Analysis Math.

, 45 (4) (2019), 823–840

DOI: 10.1007/s10476-019-0010-5

UPPER BOUNDS FOR THE APPROXIMATION

OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE
FUNCTIONS BY TRIANGULAR FOURIER–
HERMITE SUMS IN THE SPACE
L2,ρ(R2 )
M. SH. SHABOZOV∗ and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV
Tajik National University, Rudaki Ave. 17, 734025 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
e-mails: shabozov@mail.ru, olim74@tajnet.tj

(Received March 28, 2018; revised April 4, 2019; accepted April 19, 2019)

Abstract. We evaluate the suprema of approximations of bivariate func-

tions by triangular partial sums of the double Fourier–Hermite series on the class
of functions Lr2 (D) in the space L2,ρ (R2 ), where D is the second-order Hermite
operator. Sharp Jackson–Stechkin type inequalities on the sets L2,ρ (R2 ) are ob-
tained, in which the best approximation is estimated from above both in terms of
moduli of continuity of order m and in terms of K-functionals. N -widths of some
classes of functions in L2,ρ (R2 ) are evaluated.

1. Introduction

At present, problems of approximation of functions by algebraic polyno-

mials on the real axis R := {x : −∞ < x < +∞} with Chebyshev–Hermite
weight ρ(x) := exp{−x2 } have received much attention. For example, some
extremal problems of approximation of functions in the mean on the real
axis by Fourier–Chebyshev sums were considered in the recent papers by
S. B. Vakarchuk and A. V. Shvachko [11] and S. B. Vakarchuk [12]; sharp
Jackson–Stechkin type inequalities were obtained, in which the best approx-
imation of polynomial approximation of functions is estimated from above
in terms of generalized moduli of smoothness of order m and K-functionals
of the rth derivatives of functions; exact values of various N -widths were
found. Such problems for functions defined on the real axis have been ex-
tensively studied and a number of sharp results were obtained, but there are

∗ Corresponding author.
Key words and phrases: upper bound, approximation of functions, triangular Fourier–
Hermite sum, Jackson–Stechkin type inequality, K-functional, N -width.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 42C05, 33C50, 33C45.

0133-3852 
c 2019 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest
824 M. SH. SHABOZOV and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV

only a few sharp results for functions of two variables on the entire plane
R2 := {(x, y) : −∞ < x, y < +∞} involving extremal problems of polynomial
approximation in the mean. We mention, for example, some results obtained
in this direction by V. A. and M. V. Abilov [1,2] and by M. G. Esmaganbe-
tov [4].
The present paper is concerned with a number of extremal problems of
polynomial approximation of bivariate functions on the entire plane with
weight exp{−(x2 + y 2 )}. Some sharp Jackson–Stechkin type inequalities are
obtained and exact values are found for the best polynomial approximations
both in terms of the generalized moduli of continuity and in terms of the
Peetre K-functionals. These results are applied to the extremal problem of
evaluation of widths of some classes of functions in the space L2,ρ (R2) and
complement in a sense the papers [1,2,4,13].

2. Upper estimates for the approximation of functions by

triangular Fourier–Hermite sums in the space L2,ρ (R2 )

We recall the necessary concepts and definitions from [1,2,4]. In what

follows, R+ is the set of positive reals numbers, Z+ is the set of nonnegative
integers, N is the set of natural numbers. Let L2,ρ := L2,ρ (R2 ), where ρ(x) :=
exp{−(x2 + y 2 )}, be the set of real-valued square-summable functions of two
variables with finite norm
  1
2
f 2,ρ := f L2,ρ := 2
ρ(x, y)f (x, y) dx dy .
R2
 
Let Hk (x)Hl (y) k,l∈Z be the system of Hermite polynomials orthonor-
+

mal on the entire plane R2 with weight ρ (see, for example, [9, p. 170]),
where
(−1)q x2 d
q
2
Hq (u) =  √ e q
(e−x ), q ∈ Z+ .
q! 2q π dx
For a function f ∈ L2,ρ (R2 ), its double Fourier–Hermite series reads as
∞ ∞
(1) f (x, y) = ckl (f )Hk (x)Hl (y),
k=0 l=0

where

(2) ckl (f ) = ρ(x, y)f (x, y)Hk (x)Hl (y) dx dy
R2

are the Fourier–Hermite coefficients of f , the equality in (1) is understood

in the sense of the L2,ρ (R2 )-convergence.

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

 APPROXIMATION OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE FUNCTIONS 825
We let
SN −1 (f ; x, y) := ckl (f )Hk (x)Hl (y)
0≤k+l≤N −1

denote the (N − 1)th order triangle sum of the Fourier–Hermite series (1)
of a function f ∈ L2,ρ . Let PN −1 be the class of bivariate polynomials of x
and y of degree at most (N − 1) of the form

(3) PN −1 (x, y) = akl xk y l .

