Approximation by generalized bivariate Kantorovich

arXiv:1711.04977v1 [math.FA] 14 Nov 2017

sampling type series

A. Sathish Kumar∗ P. Devaraj†

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to construct a bivariate generalization of new family of Kan-
ϕ
torovich type sampling operators (Kw f )w>0 . First, we give the pointwise convergence theorem
and a Voronovskaja type theorem for these Kantorovich generalized sampling series. Further,
we obtain the degree of approximation by means of modulus of continuity and quantitative ver-
ϕ
sion of Voronovskaja type theorem for the family (Kw f )w>0 . Finally, we give some examples of
kernels such as box spline kernels and Bochner-Riesz kernel to which the theory can be applied.

Keywords. Bivariate Kantorovich sampling operators Voronovskaja type formula rate of con-
vergence modulus of smoothness.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 94A20, 41A25, 26A15.

1 Introduction
In recent years, theory of generalized sampling series is an attractive topic in approximation
theory due to its wide range of applications, especially in signal and image processing. The
theory of generalized sampling series was first initiated by P. L. Butzer and his school [14] and
[13]. After this many researchers have studied in this direction and obtained the convergence
properties of these operators (cf. [7, 28, 29, 32] etc.).
Also, the Kantorovich type generalizations of the generalized sampling operators were intro-
duced by P. L. Butzer and his school (see e.g. [14, 17, 23, 35] etc). In [10], the authors introduced
the sampling Kantorovich operators and studied their rate of convergence in the general settings
∗
Department of Mathematics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Nagpur-440010, India.
E-mail: mathsatish9@gmail.com
†
Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram
E-mail: devarajp@iisertvm.ac.in

1
of Orlicz spaces. Danilo and Vinti [21] obtained the rate of approximation for the family of sam-
pling Kantorovich operators in the uniform norm for uniformly continuous bounded functions
belonging to Lipschitz classes and for functions in Orlicz spaces. Also, the nonlinear version of
sampling Kantorovich operators have been studied in [20] and [36].
Let ϕ : R2 → R be a suitable kernel function. Then, the two dimensional generalized sam-
pling series of a function f : R2 → R is defined by
∞ ∞       
ϕ k j k j
(Tw f )(x, y) = ∑ ∑ ϕ w x − ,w y− f , ,
k=−∞ j=−∞ w w w w

where w ∈ N and (x, y) ∈ R2 . These operators have great importance in the development of
models for signal recovery. These type of operators have been studied by many authors (cf.
[9, 15, 16, 25] etc.).
Altomare and Leonessa [4] considered a new sequence of positive linear operators acting
on the space of Lebesgue-integrable functions on the unit interval. Such operators include the
Kantorovich operators as a particular case. Later, in order to obtain an approximation process for
spaces of locally integrable functions on unbounded intervals, Altomare et. al. introduced and
studied the generalized Szász-Mirakjan-Kantorovich operators in [5]. Also in [19], the authors
obtained some qualitative properties and an asymptotic formula for such a sequence of operators.
Motivated by the above works, we consider the bivariate generalized Kantorovich sampling
series. Let {ak }k∈Z , {bk }k∈Z , {c j } j∈Z and {d j } j∈Z be sequences of real numbers such that for
every k ∈ Z, ak < bk and for every j ∈ Z, c j < d j . In this paper, we analyse the approximation
properties of the following type of bivariate generalized Kantorovich sampling series: For f ∈
C(R2 ) (The class of all uniformly continuous and bounded functions on R2 ),

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
(Kwϕ f )(x, y) = ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j) j+c j
f (u, v)dvdu,
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w

where ∆ak = bk − ak and ∆c j = d j − c j .

The purpose of this study is to obtain some approximation properties of the Kantorovich
ϕ
type bivariate generalization of sampling operators (Kw f )w>0 . First, we give the pointwise con-
vergence theorem and Voronovskaja type asymptotic theorem and then we obtain the degree of
approximation and quantitative version of Voronovskaja type theorem of these operators. At the
end we give some examples of kernels such as Box spline kernels and Bochner-Riesz kernel to
which the theory can be applied.

2 Preliminaries
Let us denote by C0 := C0 (R2 ) = C(R2 ) the space of all uniformly continuous and bounded
functions f : R2 → R with the usual supnorm k f k∞ and that by Cn := Cn (R2 ) the space of all
n-times continuously differentiable functions for which

∂ |k| f
∈ C0 ,
∂ xk1 ∂ yk2

2
for k = (k1 , k2 ) with |k| = k1 + k2 = n ≥ 1.
For δ > 0 and (x, y) ∈ R2 , Uδ (x, y) denotes the ball of radius δ centered at (x, y). i.e.,
Uδ (x, y) = {(u, v) ∈ R2 : (x − u)2 + (y − v)2 ≤ δ 2 }.
Let ϕ ∈ C0 be fixed. For any ν ∈ N0 = N ∪ {0}, h = (h1 , h2 ) ∈ N20 with |h| = h1 + h2 = ν ,
we define the algebraic moments as
∞ ∞
mν(h1 ,h2 ) (ϕ ) := ∑ ∑ ϕ (x − k, y − j)(k − x)h1 ( j − y)h2
k=−∞ j=−∞

and the absolute moments by

∞ ∞
ν
M(h1 ,h2 )
(ϕ ) := sup ∑ ∑ |ϕ (x − k, y − j)| |k − x|h1 | j − y|h2
(x,y)∈R2 k=−∞ j=−∞

and
ν
Mν (ϕ ) := max M(h1 ,h2 )
(ϕ ).
|h|=v

Note that for µ , ν ∈ N0 with µ < ν , Mν (ϕ ) < +∞ implies Mµ (ϕ ) < +∞. Indeed for µ < ν ,
we have
∞ ∞
∑ ∑ |ϕ (x − k, y − j)||k − x|h1 | j − y|h2
k=−∞ j=−∞

