anything the speaker says. The bigger point is never to
end a conversation with unanswered questions. As a listener, this is one of your most crucial
responsibilities.

Step into the Shoes of a Listener

There are other steps you can take as you practice your listening skills. All of them carry the added
benefit of improving your comprehension of the message and predicting the risk of opening a
communication gap. They include:

 Giving the speaker the benefit of the doubt, especially if you have uncertainty about his
credibility or sincerity;
 Remaining open to new ideas;
 Not jumping to conclusions, making assumptions or forming an opinion until you've heard the
entire message;
 Not interrupting; and
 Taking notes, if it's appropriate and convenient to do so.
LESSON 3: SPEECH WRITING AUDIENCE PROFILE, LOGICAL ORGANIZATION AND DURATION

Speech Writing

It is an art of conveying a message to your audience. Either through oral communication or through
other means, such as power point slides. The reasons for writing are to inform, to explain or to
persuade. In a speech, typically the main purpose is to persuade the listener/reader to take up and
support your views.

8 Steps of Effective Speech

1. Choose a topic

2. Consider your audience

3. Prepare a structure

4. Begin with a strong point

5. Use concrete details and visual aids

6. Include a personal element

7. Consider rhetorical devices

8. End memorably

Basic Format of a Speech

Introduction

A. Attention-getter (A question, a maxim or proverb, a startling statement, a story, a narrative, a joke,

visual aids, among others)

B. Preview

Body (Discussion)

A. Topic Idea

B. Sequential arrangement of support ideas

C. Supporting details (illustrated examples, figures and other data can be included here)
Conclusion

A. Summary statement of the Introduction and Body/Discussion or main point

B. Repeat a story, a quotation, a series of questions used in the introduction differently or with a twist.

C. A closer, a call action, or a memorable statement that will leave a mark the minds of the audience.

SPEECH PURPOSE

A speech to be successful must have a clear and definite purpose. Your purpose must be fit to your
audience’s interest and need.

AUDIENCE PROFILE

It involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech to their interests, level of understanding,
attitudes, and beliefs.

Audience Analysis Factors

 Knowledge of Topic - audience knowledge of a topic can vary widely on any given occasion;
therefore, communicators should find out what their audience already knows about the topic.
 Demographics - factors of an audience include age, gender, religion, ethnic background, class,
sexual orientation, occupation, education, group membership, and countless other categories.
 Setting - can influence the ability to give a speech and the audience’s ability and desire to listen.
 Audience size - the larger the audience the more formal the presentation should be.

LOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS

Organization of ideas from general to specific. Make a general statement and then provide explanations.
The writer must ensure that readers can understand the described and explained concepts.

LOGICAL ORGANIZATION PATTERNS

1. Time Order Pattern or Chronological

- This pattern presents events or processes according to the sequence of time that they occurred.

2. Spatial Pattern

- organizes the speech according to the physical structure of the subject or how the topic actually
appears in space.
3. Topical Pattern

- most often employed when speakers take their main topic and decide the most important sub- topics
they would like to talk about.

DURATION and PHYSICAL SETTING

There are things to be examined in conducting a speech to assess whether you meet them or not, you
may ask these necessary questions in considering duration and physical setting such as:

 How long will your speech?

 What is the occasion?
 Size of the audience

LESSON 4: Word Choice and Grammatical Correctness

Word Choice

A word is the simplest part of any language. While communicating or delivering any ideas or thoughts,
one must use a proper word. Word choice is a person’s choice or selection of words. It is a manner in
which something is expressed in words. The choice of words is the style of expression.

Factors that Influence Good Word Choice

Meaning - words can be chosen for either denotative meaning, which is the definition you’d find in a
dictionary or the connotative meaning, which is the emotions, circumstances, or descriptive variations
the word evokes.

Specificity - words that are concrete rather than abstract are more powerful in certain types of writing,
specifically academic works and works of nonfiction.

Audience - whether the writer seeks to engage, amuse, entertain, inform, or even incite anger, the
audience is the person or persons for whom a piece of work is intended.

Level of Diction

1. Formal – denotes serious discourse

2. Informal – denotes relaxed but polite conversation

3. Colloquial – denotes language in everyday usage

4. Slang – which denotes new, often high informal

Tone - An author’s attitude toward a topic.

Audience - word choice is an essential element in the style of any writer

Importance of Word Choice

1. If a person is using an incorrect word, the message delivered is not meant.

2. Incorrect word choice leads to misunderstanding among the audience.
3. It sometimes makes a situation awkward and unclear
4. Sometimes, an incorrect word makes no sense
5. Correct word choice increases the impact on one’s mind.
6. It reveals the attitude and personality of a person.

Grammatical Correctness

Grammar explains the forms and structure of words (called morphology) and how they are arranged in
sentences (called syntax). In other words, grammar provides the rules for common use of both spoken
and written language so we can more easily understand each other.

The Eight Parts of Speech

NOUN - word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas and feelings.

PRONOUN - used in the place of a noun or another pronoun.

VERB - show an action or a state of being.

ADJECTIVE - used to describe or specify a noun or pronoun

ADVERB - modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause and indicate manner, time,
place, cause, or degree.

PREPOSITION - link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence and usually indicate a
relationship of time, space, or logic.

CONJUNCTION – join clauses or sentences

INTERJECTION - are added to a sentence to convey emotion and are usually followed by an exclamation
point.
LESSON 5: Speech Delivery: ARTICULATION and MODULATION

ARTICULATION

Articulation is the process by which sounds, syllables, and words are formed when your tongue, jaw,
teeth, lips, and palate alter the air stream coming from the vocal folds. (WALANG TONO BOSES MO RITO
ANTE)

What does it mean to articulate?

To articulate means to say or pronounce something in a way that can be clearly heard and understood
like expressing an idea or a thought in words.

Why do we articulate?

Everything we say and do or we don’t say and don’t do sends a message to others.

MODULATION

Modulation in speaking means a change stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of voice and an inflection of the
voice. (MAY TONO RITO ANTE)

What does it mean to modulate?

To modulate means to enhance emphasis in words with rising and lowering tones adding subtle
meaning.

Why do we modulate?

It facilitates the understanding of your speech as it gives more meaning to your voice and makes your
voice sound attractive.

COMPONENTS OF VOICE MODULATION

Pace or Speech Speed - When speaking always consider your audience or listeners. Employ speed that
your listeners can easily and properly understand your speech.

Pitch or Depth of Voice - According to Flores & Lopez (2009), pitch is the location of the sound on the
musical scale and is determined by the tension applied by the tone-producing mechanism- the vocal
cords. Pitch is another element of voice which shows emotion.

Pause - Observe pauses at required intervals like when there is punctuation.

Power - In order to make your voice powerful, you should not speak from your mouth but from inside
the abdomen, make it commanding by generating intensity in your voice.

Volume - Make sure that everybody in the audience can hear you without straining

Emphasis - Put emphasis by placing some stress or focus on the key words or syllables in order to
provide contrast to your words and to bring out their desired meaning.
Inflection - Inflection means the ups and downs of words. Inflection links meaning and feeling with your
words.