0≤k+l≤N −1

It it is well known that (see [1,11,12])

 
(4) EN −1 (f )2,ρ := EN −1 (f )L2,ρ(R2 ) = inf f − PN −1 2,ρ : PN −1 ∈ PN −1
1
2
= f − SN −1 2,ρ = 2
ckl (f ) .
k+l≥N

In the space L2,ρ (R2 ), consider the shift operator

  
1
Fh f (x, y) = ρ(u, υ)f (x 1 − h2 + hu, y 1 − h2 + hυ ) du dυ,
π R2

where 0 < h < 1. According to [1,2], we have

∞ ∞
(5) Fh f (x, y) = ckl (f )(1 − h2 )(k+l)/2 Hk (x)Hl (y)
k=0 l=0

in the sense of the L2,ρ (R2 )-convergence.

In these papers it was also shown that Fh : L2,ρ (R2 ) → L2,ρ (R2 ) is
a bounded linear operator, and besides, for all k, l ∈ Z+ ,
(6) Fh Hk (x)Hl (y) = (1 − h2 )(k+l)/2 Hk (x)Hl (y), 0 < h < 1.
We define the finite first- and higher-order differences as follows:
(7) Δ1h (f ; x, y) := Fh f (x, y) − f (x, y) = (Fh − E)f (x, y),
Δm 1
h (f ; x, y) = Δh Δh
m−1
(f ; ·, ·); x, y
m  
m m−i m
= (Fh − E) f (x, y) = (−1) Fhi f (x, y), m ∈ N;
i
i=0

here
Fh0 f (x, y) = f (x, y), Fhi f (x, y) = Fh (Fhi−1 f (x, y)),
i = 1, 2, . . . , m, m ∈ N, and E is the identity operator in the space L2,ρ (R2 ).

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

826 M. SH. SHABOZOV and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV

From (7), using (1) and (5), in the sense of convergence in L2,ρ (R2 ), we
have
∞ ∞
(8) Δ1h (f ; x, y) = ckl (f ) (1 − h2 )(k+l)/2 − 1 Hk (x)Hl (y).
k=0 l=0

Using (8) and (6), it follows by induction that

∞ ∞
m
(9) Δm
h (f ; x, y) = ckl (f ) (1 − h2 )(k+l)/2 − 1 Hk (x)Hl (y).
k=1 l=1

Applying Parseval’s identity, we find from (9) that (see [1])

∞ ∞
Δm
2m 2
2
h (f ; x, y)2,ρ = 1 − (1 − h2 )(k+l)/2 ckl (f ), 0 < h < 1.
k=1 l=1

The generalized modulus of continuity of order m is defined as

∞ ∞ 1
2
2m 2
(10) Ωm (f, t)2,ρ = 1 − (1 − t2 )(k+l)/2 ckl (f ) .
k=1 l=1

Following [2], we introduce the second-order Hermite operator

1  ∂2 ∂2  ∂ ∂
D := + −x −y .
2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y

We denote as usual D 0f = f , D r f := D(D r−1f ), r ∈ N. By L2,ρ :=

(r)

L2,ρ (D r ) (r ∈ Z+ , L2,ρ ≡ L2,ρ ) we denote the class of functions f ∈ L2,ρ with

(0)

generalized partial derivatives

∂sf
, i + j = s, s = 1, 2, . . . , 2r, r ∈ N
∂xi ∂y j

in Levi’s sense (see [5]) such that they all lie in the space L2,ρ and for which
D r f 2,ρ < ∞. In [2] it was proved that, for an arbitrary function f ∈ L2,ρ ,
∞ ∞
Ω2m (D r f, t)2,ρ =
2m
(11) 1 − (1 − t2 )(k+l)/2 (k + l)2r c2kl (f ).
k=0 l=0

(r)
In what follows, when evaluating the supremum over all f ∈ L2,ρ , we
shall always assume that D r f = PN −1 , D = 0. The following result holds.