= ∑ ∑ |ϕ (x − k, y − j)||k − x|h1 | j − y|h2

(k, j)∈U1 (x,y)

+∑ ∑ |ϕ (x − k, y − j)||k − x|h1 | j − y|h2 = I1 + I2 .

(k, j)∈U
/ 1 (x,y)

It is easy to see that I1 ≤ 4kϕ k∞ . Now, we obtain I2 . Since (k, j) ∈

/ U1 (x, y), we have |k − x| > 1/2
or | j − y| > 1/2. Now, we get

|k − x|ν −h2 | j − y|h2

J2 ≤ ∑ ∑ |ϕ (x − k, y − j)|
|k − x|ν −µ
|k−x|>1/2

|k − x|h1 | j − y|ν −h1

+∑ ∑ |ϕ (x − k, y − j)| ≤ 2ν −µ +1 Mν (ϕ ).
| j−y|>1/2
| j − y|ν −µ

When ϕ has compact support, we immediately have that Mν (ϕ ) < +∞ for every ν ∈ N0 .

We suppose that the following assumptions hold:

(i) for every (x, y) ∈ R2 , we have

∞ ∞
∑ ∑ ϕ (x − k, y − j) = 1,
k=−∞ j=−∞

3
 (ii) M2 (ϕ ) < +∞ and there holds

lim ∑ ∑ |ϕ (x − k, y − j)|((k − x)2 + ( j − y)2 )) = 0

R→∞
(k, j)∈U
/ R (x,y)

uniformly with respect to (x, y) ∈ R2 ,

(iii) for every (x, y) ∈ R2 ,

∞ ∞
m1(1,0) (ϕ , x, y) := ∑ ∑ ϕ (x − k, y − j)(k − x) = 0
k=−∞ j=−∞
∞ ∞
m1(0,1) (ϕ , x, y) := ∑ ∑ ϕ (x − k, y − j)( j − y) = 0
k=−∞ j=−∞
∞ ∞
m2(2,0) (ϕ , x, y) := ∑ ∑ ϕ (x − k, y − j)(k − x)2
k=−∞ j=−∞
∞ ∞
m2(0,2) (ϕ , x, y) := ∑ ∑ ϕ (x − k, y − j)( j − y)2
k=−∞ j=−∞
∞ ∞
m2(1,1) (ϕ , x, y) := ∑ ∑ ϕ (x − k, y − j)(k − x)( j − y)
k=−∞ j=−∞

3 Main Results
First, we give a pointwise convergence theorem at continuity points of the function f for the
bivariate operators.

Theorem 3.1 For f ∈ L∞ (R2 ), lim (Kwϕ f )(x, y) = f (x, y) at every point (x, y) of continuity of f .
w→∞
Moreover, if the function is uniformly continuous and bounded on R2 , then lim kKwϕ f − f k = 0.
w→∞

Proof 1 Let ε > 0 be fixed. By the pcontinuity of f at the point (x, y), there exists δ > 0 such that
| f (u, v) − f (x, y)| ≤ ε , whenever (u − x)2 + (v − y)2 ≤ δ .

Now, we have
ϕ
|(Kw f )(x, y) − f (x, y)|
Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
≤ ∑ ∑ ∆ak ∆c j
|ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| k+ak j+c j
| f (u, v) − f (x, y)|dvdu
( wk , wj )∈U δ (x,y) w w
2
Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
+∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
| f (u, v) − f (x, y)|dvdu
∆ak ∆c j k+ak
( wk , wj )∈U
/ δ (x,y) w w
2

= I1 + I2 .

4
By the continuity of f at the point (x, y), we get
Il ≤ ε ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| ≤ ε .M0 (ϕ ),
( wk , wj )∈U δ (x,y)
2
p
for sufficiently large w > 0. Let δ > 0 be fixed. If ( wk , wj ) ∈
/ U δ (x, y) then (wx − k)2 + (wy − j)2 >
2
wδ
2 . Hence, we get
8k f k∞
|ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|(wx − k)2 + (wy − j)2 → 0 as w → ∞
w2 δ 2 ∑ ∑
I2 ≤
( wk , wj )∈U
/ δ (x,y)

and hence the first part of the theorem follows. The second part can be proved similarly.
Remark 3.1 Since functions in L∞ (R2 ) are locally Lebesgue integrable, the generalized Kan-
torovich sampling series used in the above theorem are well defined for f ∈ L∞ (R2 ).
Next, we obtain a Voronovskaja type theorem for the bivariate Kantorovich sampling opera-
tors.
Theorem 3.2 Let f ∈ L∞ (R2 ) be such that ∂∂ xf , ∂∂ yf exist at (x, y) and let {ak }k∈Z , {bk }k∈Z , {c j } j∈Z
and {d j } j∈Z be bounded sequences such that ak + bk = α , c j + d j = β , bk − ak ≥ l0 > 0,
c j − d j ≥ s0 > 0 and sup(k, j) {|ak |, |bk |, |ck |, |dk |} ≤ K for some K > 0. Then, we have
 
