Analysis Sample 1

Descriptive statistics
The median and standard deviation values have been calculated and presented as descriptive
statistics results. The median value captures the data’s central trend while avoiding outliers
compared to the mean value. The standard deviation quantifies dispersion.

Table 1: Median values and standard deviations of participants’ price appraisals in CNY of
painting Clotilde con traje gris when given a high-effort condition in 20 hours versus a low-effort
condition in 5 hours
Condition Median value (price appraisal in 10 thousands CNY) Standard deviation
High-effort 286.5 298.7
Low-effort 450.0 199.6

Table 1 reveals that the median value of price appraisal in CNY from participants in high-effort
condition is 286.5, compared with the 450.0 in low-effort condition. Based upon the result, the
median value of price appraisal from high-effort condition group is lower than that from the
low-effort condition group, which indicated that under high-effort the participants might be
possible to conversely report a low value of appraisal. The standard deviation from the
high-effort condition 298.7, compared with 199.6 in low-effort group, referring the data dispersal
is higher in high-effort condition than the one in low-effort condition. Raw data is seen in
(Appendix 8).

Graph 1: Differences in the medians of participants’ price appraisals in CNY of painting Clotilde
con traje gris when given a high-effort condition in 20 hours versus a low-effort condition in 5
hours
Inferential statistics
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has been implemented to test the normality of distribution of data
from both of conditions. The result shows the reported data do not differ significantly from that
which is normally distributed. As a normality of distribution with independent measures design
and ratio data, the two-sample independent one-tailed t-test (parametric test) for 2 independent
variables has been applied (Appendix 10) to seek for the statistics difference between two
conditions, with the t-value=1.06231 and p-value=0.148596. The result value p is larger than the
cut-off value p(0.05), indicating the result is not significant at p<0.05.

The research hypothesis is rejected, and the null hypothesis is accepted, which means that there
will be no significant differences in participants’ evaluations of median values for price appraisal
between the painting Clotilde con traje gris announced as 20 hours costed (high-effort condition)
and 5 hours costed (low-effort condition).

Analysis Sample 2
Descriptive statistics
First, outliers below 10,000 yuan are removed from raw data (Appendix 6) so there is no need for
using the median to avoid the interference of outliers.

Table 1: Mean and standard Deviation of Money Evaluated

High-effort condition (20h) Low-effort condition (5h)
Mean (10,000 yuan) 412.72 504.58
Standard deviation (10,000 yuan) 296.93 199.62
The monetary value evaluated are accounted for as ratio data since they have equal intervals
between each value and an absolute zero. Also, it is shown that the monetary values evaluated in
both conditions are nearly normally distributed according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of
normality (Appendix 7). Therefore, the mean is chosen to demonstrate the average monetary
value evaluated, and the standard deviation is chosen to demonstrate the dispersion of data.

Figure 1: Mean Monetary Value Evaluated for the Same Painting in High-effort Condition and
Low-effort Condition
It is shown that the mean monetary value evaluated is 4,130,000yuan in the high-effort (20h)
condition and 5,050,000 yuan in the low-effort (5h) condition. The monetary value evaluated in
the high-effort condition is lower than in the low-effort condition, which is opposite to H1
(alternative hypothesis) stating that there is a higher mean monetary value evaluated in 20h
(high-effort) condition than in 5h (low-effort) condition. Moreover, the standard deviation is
2,970,000 yuan in the high effort condition, higher than 2,000,000 yuan in the low-effort
condition, which means that the mean monetary values evaluated in the high-effort condition
are more dispersed than in the low-effort condition.

Inferential statistics
Since the statistics are ratio data normally distributed in both conditions and there is an equal
number in both conditions and a total sample number larger than 30, the t-test (parametric test)
is chosen. Specifically, the independent one-tailed t-test is used (Appendix 8) since the hypothesis
is directional. However, it is shown that the t-value is -0.99446 and the p-value is 0.164259, which
means that the result is not statistically significant under the significant level of 0.05.

With the insignificant result, H0 (null hypothesis) is accepted, which states that there is no
significant difference in the mean monetary value evaluated (quality evaluated) for the same
painting whether it costs 20h (high effort) or 5h (low effort).

Analysis Sample 3
The type of our data is ratio scale because there is a true zero. In addition, the distribution of our
data of the fluent group, non-fluent group and the difference between them are all normal
(appendix 8). It allows us to compare the interval and differences by their medians, as it won’t
be affected by the extreme values, and use the standard deviation to compare and evaluate the
variety of data. The result for table 1 shows that, the comparison of median point in two groups,
which is 2.5 points higher than 1 points, meaning that participants in the fluent group perform
less well than that of in the non-fluent group. The standard deviations are calculated to find the
dispersion of data loss is two groups relative to their mean value respectively. The standard
deviation in fluent group (1.839) is higher than that of in the non-fluent group (1.506).

Table 1: Statistics for the Number of Questions that Participants in FLuent Group and non-fluent
Group Got wrong.
Fluent group Non-fluent group
Median 2.5 1
Standard Deviation 1.84 1.51

The result can justify that the font of test would influence the performance of participants in the
cognitive test.
Graph 2:

Matched pair design was used and the data type is ratio. Because of the normal distribution of
the data of control group and experimental group, we used two sample dependent t-test to find
the t value and p value of the data. Participants in the non-fluent group has lower median point
in getting questions wrong (1) that that of in the fluent group (2.5). The two-sample dependent
t-test pointed out that, the difference was not statistically significant, t=-1.15, p value is 0.133,
which is greater than 0.05 (see appendix 9), and the degree of freedom is 28 (see appendix 10).
So this means that we should retain the null hypothesis.

Analysis Sample 4
Descriptive statistics
Table 1: Mean and standard Deviation of Short and Long words Recalled
Short Words Long words
Mean 5.8085 4.6809
Standard Deviation 1.5413 1.4311
To find the mean and standard deviation of both groups. The two sets of data from each class
were combined. The mean and standard deviation were chosen to display the data because the
data was normally distributed with no noticeable outliers (appendix 1.6). This may be because
the range of data for both were restricted to between 0 to 9 (the amount of words possible to
remember). Table 1 displays how on average, approximately 1 more short word was remembered
than long words. This supports the word length effect in how it takes longer to rehearse longer
words, so less of them are remembered.
Inferential statistics

To test our hypothesis, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used (appendix 1.7). This test was
used because the investigation compared two repeated measurements on a single sample to test
whether their means differed. The calculated p-value was 0.0002. The data was significant at
p=0.01. So there is a less than 1% chance that the data was due to chance. Therefore, the null
hypothesis is rejected. There is a significant difference between the amount of short words
remembered and the amount of long words remembered.