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

 APPROXIMATION OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE FUNCTIONS 827
Lemma 1. For any N ∈ N and r ∈ Z+ , we have
EN −1 (f )2,ρ 1
sup r
= r.
f ∈L(r)
EN −1 (D f )2,ρ N
2,ρ

(r)
Proof. According to [1], for an arbitrary function f ∈ L2,ρ , its Fourier–
Hermite coefficients satisfy the equality
(12) ckl (f ) = (−1)r (k + l)−r ckl (D r f ), k, l ∈ Z+ .
Taking into account (12) and noting that
∞ ∞
(13) D r f (x, y) = ckl (D r f )Hk (x)Hl (y)
k=1 l=1
∞ ∞
= (−1)r (k + l)r ckl (f )Hk (x)Hl (y),
k=1 l=1

it is easily found that

2 r
(14) EN −1 (D f )2,ρ = (k + l)2r c2kl (f ).
k+l≥N

Using (14) and (4), this gives

2 1
(15) EN −1 (f )2,ρ = c2kl (f ) = (k + l)2r c2kl (f )
(k + l)2r
k+l≥N k+l≥N

1 1 r
≤ · (k + l)2r c2kl (f ) = · EN
2
−1 (D f )2,ρ ,
N 2r N 2r
k+l≥N

(r)
and so, for an arbitrary function f ∈ L2,ρ , we have the upper estimate

EN −1 (f )2,ρ 1
(16) r
≤ r.
EN −1 (D f )2,ρ N
To obtain the opposite inequality, consider the function f0 (x, y) :=
(r)
HN (x)H0 (y) ∈ L2,ρ , for which we have from (4) and (14)
(17) EN −1 (f0 )2,ρ = 1, EN −1 (D r f0 )2,ρ = N r .
Taking into account (17), we get the lower estimate
EN −1 (f )2,ρ EN −1 (f0 )2,ρ 1
(18) sup r
≥ r
= r.
f ∈L(r)
EN −1 (D f )2,ρ EN −1 (D f0 )2,ρ N
2,ρ

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

828 M. SH. SHABOZOV and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV

The proof of Lemma 1 is finished by combining the upper estimate (16)

and the lower estimate (18). 
Lemma 2. For any m, N ∈ N and r ∈ Z+ , we have

N r EN −1 (f )2,ρ  1 −m
(19) sup sup = 1 − √ .
N ∈N f ∈L(r)
2,ρ
Ωm (D r f, √1N )2,ρ e

Proof. According to [4], for any m ∈ N, r ∈ Z+ and an arbitrary f ∈ Lr2

N r EN −1 (f )2,ρ 1
(20) sup r
= N m (0 < t < 1).
f ∈L(r)
2,ρ
Ωm (D f, t)2,ρ 1 − (1 − t2 ) 2
√
Putting t = 1/ N in (20) and taking the supremum over all N ∈ N, we get
(19). From (19) we have the Jackson–Stechkin type inequality

1  1 −m  r 1 
EN −1 (f )2,ρ ≤ 1 − √ Ω m D f, √
Nr e N 2,ρ
(r)
for an arbitrary function f ∈ L2,ρ . 
The following general result holds.
Theorem 1. Let m, N ∈ N, r ∈ Z+ , 0 < p ≤ 2, h ∈ (0, 1] and let q be
a nonnegative measurable summable function on (0, h) which does not vanish
identically. Then
(21)
N r EN −1 (f )2,ρ 1
sup  1/p =  h .
(r) h 1/p
f ∈L2,ρ p r 2 N mp
Ωm (D f, t)2,ρ q(t) dt 1 −(1 − t ) 2 q(t) dt
0 0

Proof. To estimate from above the quantity on the left of (21), we use
one variant of Minkowski’s inequality (see [6, p. 104])
 h  ∞ p/2 1/p  ∞  h 2/p 1/2
(22) |fj (t)|2 dt ≥ |fj (t)|p dt ,
0 j=N j=N 0

where 0 < p ≤ 2. Setting fj := fj q 1/p in (21), this gives

 h  ∞ p/2 1/p  ∞  h 2/p 1/2
p
(23) |fj (t)| 2
q(t) dt ≥ |fj (t)| q(t) dt .
0 j=N j=N 0

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

 APPROXIMATION OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE FUNCTIONS 829
 
Using (11) and (23), since the sequence (k + l)r , k + l = N , N + 1, . . . ,
r ∈ Z+ , is monotone increasing, and recalling the definition of the best ap-
proximation (4), we find that

 h
1
p
Ωpm (D r f, t)2,ρ q(t) dt
0
 h p 1
 (k+l) 2m 2 p
≥ 1 − (1 − t ) 2 2 (k + l)2r c2kl (f ) q(t) dt
0 k+l≥N
  h 2 1

rp p
 2 (k+l)
mp p 2
≥ (k + l) ckl (f ) 1 − (1 − t ) 2 q(t) dt
k+l≥N 0

 h 2 1
(k+l) mp p 2
= (k + l)2r c2kl (f ) 1 − (1 − t ) 2 2 q(t) dt
k+l≥N 0

 h 2 1
N mp p 2
≥ N 2r
1 − (1 − t ) 2 2 q(t) dt · c2kl (f )
0 k+l≥N
 h 1
r N mp p
=N 1 − (1 − t ) 2 2 q(t) dt · EN −1 (f )2,ρ.
0