ϕ 1 ∂f ∂f
lim w[(Kw f )(x, y) − f (x, y)] = α (x, y) + β (x, y) .
w→∞ 2 ∂x ∂y
Proof 2 Let K = sup{|ak |, |bk |, |c j |, |d j |}. Let (x, y) ∈ R2 . By Taylor’s theorem, we have
(k, j)

∂f ∂f
f (u, v) = f (x, y) + (x, y)(u − x) + (x, y)(v − y) + h(u − x, v − y))((u − x) + (v − y)),
∂x ∂y
for some bounded function h such that h(u, v) → 0 as (u, v) → (0, 0).

Thus, we have
ϕ
(Kw f )(x, y) − f (x, y)
∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
∂f w2 w w
= (x, y) ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j) j+c j
(u − x)dvdu
∂y k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
∂f w2 w w
+ (x, y) ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j) j+c j
(v − y)dvdu
∂y k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w
∞ ∞
w2
+ ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
Z k+bk Z j+d j
w w
× k+ak j+c j
h(u − x, v − y)((u − x) + (v − y))dvdu
w w

= I1 + I2 + I3 , (say).

5
 First, we obtain I1 .

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
∂f w2 w w
I1 = (x, y) ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j) k+a j+c j
(u − x)dvdu
∂x k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j w
k
w

∞ ∞  2  2 
∂f w k + bk k + ak
= (x, y) ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j) −x − −x
∂x k=−∞ j=−∞ 2∆ak w w
∂f 1 ∞ ∞
=
∂x
(x, y) ∑ ∑
2w k=−∞ j=−∞
ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)[(bk + ak ) + 2(k − wx)]

∂f α ∞ ∞
=
∂x
(x, y) ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)
2w k=−∞ j=−∞
∂f 1 ∞ ∞
+
∂x
(x, y) ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)(k − wx)
w k=−∞ j=−∞
∂f α 1∂f α ∂f
= (x, y) + (x, y)m1(1,0) (ϕ , wx, wy) = (x, y).
∂x 2w w ∂ x 2w ∂ x
β ∂f
Similarly, we obtain I2 = (x, y).
2w ∂ y
√ we estimate I3 . Let ε > 0 be fixed. Then, there exists δ > 0 such that |h(t, s)| ≤ ε for
Now,
every t 2 + s2 ≤ δ . Now, we have
Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
|I3 | ≤ ∑ ∑ ∆ak ∆c j
|ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| k+ak j+c j
|h(u − x, v − y)|(|u − x| + |v − y|)dvdu
( wk , wj )∈U δ (x,y) w w
2
Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
+∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
|h(u − x, v − y)|(|u − x| + |v − y|)dvdu
∆ak ∆c j k+ak
( wk , wj )∈U
/ δ (x,y) w w
2

= I3′ + I3′′ .

First, we estimate I3′ . For suitable large w,

Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
|I3′ | ≤ ε∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
|u − x|dvdu
∆ak ∆c j k+ak
( wk , wj )∈U δ (x,y) w w
2
Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
+ε ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
|v − y|dvdu
∆ak ∆c j k+ak
( wk , wj )∈U δ (x,y) w w
2

:= J1 + J2 .

 2  2 
ε w k + bk k + ak
2∑ ∑
J1 ≤ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| −x + −x
∆ak w w
( wk , wj )∈U δ (x,y)
2

6
 ε
2wl0 ∑ ∑
≤ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|
( wk , wj )∈U δ (x,y)
2
 
× (a2k + b2k ) + 2(ak + bk )|k − wx| + 2(k − wx)2
 
ε 2 1 2
≤ 2K M0 (ϕ ) + 2|α |M(1,0) (ϕ ) + 2M(2,0) (ϕ ) .
2wl0
Similarly, we get
 
ε
J2 ≤ 1
2K 2 M0 (ϕ ) + 2|β |M(0,1) 2
(ϕ ) + 2M(0,2) (ϕ ) .
2ws0
Therefore, we have
   α M 1 (ϕ ) β M 1 (ϕ )
ε 1 1 (1,0) (0,1)
|I3′ | ≤ 2
K M0 (ϕ ) + + +
w l0 s0 l0 s0
2 2
M(2,0) (ϕ ) M(0,2) (ϕ ) 
+ + .
l0 s0

Let M > 0 be a constant such that |h(t, s)| ≤ M. Let δ > 0 be fixed. If ( wk , wj ) ∈
/ U δ (x, y), then
s 2  2
2

k j δ
−x + − y > and by assumption (ii), we have
w w 2
 
′′ ((k − wx)2 + ( j − wy)2 )
|I3 | ≤ 4M ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|
k j δ w2
( w , w )∈U
/ δ (x,y)
2

for sufficiently large w. Hence, we get lim wI3 = 0. So the assertion follows.
w→∞

Remark 3.2 The boundedness assumption on f in the previous theorem can be relaxed by as-
suming that there are two positive constants a, b such that | f (x, y)| ≤ a + b(x2 + y2 ), for every
(x, y) ∈ R2 .