As a result, we get the upper estimate for the extremal characteristic

from the left-hand side of (21):

N r EN −1 (f )2,ρ 1
(24) sup  1 ≤  1 .
h h
f ∈L(r) p N p
2,ρ
Ωpm (D r f, t)2,ρ q(t)dt (1 −(1 −t ) ) 2 2
mp
q(t) dt
0 0

To estimate this quantity from below, consider the function f0 (x, y) :=

(r)
HN (x)H0 (y) ∈ L2,ρ , which was used in the proof of Lemma 1. By formula
(11), we have, for f0 ,
 N m
(25) Ωm (D r f0 , t)2,ρ = N r 1 − (1 − t2 ) 2 , 0 < t < 1,

and hence
 h  h N mp
Ωpm (D r f0 , t)2,ρ q(t) dt =N rp
1 − (1 − t2 ) 2 q(t) dt.
o 0

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

830 M. SH. SHABOZOV and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV

Hence, from the first equality in (17), we have the lower estimate
N r EN −1 (f )2,ρ N r EN −1 (f0 )2,ρ
(26) sup 
(r) h  1 ≥  h 1
p p
f ∈L2,ρ
Ωpm (D r f, t)2,ρ q(t) dt Ωpm (D r f0 , t)2,ρ q(t) dt
0 0
1
=  1 .
h mp p
N
1 − (1 − t ) 2 2 q(t) dt
0

The required equality (21) now follows by combining the upper estimate
(24) and the lower estimate (26), completing the proof of Theorem 1. 
Theorem 1 has several corollaries.
Corollary 1. Let k, N ∈ N, r ∈ Z+ , 0 < p ≤ 2, h ∈ (0, 1] and let q(t) =
N t(1 − t2 )N/2−1 . Then
(27)
1
N r− p EN −1 (f )2,ρ mp + 1 1/p
sup  1 = N mp+1
.
h 1 − (1 −h2 ) 2
f ∈L(r) p r 2 N −1
p
2,ρ
Ωm (D f, t)2,ρ t(1 − t ) 2 dt
0
√
From (27) with h = 1/ N , p = 1/m, r ≥ m, r, m, N ∈ N, we have the ex-
tremal equality
N r−m EN −1 (f )2,ρ  1 −2m
m
sup sup  √ = 2 1 − √ .
1/ N m e
N ∈N f ∈L(r) 1
r 2 N −1
2,ρ
Ωm (D f, t)2,ρ t(1 −t ) 2 dt
m

Corollary 2. Let m, N, r ∈ N, r ≥ m, p = 1/m, h ∈ (0, 1] and q(t) = t.

Then equality (21) implies that
N r−m EN −1 (f )2,ρ
(28) sup  h m
f ∈L(r) r
2,ρ
Ω1/m
m (D f, t)2,ρ tdt
0
 h2 1 1 −m
= +(1 − h2 )(N +2)/2 − .
2 N +2 N +2

In particular, from (28) with h = 2/N we get V. A. and M. V. Abilov’s
result from [2]:
N r−m EN −1 (f )2,ρ
sup √
 2/N m
f ∈L(r)
2,ρ r
Ω1/m
m (D f, t)2,ρ tdt
0

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

 APPROXIMATION OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE FUNCTIONS 831
1 1 1  2  N 2+ 2 −m
= − + 1− .
N N +2 N +2 N

In the case h = 2/(N + 2) from (28) we have
(29)
N r−m EN −1 (f )2,ρ  2  N2+2 −m
sup √
 2/(N +2) = 2m 1− .
m N +2
f ∈L(r)
2,ρ r
Ω1/m
m (D f, t)2,ρ tdt
0

Taking the supremum over all N ∈ N in (29), we get the relation

N r−m EN −1 (f )2,ρ
sup sup  √
m
= (2e)m.
N ∈N f ∈L(r) 2/ N +2
r
2,ρ
Ω1/m
m (D f, t)2,ρ tdt
0

3. Sharp Jackson–Stechkin type inequalities for K-functionals

The Peetre K-functional has recently proved to be useful in solving vari-

ous extremal approximation problems. One of the main problems of approxi-
mation theory deals with finding relations between moduli of smoothness and
K-functionals. For various generalized moduli of smoothness, such problems
were studied, for example, in [11,12] and [7].
In the setting under consideration, using the above notation, we intro-
duce the K-functional by the formula

K(f : tm )2,ρ := K(f, tm ; L2,ρ , L2,ρ )

(m)
(30)

= inf {f − g2,ρ + tm D mg2,ρ : g ∈ L2,ρ },

(m)

where f ∈ L2,ρ , 0 < t < 1.

It is clear that

(31) K(f, (nt)m)) ≤ nm K(f, tm), m, n ∈ N, 0 < t < 1.

It is of certain interest to evaluate the exact value of the extremal value

characteristic similar to that on the left of (20), which involves the K-func-
tional (30) instead of the modulus of smoothness (11).
Theorem 2. Let m ∈ N, r ∈ Z+ . Then, for an arbitrary N ∈ N,

N r EN −1 (f )2,ρ
(32) sup = 1.
f ∈L(r)
2,ρ
K(D r f, N1m )2,ρ

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

832 M. SH. SHABOZOV and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV

(r)
Proof. From inequality (15) we have, for arbitrary function f ∈ L2,ρ ,

1 1
(33) EN −1 (f )2,ρ ≤ EN −1 (D r f )2,ρ ≤ r D r f − SN −1 (g)2,ρ ,
Nr N
where
SN −1 (g) = ckl (g)Hk (x)Hl (y)
0≤k+l≤N −1
(m)
is the partial triangular sum of order (N − 1) for a function g ∈ L2,ρ .
(m)
Using (4) and (15), we have, for arbitrary g ∈ L2,ρ ,

1 1
(34) g −SN −1 (g)2,ρ = EN −1 (g)2,ρ ≤ EN −1 (D mg)2,ρ ≤ m D mg2,ρ .
Nm N
Applying (33) and (34) shows that
1  
(35) EN −1 (f )2,ρ ≤ r D r f − g2,ρ + g − SN −1 (g)2,ρ
N
1  1 
≤ r D r f − g2,ρ + m D mg2,ρ .
N N
The left-hand side of inequality (35) is independent of the function g,
(m)
and hence taking the infimum over all g ∈ L2,ρ on the right, we get the
inequality
1  1 
EN −1 (f )2,ρ ≤ r K D r f, m ,
N N 2,ρ

from which we readily obtain an upper estimate for the extremal character-
istics from the left-hand side of (32):

N r EN −1 (f )2,ρ
(36) sup ≤ 1.
f ∈L(r)
2,ρ
K D r f, N1m 2,ρ

To estimate from below this extremal characteristics, we shall employ the

formula (see [2])
ckl (f ) = (−1)r (k + l)−r ckl (D r f ),
(r)
which holds for arbitrary function f ∈ L2,ρ . For an arbitrary polynomial of
degree at most N of the form

(37) PN (x, y) = ckl (PN )Hk (x)Hl (y),

0≤k+l≤N

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

 APPROXIMATION OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE FUNCTIONS 833
applying the operator D r , we get

(38) D r PN (x, y) = ckl (D r PN )Hk (x)Hl (y)

0≤k+l≤N

= (−1)r (k + l)r ckl (PN )Hk (x)Hl (y).

0≤k+l≤N

Applying now Parseval’s

 identity
 to (38) and taking into account that the
sequence of numbers (k + l)r (k + l = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N ; r ∈ Z+ ) is monotone
increasing, we obtain

(39) D r (PN )22,ρ = (k + l)2r c2kl (PN )

0≤k+l≤N

≤ N 2r c2kl (PN ) = N 2r PN 22,ρ .

0≤k+l≤N

Let now PN be an arbitrary polynomial of degree at most N of the form

(37). Putting g ≡ 0 and f ≡ PN and then g ≡ f ≡ PN in formula (30) for
the K-functional, we get the inequality

PN 2,ρ ,
(40) K(PN : tm ) ≤ m r
t D (PN )2,ρ ,

where 0 < t < 1. Note that for the function f0 (x, y) = HN (x)H0 (y) (which
appeared at the end of the proof of Theorem 1), we have
(41)
D r+mf0 (x, y) = (−1)r+mN r+m HN (x)H0(y), D r+m(f0 )2,ρ = N r+m .

Using the second inequality in (40), it follows by (41) that

 1  1 1
K D r f0 , m ≤ m D r+m(f0)2,ρ = m N r+m = N r .
N 2,ρ N N

Hence, using the first equality of (17), we get the required lower estimate

N r EN −1 (f )2,ρ N r EN −1 (f0 )2,ρ Nr

(42) sup ≥ = ≥ 1.
(r)
f ∈L2,ρ K(D r f, N1m )2,ρ K(D r f0 , N1m )2,ρ K(D r f0 , N1m )2,ρ

The required equality (32) now follows by comparing the upper estimate
(36) with the lower one (42). This proves Theorem 2. 