Proof 3 One can easily verify that

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
|Kwϕ f )(x, y)| ≤ ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
| f (u, v)|dvdu
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
≤ ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| k+a j+c j
(a + b(u2 + v2 ))dvdu
∆ ∆
k=−∞ j=−∞ ak c j w
k
w
 
2 2 b 2bK 2
≤ M0 (ϕ ) a + b(x + y ) + (|α ||x| + |β ||y|) + 2
w w
2b  1 1
 b 
1 1

+ |x|M(1,0) (ϕ ) + |y|M(0,1) (ϕ ) + 2 |α |M(1,0) (ϕ ) + |β |M(0,1) (ϕ )
w w
b  2 2

+ 2 M(2,0) (ϕ ) + M(0,2) (ϕ )
w

7
 ϕ
and hence the series Kw f is absolutely convergent for every (x, y) ∈ R2 . Moreover, for a fixed
(x, y) ∈ R2 ,
∂f ∂f
P1 (u, v) = f (x, y) + (x, y)(u − x) + (x, y)(v − y),
∂x ∂y
the Taylor’s polynomial of first order centered at the point (x, y) by the Taylor’s formula, we can
write
f (u, v) − P1 (u, v)
= h(u − x, v − y),
|u − x| + |v − y|
where h is a function such that lim h(u, v) = 0. Then h is bounded on a neighbourhood of
(u,v)→0
(x, y), say Uδ (x, y) > 0. For (u, v) ∈
/ Uδ (x, y), we have
| f (u, v)| | f (x, y)| ∂f |u − x| ∂f |v − y|
|h(u − x, v − y)| ≤ + + + ,
|u − x| + |v − y| |u − x| + |v − y| ∂ x |u − x| + |v − y| ∂ y |u − x| + |v − y|
and all the terms on the right-hand side of the above inequality are bounded for (u, v) ∈
/ Uδ .
Hence, h(. − x, . − y) is bounded on R2 . The same Voronovskaya formula can be obtained by
writing the proof along the lines of the proof of Theorem 3.2.

Remark 3.3 One can easily verify that the following set of sequences satisfy the conditions of
1 1 1 1
the above theorem: ak = |k|+1 , bk = 2 − |k|+1 , c j = − | j|+1 and d j = 1 + | j|+1 . Moreover, several
sequences can be constructed in a similar way.

For f ∈ C(R2 ), the modulus of continuity for the bivariate case is defined as follows:
 
2
ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) := sup | f (t, s) − f (x, y)| : (t, s), (x, y) ∈ R and |t − x| ≤ δ1 , |s − y| ≤ δ2 ,

where δ1 > 0 and δ2 > 0. Further, ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) satisfies the following properties:

(a) ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) → 0 if δ1 → 0 and δ2 → 0;

  
|t − x| |s − y|
(b) | f (t, s) − f (x, y)| ≤ ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) 1 + 1+ ;
δ1 δ2
The details of the modulus of continuity for the bivariate case can be found in [6].
In what follows, we shall define the following K-functional:
   
0 (1) ∂g ∂g (1)
K( f , δ ,C ,C ) := inf k f − gk∞ + δ max , ,g ∈ C ,
∂x ∞ ∂y ∞
where f ∈ C0 and δ > 0. For every f ∈ C0 there holds
1
K( f , δ /2,C0 ,C1 ) = ω ( f , δ ), (3.1)
2
where ω ( f , .) denotes the least concave majorant of ω ( f , .) (see e.g. [6]).
ϕ
Now, we give the estimate of the rate of convergence of the bivariate operators (Kw f ).

8
Theorem 3.3 Let f ∈ C(R2 ) and sup{ak , bk , c j , d j } ≤ K for some K > 0. Then, for all (x, y) ∈
k, j
R2 , we have
  
KM0 (ϕ ) 1 1 K
|(Kwϕ f )(x, y) − f (x, y)| ≤ ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) M0 (ϕ ) + + +
w δ1 δ2 w δ1 δ2
 
K 1 1
 1 1 1
+ M(1,0) + M(0,1) + +
w δ1 δ2 δ1 δ2 w
for any w > 0, and δ1 > 0, δ2 > 0.
Proof 4 Using the linearity and positivity of the operators and taking into account the property
(b) above, we have
ϕ
|(Kw f )(x, y) − f (x, y)|
∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
w2 w w
≤ ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
| f (u, v) − f (x, y)|dvdu
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w
∞ ∞
w2
≤ ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
Z k+bk Z j+d j   
w w |u − x| |v − y|
× j+c j
1+ 1+ dvdu := I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 .
k+ak
w w
δ1 δ2
It is easy to see that I1 = ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 )M0 (ϕ ). 
k + ak k + bk
Now, we estimate I2 . For every u ∈ , , we have
w w
   
k + ak k + ak k max{|ak |, |bk |} k K
|u − x| ≤ u − + −x ≤ x− + ≤ x− + .
w w w w w w
Then, we obtain
Z k+bk Z j+d j
ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) ∞ ∞
w2 w w
I2 ≤
δ1 ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| k+a j+c j
|u − x|dvdu
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k
w w
 
ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) ∞ ∞
≤
δ1 w ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| |k − wx| + K
k=−∞ j=−∞
 
ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) 1
≤ KM0 (ϕ ) + M(0,1) (ϕ ) .
δ1 w
 
ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) 0 1
Similarly, we obtain I3 ≤ KM(0,0) (ϕ ) + M(1,0)(ϕ ) .
δ1 w
Now,
  
ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) 1 ∞ ∞
I4 ≤
δ1 δ2 ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| |k − wx| + K | j − wy| + K
w2 k=−∞ j=−∞
   
ω ( f , δ1 , δ2 ) 1 2 0 1 1 2
≤ K M (ϕ ) + K M(1,0) (ϕ ) + M(0,1) (ϕ ) + M(1,1) (ϕ ) .
δ1 δ2 w2
Combining the estimates I1 − I4 , we get the desired result.

9
 Using an estimate of the remainder in two dimensional Taylor formula and a technique de-
veloped in [26] by Gonska et al., we obtain a quantitative version of the Voronovskaja formula
for bivariate sampling series. We remark that quantitative Voronovskaja formulae have important
links with the theory of semi-groups of operators (see [3, 11]). The strict connections between
the two theories were described in [2] and recently developed in [1, 18, 30].
Now, we have the following quantitative version of the Voronovskaja formula for bivariate
sampling series.
Lemma 3.1 Let f ∈ C1 and (x, y) ∈ R2 , (x0 , y0 ) ∈ R2 . Then for the remainder R1 ( f ) := R1 ( f , (x0 , y0 ), (x, y))
in the Taylor formula, we have
   
∂f ∂f
|R1 ( f )| ≤ |x − x0 |ω , |x − x0 | + |y − y0 |ω , |y − y0 | .
∂x ∂y
Proof 5 The proof follows from the Taylor formula of the first order using the same analysis as
of Lemma 1 in [9].
Theorem 3.4 Let f ∈ C1 (R2 ) and let ak , bk , c j , d j satisfy the conditions of theorem 3.2. Then,
for any (x, y) ∈ R2 , we have  
ϕ 1 ∂f ∂f
w[(Kw f )(x, y) − f (x, y)] − α +β
2 ∂x ∂y
   
∂f B ∂f D
≤ Aω , +Cω , ,
∂ x ∞ Aw ∂ y ∞ Cw
   
where A = l10 2K 2 M0 (ϕ )+2α M(1,0) 1 2
(ϕ )+2M(2,0) (ϕ ) , B = K 2 M0 (ϕ )+ α M(1,0)
1 2 (ϕ ) ,
(ϕ )+M(2,0)
   
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
C = s0 2K M0 (ϕ )+2β M(0,1) (ϕ )+2M(0,2) (ϕ ) and D = K M0 (ϕ )+ β M(0,1)(ϕ )+M(0,2) (ϕ ) .

Proof 6 Let f ∈ C1 be fixed. Then,

 we can  write
 ϕ  1 ∂f ∂f
w (Kw f )(x, y) − f (x, y) − 2 α ∂ x + β ∂ y

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
∂f w2 w w
= (x, y) ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j) j+c j
(u − x)dvdu
∂x k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
∂f w2 w w
+ (x, y) ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j) j+c j
(v − y)dvdu
∂y k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w
∞ ∞
w2
+ ∑ ∑ ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
Z k+bk Z j+d j  
w w 1 ∂f ∂f
× j+c j
h(u − x, v − y)((u − x) + (v − y))dudv − α +β
k+ak
w w
2 ∂x ∂y
∞ ∞
w2
≤ ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
Z k+bk Z j+d j
w w
× k+ak j+c j
|h(u − x, v − y)|(|u − x| + |v − y|)dvdu := I1 .
w w

10
Using the relation (3.1) and Lemma 3.1, we obtain

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z 
j+d j 
w2 ∂f
w w
I1 ≤ ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
|u − x|ω
∂x
, |u − x| dvdu
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j  
w2 w w ∂f
+ ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| k+a j+c j
|v − y|ω , |v − y| dvdu
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j w
k
w
∂y
:= I1′ + I1′′ .