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

834 M. SH. SHABOZOV and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV

4. Exact values of N -widths of some classes of functions

For further purposes, we shall need some new definitions and nota-
tion. Let S be the unit ball in L2,ρ ; ΛN ⊂ L2,ρ an N -dimensional subspace;
ΛN ⊂ L2,ρ a subspace of codimension N ; Λ: L2,ρ → ΛN be a continuous lin-
ear operator; L⊥ : L2,ρ → ΛN a continuous linear projection operator, and
let M be a convex centrally symmetric subset of L2,ρ . The quantities
   
bN (M, L2,ρ ) = sup sup ε > 0 : εS ∩ ΛN +1 ⊂ M : ΛN +1 ⊂ L2,ρ ,
   
dN (M, L2,ρ ) = inf sup f 2,ρ : f ∈ M ∩ ΛN : ΛN ⊂ L2,ρ ,
     
dN (M, L2,ρ ) = inf sup inf f − g2,ρ : g ∈ ΛN : f ∈ M : ΛN ⊂ L2,ρ ,
  
δN (M, L2,ρ ) = inf inf sup f − Λf 2,ρ :
  
f ∈ M : ΛL2,ρ ⊂ ΛN : ΛN ⊂ L2,ρ ,
  
ΠN (M, L2,ρ ) = inf inf sup f − Λ⊥ f 2,ρ :
  
f ∈ M : Λ⊥ L2,ρ ⊂ ΛN : ΛN ⊂ L2,ρ
are called, respectively, the Bernstein, Gelfand, Kolmogorov, linear and pro-
jectional N -widths of the set M in the space L2,ρ .
Note that these widths are monotone in N , and besides, in a Hilbert
space (see [6,10]) we have

(43) bN (M; L2,ρ ) ≤ dN (M; L2,ρ )

≤ dN (M; L2,ρ ) = δN (M; L2,ρ ) = ΠN (M; L2,ρ ).
We now define classes of functions for which we shall evaluate the above
N -widths. Let m, r ∈ N, 0 < p ≤ 2, 0 < H < 1, and let q ≥ 0 be a mea-
surable function summable on (0, H) which is not equivalent to zero. By
r (Ω , q) we denote the class consisting of functions f ∈ Lr for which
HW2,p m 2,ρ
r
D f satisfies the condition
 H
Ωpm (D r f, t)q(t) dt ≤ 1.
0

Theorem 3. Let m, N ∈ N, r ∈ Z+ , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N , 0 < p ≤ 2, 0 <

H < 1, and q ≥ 0 be a measurable function summable on (0, H) which is not
equivalent to zero. Then
r r
(44) γ N (N +1) +k HW2,p (Ωm , q); L2,ρ = EN −1 (HW2,p (Ωm , q))2,ρ
2

 H −1/p
−r N mp
=N 1 − (1 − t )
2 2 q(t) dt ,
0

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

 APPROXIMATION OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE FUNCTIONS 835
where γν (·) is any of the above ν -widths, and
r
EN −1 (HW2,p (Ωm , q))L2 ,ρ := sup{EN −1 (f )L2 ,ρ : f ∈ HW2,p
r
(Ωm , q)}.

Proof. Since the (N − 1)th order triangular partial sum

SN −1 (f ; x, y) := ckl (f )Hk (x)Hl (y)

0≤k+l≤N −1

of the Fourier–Hermite series (1) of the function f ∈ L2,ρ contains N (N2+1)

linearly independent elements and since N (N + 1)/2 ≥ N − 1, then using
r (Ω , q)
inequality (24), relations (43) and the definition of the class HW2,p m
for any k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N , we arrive at the upper estimate
r
(45) γ N (N +1) +k HW2,p (Ωm , q); L2,ρ
2

r r
≤ d N (N +1) +k HW2,p (Ωm , q); L2,ρ ≤ EN −1 (HW2,p (Ωm , q))L2 ,ρ
2

 H −1/p
−r N mp
≤N 1 − (1 − t )
2 2 q(t) dt .
0

To estimate the above N -widths from below in the subspace P(N +1)(N +2)/2
of algebraic polynomials of the form (3), we consider the polynomial

(46) PN (x, y) = akl (PN )Hk (x)Hl (y).

0≤k+l≤N

We claim that the ball

S(N +1)(N +2)/2 := PN ∈ P(N +1)(N +2)/2 :

 H −1/p
−r N mp
PN 2,ρ ≤ N 1 − (1 − t ) 2 2 q(t) dt
0

r (Ω , q). Taking into account formula (38), it follows

lies in the class HW2,p m
from (11) that
1/2
r 2 (k + l)/2 2m
(47) Ωm (D PN , t)2,ρ = 1 − (1 −t ) (k +l)2r c2kl (PN )
0≤k+l≤N
1/2
m m
≤ N r 1 −(1 − t2 )N/2 c2kl (PN ) ≤ N r 1 − (1 −t2 )N/2 PN 2,ρ .
0≤k+l≤N