First, we estimate I1′ . For g ∈ C2 , we have

∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j  
w2 w w ∂ f |u − x|
|I1′ | ≤ 2 ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
|u − x|K , dvdu
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w
∂x 2
∞ ∞
2w2
≤ ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
Z k+bk Z j+d j   
w w ∂ ( f − g) |u − x| ∂g ∂g
× k+a j+c j
|u − x| + max , dvdu
w
k
w
∂x ∞ 2 ∂x ∞ ∂y ∞
∞ ∞
∂ ( f − g) 2w2
≤
∂x ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|
∞ k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
Z k+bk Z j+d j
∞ ∞
w w w2
× j+c j
|u − x|dvdu + ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
k+ak
w w

Z k+bk Z j+d j  
w w
2 ∂g ∂g
× j+c j
(u − x) max , dvdu := J1 + J2 .
k+ak
w w
∂x ∞ ∂y ∞

It is easy to see that

w ∂ ( f −g)
∞ ∞ 2  2 
∂x ∞ k + bk k + ak
|J1 | ≤
∆ak ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| w − x + w − x
k=−∞ j=−∞
 
∂ ( f − g) 1 2 1 2
≤ 2K M0 (ϕ ) + 2α M(1,0) (ϕ ) + 2M(2,0) (ϕ )
∂x ∞ wl0

Now,
  ∞ ∞ Z k+bk Z j+d j
∂g ∂g w2 w w
J2 ≤ max , ∑ ∑ ∆a ∆c |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)| j+c j
(u − x)2 dvdu
∂x ∞ ∂y ∞ k=−∞ j=−∞ k j
k+ak
w w
 ∞ ∞   3  3 !
∂g
w ∂g k + bk k + ak
≤ max
∂x ∑ ∑ |ϕ (wx − k, wy − j)|
,
∂y
−x − −x
∞ 3∆ak k=−∞ j=−∞
∞ w w
   
∂g ∂g 1 2 1 2
≤ max , K M0 (ϕ ) + α M(1,0) (ϕ ) + M(2,0)(ϕ ) .
∂ x ∞ ∂ y ∞ w2

11
Thus, we have
  
∂ ( f − g) 1B ∂g ∂g
wI1′ ≤A + max , .
∂x ∞ wA ∂x ∞ ∂y ∞

Taking the infimum over all g ∈ C2 , we obtain

 
′ ∂ ( f − g) B
wI1 ≤ Aω , .
∂x ∞ Aw

Similarly, we obtain
 
∂ ( f − g) D
wI1′′ ≤ Cω , .
∂y ∞ Cw

Combining the estimates I1′ and I1′′ , we get the required result.

4 Applications to special kernels.

In this section, we describe some particular examples of kernels ϕ which illustrate the previous
theory. In particular, we will examine the box splines kernel and Bochner-Riesz Kernel.

4.1 Separable Box Splines

First, we consider the sampling Kantorovich operators based on box spline functions which are
separable. Let βd1 and βd2 be two Cardinal central B-splines of degrees d1 and d2 respectively.
i.e.,
βd1 (x) := χ[− 1 , 1 ] ⋆ χ[− 1 , 1 ] ⋆ χ[− 1 , 1 ] ⋆ · · · ⋆ χ[− 1 , 1 ] (d1 + 1 times)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

βd2 (y) := χ[− 1 , 1 ] ⋆ χ[− 1 , 1 ] ⋆ χ[− 1 , 1 ] ⋆ · · · ⋆ χ[− 1 , 1 ] (d2 + 1 times),

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

where

1, if − 21 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
χ[− 1 , 1 ] (x) =
2 2 0, otherwise
and ∗ denotes the convolution.
The Fourier transform of the functions βd1 (x) and βd2 (y) are given by
 
sin u/2 d1 +1
βbd1 (u) = , u ∈ R,
u/2
 
b sin v/2 d2 +1
βd2 (v) = , v ∈ R.
v/2
(see [13] and [33]). Given real numbers ε0 , ε1 , ε0′ , ε1′ with ε0 < ε1 , ε0′ < ε1′ and define ϕ (x, y) =
ϕ1 (x)ϕ2 (y), where
ϕ1 (x) = a0 βd1 (x − ε0 ) + a1 βd1 (x − ε1 )
ϕ2 (y) = b0 βd2 (y − ε0′ ) + b1 βd2 (y − ε1′ )

12
The Fourier transform of ϕ is ϕb(u, v) = ϕ c2 (v), where
c1 (u)ϕ
   
′v ′v
c1 (u) = a0 e
ϕ −iε0 u
+ a1 e−iε1 u b c2 (v) = b0 e 0 + b1 e 1 βbd2 (v).
βd1 (u) and ϕ −iε −iε

Using the Poisson summation formula

∞ ∞
( j)
(−i) j ∑ ϕ1 (u − k)(u − k) j ∼ ∑ ϕ1 (2π k)ei2π ku ,
c
k=−∞ k=−∞

we obtain
∞ ∞
∑ ϕ1 (u − k) = ∑ c1 (2π k)ei2π ku .
ϕ
k=−∞ k=−∞

We have
 d1 +1 
sin(π k) 1, if k = 0
βc
d1 (2π k) = =
πk 0, if k 6= 0
and hence

a0 + a1 , if k = 0
c1 (2π k) =
ϕ
0, if k 6= 0
Thus
∞
∑ ϕ1 (u − k) = a0 + a1 .
k=−∞

Therefore in order to satisfy condition (i), we assume a0 + a1 = 1 and b0 + b1 = 1. Now, we

show that condition (iii) is also satisfied.
Again from the Poisson summation formula, we obtain
∞ ∞
(−i) ∑ ϕ1 (u − k)(u − k) = ∑ c1 ′ (2π k)ei2π ku .
ϕ
k=−∞ k=−∞