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

836 M. SH. SHABOZOV and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV

Raising the left and right-hand sides of inequality (47) to the power p,
0 ≤ p ≤ 2, multiplying by the function q and integrating both sides of the
resulting inequality with respect to t from 0 to H, we obtain
 H  H
mp
Ωpm (D r PN , t)q(t)2,ρ ≤ N rp PN p2,ρ 1 − (1 − t2 )N/2 q(t) dt ≤ 1,
0 0
r (Ω , q). Since
proving the inclusion S(N +1)(N +2)/2 ⊂ HW2,p m

N (N + 1) (N + 1)(N + 2)
+k ≤ − 1, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N,
2 2
and taking into account relations (43) and the definition of the Bernstein
N -width, we get
r r
(48) γ N (N +1) +k (HW2,p (Ωm , q); L2,ρ ) ≥ γ (N +1)(N +2) −1 (HW2,p (Ωm , q); L2,ρ )
2 2

r
≥ b (N +1)(N +2) −1 (HW2,p (Ωm , q); L2,ρ ) ≥ b (N +1)(N +2) −1 (S (N +1)(N +2) ; L2,ρ )
2 2 2

 H −1/p
mp
≥ N −r 1 − (1 − t2 )N/2 q(t)dt .
0

The required equalities (44) follow by comparing the upper estimate (45)
and the lower estimate (48). This completes the proof of Theorem 3. 
The extremal problem of evaluation of the supremum of the modulus
of Fourier coefficients on some classes of functions for specific systems of
polynomials orthogonal with weight has been considered, for example, in
the papers [11,12]. A similar question has also certain value for the classes
of functions under consideration.
Corollary 3. Let N ≤ k + l ≤ (N + 1)(N + 2)/2, N ∈ N, r ∈ Z+ ,
H ∈ (0, 1) and 0 < p ≤ 2. Then
 r

(49) sup |ckl (f )| : f ∈ HW2,p (Ωm , q)
 H −1/p
N mp
−r
=N 1 − (1 − t2 ) 2 q(t) dt .
0

Proof. For an arbitrary function f ∈ L2,ρ and N ∈ N we have


(50) ckl (f ) = ρ(x, y)f (x, y)Hk (x)Hl (y) dx dy
R2

= ρ(x, y) f (x, y) − SN −1 (f ; x, y) Hk (x)Hl (y) dx dy
R2

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

 APPROXIMATION OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE FUNCTIONS 837

  
= ρ(x, y)1/2 (f (x, y) − SN −1 (f ; x, y)) ρ(x, y)1/2 Hk (x)Hl (y) dx dy,
R2

where SN −1 (f ) is the (N − 1)th order partial triangular sum of the func-

(m)
tion f ∈ L2,ρ . Employing Cauchy–Schwarz’s inequality and formula (4), it
follows from (50) that
(51) |ckl (f )| ≤ f (x, y) − SN −1 (f )2,ρ = EN −1 (f )2,ρ .
Using inequality (51) and (44), we get the upper estimate

(52) sup {|ckl (f )| : f ∈ HW2,p

r
(Ωm , q)}
 H −1/p
r N mp
≤ EN −1 HW2,p (Ωm , q) = N −r 1 − (1 − t2 ) 2 q(t) dt .
0

It is easily shown that the function

 H −1/p
mp
f(x, y) := N
N
−r
1 − (1 − t2 ) 2 q(t) dt HN (x)H0 (y)
0

r (Ω , q), and hence f ∈ HW r (Ω , q).

lies in the ball S(N +1)(N +2)/2 ⊂ HW2,p m 2,p m
As a result,

(53) sup {|ckl (f )| : f ∈ HW2,pr

(Ωm , q)} ≥ |ckl (f)|
 H −1/p
N mp
−r
=N 1 − (1 − t2 ) 2 q(t) dt .
0

Equality (49) follows from inequalities (52) and (53). This proves Corol-
lary 3. 
A function Φ nonincreasing on (0, ∞) is called a k-majorant (see [8,
p. 25]) if the function t−k Φ(t) is nonincreasing on (0, ∞), Φ(0) = 0 and Φ(t)
→ 0 as t → 0. For k = 1 a function Φ is called a majorant.
By W2,ρr (K , Φ)(r ∈ Z , m ∈ N) we denote the class of functionsf ∈ Lr
m + 2,ρ
for which D r (f ) satisfies the condition K(D r f, tm ) ≤ Φ(tm ) for any t ∈
(0, 1]. In this definition, Φ is some majorant and L02,ρ ≡ L2,ρ , W2,ρ
0 (K , Φ)
m
≡ W2,ρ (Km , Φ).
Theorem 4. Let Φ be some majorant defining the class of functions
r (K , Φ), where r ∈ Z , m ∈ N. Then, for an arbitrary N ∈ N and
W2,ρ m +
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N ,
r r
(54) γ N (N +2) +k (W2,ρ (K; Φ); L2,ρ ) = EN −1 (W2,ρ (K; Φ))2,ρ = N −r Φ(N −m ),
2

where γν (·) is any of the above ν -widths.

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

838 M. SH. SHABOZOV and O. A. DZHURAKHONOV

Proof. From inequality (36) and relation (43) between the above
widths, we have the upper estimate
r r
(55) γ N (N +1) +k (W2,ρ (K; Φ); L2,ρ ) ≤ d N (N +1) +k (W2,ρ (K; Φ); L2,ρ )
2 2

r
≤ EN −1 (W2,ρ (K; Φ))2,ρ ≤ N −r Φ(N −m ).
To find estimates from below of the above N -widths, in accordance with
(43) it suffices to estimate from below the Bernstein N -width of the class
r (K; Φ) in L . With this aim, in the subspace P (N +1)(N +2) of polynomials
W2,ρ 2,ρ
2
of the form (46), we consider the ball
σ (N +1)(N +2) := {PN ∈ P (N +1)(N +2) : PN 2,ρ ≤ N −r Φ(N −m )}
2 2

r (K; Φ).
and as in Theorem 4, prove the inclusion σ (N +1)(N +2) ⊂ W2,ρ
2
Since Φ is a majorant, we have, for this function, for any 0 < τ1 ≤ τ2 ≤ 1,
(56) Φ(τ1 )τ2 ≥ Φ(τ2)τ1 .
Setting τ1 = tm m
1 , τ2 = t2 in inequality (56), where 0 < t1 ≤ t2 ≤ 1, this gives

(57) Φ(tm m m m
1 )t2 ≥ Φ(t2 )t1 .
r (K; Φ), where 0 < t ≤ 1, one needs
To verify the inclusion σ (N +1)(N +2) ∈ W2,ρ
2
to show that, for any PN ⊂ σ (N +1)(N +2) ,
2

K(D PN , t ) ≤ Φ(tm ),
r m
0 < t ≤ 1.
Assume first that 0 < t ≤ 1/N . Using inequality (57), where t1 := t and
t2 := 1/N , and applying inequality (40) it follows by (39) that
(58) K(D r PN , tm )2,ρ ≤ tm D r+mPN 2,ρ ≤ tm N r+m PN 2,ρ
≤ tm N r+m N −r Φ(N −m ) = tm N m Φ(N −m ) ≤ Φ(tm ).
Now let 1/N ≤ t ≤ 1. Then, using inequality (40) and the Bernstein-
type inequality (39), we have
(59) D r PN 2,ρ ≤ N r PN 2,ρ .
Hence, since Φ is nonincreasing,
(60) K(D r PN , tm )2,ρ ≤ D r PN 2,ρ ≤ N r PN 2,ρ ≤ Φ(N −m ) ≤ Φ(tm ).
r
So, from the definition of the class W2,ρ (Km , Φ) and inequalities (58)
r
and (60), we find that σ (N +1)(N +2) ⊂ W2,ρ (K; Φ). But then, using (43) and
2
the definition of the Bernstein N -width, we get the lower estimate
r r
(61) γ N (N +1) +k (W2,ρ (K; Φ); L2,ρ ) ≥ γ (N +1)(N +2) −1 (W2,ρ (K; Φ); L2,ρ )
2 2

Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019

 APPROXIMATION OF SOME CLASSES OF BIVARIATE FUNCTIONS 839
r
≥ b (N +1)(N +2) −1 (W2,ρ (K; Φ); L2,ρ )
2

≥ b (N +1)(N +2) −1 (σ (N +1)(N +2) ; L2,ρ ) ≥ N −r Φ(N −m ).

2 2

The proof of Theorem 4 is completed by comparing the upper estimate

(60) and the lower estimate (61). 
Theorem 4 has the following corollary.
Corollary 4. Let N ≤ k + l ≤ (N + 1)(N + 2)/2, N ∈ N and let Φ be
r (K; Φ), where r ∈ Z ,
a given majorant defining the class of functions W2,ρ +
m ∈ N. Then
 r

sup |ckl (f )| : f ∈ (W2,ρ (Km ; Φ)) = N −r Φ(N −m ).

The proof of this corollary repeats that of Corollary 3 and is hence omit-
ted.
To conclude the paper, we note that from Theorems 1–4 it follows that
the subspace of algebraic polynomials of the form (3) whose harmonics lie
in the integer triangle 0 ≤ k + l ≤ N − 1 plays the same role as an approxi-
mation tool for bivariate functions as the subspace of algebraic polynomials
when approximating univariate functions. This effect was first noticed in the
paper [3], in which multivariate functions were approximated by trigonomet-
ric polynomials with spectra in the hyperbolic cross.

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Analysis Mathematica 45, 2019