Also, we have
c1 ′ (u) = (−iε0 a0 e−iε0 u − iε1 a1 e−iε1 u )βbd1 (u) + (a0 e−iε0 u + a1 e−iε1 u )βbd′ 1 (u).
ϕ

Since βbd′ 1 (2π k) = 0, ∀k which implies that ϕ

c1 ′ (2π k) = 0. Thus, we have
′
c1 (0) = a0 + a1 = 1, c
ϕ ϕ1 (0) = ε0 a0 + ε1 a1 = 0.
Solving the above linear system we get the unique solution
ε1 ε0
a0 = , a1 = − .
ε1 − ε0 ε0 − ε1
Similarly we obtain
ε1′ ε0′
b0 = , b1 = − .
ε1′ − ε0′ ε0′ − ε1′
It is easy to check that with these values of the parameters, the kernel function ϕ satisfies all the
conditions. Hence for these kernels, we can obtain the Voronovskaja formula as in Theorem 3.
1 and the corresponding quantitative estimate.

13
4.2 Translates of Box Splines
Boor and Devore [24], initiated the theory of bivariate splines and extensively studied by several
researchers (see, e.g., [22] and [27]). First, we give some basic definitions here.
Let A = (aν ,µ ) be a 2 × m matrix with m ≥ 3 and column vectors Aµ ∈ Z2 \{(0, 0)}, µ =
1, 2, . . . , m be such that rank(A)=2. The box spline BA is defined via the following:
Z Z
BA (x, y)g(x, y)dxdy = g(At)dt (g ∈ C(R2 )),
R2 Qm

where Qm = [− 12 , 12 ]m and t = (t1 ,t2 ...,tm ) ∈ Qm . It is well known that BA (x, y) ≥ 0, (x, y) ∈ R2
and Supp(BA ) = AQm (see [22]). Moreover, if ρ = ρ (A) is the greatest integer such that all
submatrices generated from A by deleting ρ columns, have rank 2, then BA ∈ C(ρ −1) (R2 ) and
the Fourier transform of BA is given by
 
1 m 1
BbA (u, v) = , (u, v) ∈ R2
2π µ∏
sinc (ua1µ + va2µ )
=1 2π

where sinc(z) = sinπ zπ z for z ∈ R\{0}, sinc(0) = 1.

The functions BA are piecewise polynomials of total degree m − 2. In order to construct
kernels satisfying the conditions (i)-(iii) by using these box splines. we have the following result
(see [16] and [25]).

Proposition 4.1 Let r, m ∈ N, r ≥ 2, m ≥ r + 1 and let A be a 2 × m matrix with column vectors

Aµ ∈ Z2 \{(0, 0)} and ρ (A) ≥ r − 1. If bhr, h = (h1 , h2 ) ∈ N0 2 with |h| = h1 + h2 ≤ r0 := 2[ r−1
2 ]
are the unique solutions of the linear system

∂ |s| 1
(−1)⌊|s|/2⌋ ∑ bhr hs11 hs22 = (0, 0),
|h|≤r0
∂ u 1 ∂ v 2 BbA
s s

where s = (s1 , s2 ) ∈ N0 2 , |s| = s1 + s2 ≤ r0 and [α ] denotes the largest integer but not bigger
than α , then
 
1 1
ϕA,r (x, y) =
2π
b0r BA (x, y) + ∑ bhr (BA (x + h1, y + h2 ) + BA(x − h1 , y − h2))
2 0<|h|≤r
0

is a polynomial spline of degree m − 2 with compact support, (r − 2) times continuously differ-

entiable satisfying the following assumptions:
∞ ∞
(a) ∑ ∑ ϕA,r (x, y)(x − k, y − j) = 1, (x, y) ∈ R2
k=−∞ j=−∞

(b) Br (ϕA,r ) = max Br(s1 ,s2 ) (ϕA,r ) < +∞

|s|=r

∞ ∞
(c) ∑ ∑ ϕA,r (x − k, y − j)(x − k)s1 (y − j)s2 = 0, for all (x, y) ∈ R2 , s = (s1 , s2 ) ∈ N0 2
k=−∞ j=−∞
with 0 < |s| < r.

14
The condition (c) of Proposition 4.1 is equivalent to the following one which uses the Fourier
transform of ϕA,r . For every s = (s1 , s2 ) with 0 ≤ |s| < r,

∂ |s| ϕbA,r 0, if (k, j) 6= (0, 0)
(2kπ , 2 jπ ) =
s
∂u ∂v1 s 2 δs0 , if (k, j) = (0, 0),

where

1, if (s1 , s2 ) = (0, 0)
δs0 =
0, otherwise.

Now, we construct the linear combinations of translates of ϕA,r for r ≥ 3 in such a way that all
the assumptions are satisfied for given values of the constants S1 , S2 and S3 . Let S1 , S2 and S3
be real numbers such that (S1 , S2 , S3 ) 6= (0, 0, 0). For given constants a, b, c, we define the kernel
function ϕ by

ϕ (x, y) = C1 ϕA,r (x, y) +C2 (ϕA,r (x + a, y + a) + ϕA,r (x − a, y − a))

+C3 (ϕA,r (x + b, y) + ϕA,r (x − b, y)) +C4 (ϕA,r (x, y + c) + ϕA,r (x, y − c)).

The Fourier transform ϕb(u, v) of ϕ can be written as

d
ϕ̂ (u, v) = ϕ A,r (u, v)(C1 + 2C2 cos(a(u + v)) + 2C3 cos(bu) + 2C4 cos(cv)).

Thus we have the following linear system of equations

ϕ̂ (0, 0) = C1 + 2C2 + 2C3 + 2C4 = 1

∂ ϕ̂ ∂ ϕ̂
(0, 0) = (0, 0) = 0
∂u ∂v
∂ 2 ϕ̂
(0, 0) = −2(a2C2 + b2C3 ) = S1
∂ u2
∂ 2 ϕ̂
(0, 0) = −2(a2C2 + c2C4 ) = S2
∂ v2
∂ 2 ϕ̂
(0, 0) = −2a2C2 = S3
∂ u∂ v
while all the above derivatives are zero at every point (2kπ , 2 jπ ) with (k, j) 6= (0, 0). When ϕ
has compact support, the limit relation in assumption ii) is automatically satisfied. Hence, all
the conditions are satisfied. Further, the bivariate generalized Kantorovich sampling series now
takes the form
∞ ∞
w2
(Kwϕ f )(x, y) = ∑ ∑ ϕA,r (wx − k, wy − j)
k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
Z k+bk Z j+d j
w w
× k+ak j+c j
f (u, v)dvdu, (4.2)
w w

for every w > 0. For the generalized sampling series (4.2), we can obtain the Voronovskaja
formula of Theorem 3.1 and the corresponding quantitative estimate.

15
4.3 Radial Kernels: The Bochner-Riesz Kernel
Next, we consider the two dimensional Bochner-Riesz Kernel bγ (x, y)(see, e.g., [12, 15, 16, 31,
34]). It is defined by

2γ Γ(γ + 1) p 2 −1−γ p 
ϕ (x, y) ≡ bγ (x, y) = x + y2 J1+γ x2 + y2
2π
for γ > 1/2, where Jλ is the Bessel function of order λ . It is well known that
∞ ∞
∑ ∑ bγ (x − k, y − j) = 1, (x, y) ∈ R2
k=−∞ j=−∞

and further if γ > 5/2, then

∞ ∞
sup ∑ ∑ |bγ (x − k, y − j)|((x − k)2 + (y − j)2 ) < +∞
(x,y)∈R2 k=−∞ j=−∞

and so M2 (bγ ) < +∞. The following proposition shows that the kernel function bγ (x, y) satisfies
condition (ii).

Proposition 4.2 [8]. For the function bγ , γ > 5/2 there holds

lim ∑ ∑ |bγ (x − k, y − j)|((x − k)2 + (y − j)2 ) = 0,

R→+∞
(k, j)∈U
/ R (x,y)

uniformly with respect to (x, y) ∈ R2 .

As a consequences of the following results proved in [15], Lemma 3.2 and Lemma 2 in [9], we
obtain that bγ satisfies condition (iii).

Proposition 4.3 Let ϕ : R2 → R be a continuous and bounded function such that Mr (ϕ ) < +∞
for some r ∈ N0 , h = (h1 , h2 ) ∈ N0 2 with |h| = h1 + h2 ≤ r, the double series in the definition of
Mr (ϕ ) being uniformly convergent on each compact subset of R2 for each h such that |h| = r.
The following two assertions are equivalent for c ∈ R :
∞ ∞
(a) ∑ ∑ ϕ (x − k, y − j)(k − x)h1 (y − j)h2 = c, ∀(x, y) ∈ R2
k=−∞ j=−∞

∂ |h| ϕ̂ (−1)|h| 2cπ , if (k, j) = (0, 0)
(b) (2kπ , 2 jπ ) =
∂ uh1 ∂ vh2 0, if (k, j) 6= (0, 0).

Proposition 4.4 [9]. For the function bγ , γ > 5/2 we have

m1(1,0) (bγ , x, y) = m1(0,1) (bγ , x, y) = 0

γ
m2(2,0) (bγ , x, y) = m2(0,2) (bγ , x, y) = −
π
m2(1,1) (bγ , x, y) = 0.

16
Thus, Bochner-Riesz Kernel bγ (x, y) satisfies all required the conditions. Moreover, the bivariate
generalized Kantorovich sampling series now takes the form
q −1−γ
2γ Γ(γ + 1) ∞ ∞
w2
(Kwϕ f )(x, y) = ∑ ∑ 2
(wx − k) + (wy − j) 2
2π k=−∞ j=−∞ ∆ak ∆c j
q  Z k+bk Z j+d j
w w
×J1+γ 2
(wx − k) + (wy − j) 2 f (u, v)dvdu, (4.3)
k+a j+c j
k
w w

for every w > 0. For the generalized sampling series (4.3), we can obtain the Voronovskaja
formula as in Theorem 3. 1 and the corresponding quantitative estimate.

17
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